英语词汇学200要点(不过都难啊!)

1. 外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , d cor 3) Translatione -oans e.g. long time no see 4) Sema ntic- loa ns.e.g. dream.
2. Motivation 分类:onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical 〜& lexical 〜；con ceptual 〜& associative 〜(conno tative 〜，stylistic 〜，affective 〜，collocative 〜,)
多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a com mon feature peculiar to all n atural la nguage that one word has two or more sen ses or meanin gs. Diachr onic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its differe nt meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.
3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexiste nee of various meanings of the same word in a certa in historical period of time.
4. Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.
5. Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at differe nt stages of its developme nt in the course of time.
6. 同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is differe nt in meaning from ano ther, but either ide ntical both in sound and spelli ng or ide ntical only in sound or spelli ng with the other Homonyms gen erally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same n ame); homographs (same spell ing) and homoph on es( some sound). Perfect homonyms are those words ide ntical both in sound and spelli ng, but differe nt in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy ani mal; bear
/bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words ide ntical only in spelli ng but differe nt in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homoph ones refer to the words ide ntical only in sound but differe nt in spelli ng and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved pers on; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of ani mal.
7. 同形同音异义词与多义词的区另U Perfect homonyms and polysema nts are fully ide ntical with regard to spell ing and pronun ciati on. This creates the problem of differe ntiati on. The fun dame ntal differe nee betwee n homonyms and polysema nts lies in the fact that the former refers to differe nt words which happe n to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several dist in guishable meanin gs. One importa nt criteri on is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from differe nt sources whereas a polysema nt is from the same source which has acquired differe nt meanings in the course of developme nt. The sec ond prin cipal con siderati on is sema ntic related ness. The various meanings of a polysema nt are correlated and conn ected to one cen tral meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. n eck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, mea nings of differe nt homonyms have no thi ng to do with one ano ther. I n dicti on aries, a polysema nt has its meanings all listed un der one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate en tries.
8. 同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or n early the same meaning with each other but differe nt in sound and spelli ng. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrow ing, dialects and regi onal
En glish, figurative and euphemistic use of words, coin cide nee with idiomatic expressi ons. There exists the differe nee betwee n or among synonyms in terms of their deno tati on, conno tati on or applicati on. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are ide ntical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or n ear-s ynonyms are similar or n early the same in deno tati on, but embrace differe nt shades of meaning or differe nt degrees of a give n quality.
9.Sources of Synonyms l) Borrow ing 2)Dialects and regi onal En glish 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coin cide nee with idiomatic expressi ons
10. 如何区分同义词？IDiffere nee in deno tati on2 Difference in conno tati on 3 Difference in applicati on
11. What are the characteristics of antonyms?
12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of sema ntic oppositi on 2) A word which has more tha n one meaning can have more tha n one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in sema ntic in clusi on. 4) Con trary terms are gradable antony ms, differi ng in degree of inteni sty, so each has its own corresp onding opposite.
13.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is, the meaning of a more specific word is in eluded in that of ano ther more gen eral word. Superordi nates refer to some gen eral words; subord in ates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordi nates above the lower subord in ates. But their status either as superord in ate or subord in ate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordi nates in relati on to ani mal, but superord in ates of mare, hound and boar, Ani mal itself becomes a subord in ate of
creature. And creature in tur n becomes
14. 词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes exte nsion, n arrow ing, degradati on, elevati on, and tran sfer among which exte nsion and n arrowi ng are the most com mon. Chan ges in meaning can be acco un ted for from extra-li nguistic factors (historical reas on, class reas on, and psychological reas on) and in tra-l in guistic factors (shorte ning, the in flux of borrow ing, and an alogy).
15. 词义的扩大Exte nsion is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is gen eralized to cover a broader or less
16. definite pare the following ；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires
a specialized sense 词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense 词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thi ng. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly deno ted an Africa n pla nt papyrus, which was once used to make paper. I n moder n times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retai ned the same
n ame. There is associated tra nsfer. There are other kinds of tran sfer, such as, con crete to abstract, abstract to con crete and tran sfer of sen sati on.
17. 语境的种类：非语言语境。

语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境。

There are two types of contexts: lin guistic con text and extra-li nguistic (or non-li nguistic con text). Extra-li nguistic con text refers to those situati ons and features which are not directly a part of the Ian guage in use but which either con tribute in con vey ing a message or have an in flue nee on Ian guage use. Lin guistic or I ntra-li nguistic con text is further subdivided into lexical con text and grammatical con text. By lexical
con text we mea n the words that occur together with the word in questi on. By grammatical con text we mea n that the meanings of a word may be in flue need by the structure in which it occurs.
18. 语境的作用：Three major functions of context: elim in ati on of ambiguity, in dicati on of referen ts, provisi on of clues for in ferr ing word-mea ning. Con text an be summed up as follows:1) defi niti on 2) expla nati on 3) example 4) synonymy 5) Antonymy 6)hyp onymy 7) releva nt details 8) word structure
19. 英语习语的特点The characteristics of idioms in clude sema ntic unity and structural stability.
20. 英语习语的分类Accord ing to the criteri on of their grammatical functions, we classify them into idioms nominal in
n ature, idioms adjectival in n ature, idioms verbal in n ature, idioms adverbial in n ature, and sentence idioms. The stylistic features are characterized with colloquialisms, sla ng, and literary expressi ons.
21. 英语习语的使用The use of idioms i nvolves their stylistic features, rhetorical features , and variati ons of idioms.
22. 英语习语的修辞色彩The rhetorical features of idioms are represented with phonetic manipulation ( alliteration 头韵法and rhyme 叠韵),lexical manipulation ( reiteration 复用,repetition 重复and juxtaposition 反义词叠用),figures of speech ( simile 明喻,metaphor 暗喻,metonymy 转喻,synecdoche借代,personification 拟人,euphemism 委婉)
23. 英语习语的变异形式In the variati ons, additi on, deleti on, replaceme nt, positi on-shift ing and dismemberi ng are
in volved in the cha nges in idioms con stitue nts .
24. Associative meaning :1) associative meaning is the sec on dary meaning suppleme nted to the con ceptual meaning. 2)It differs from the con ceptual meaning in that it is ope n-en ded and in determ in ated. 3)It is liable to the in flue nee of such factors as culture , experie nee, religio n, geographical regi on, class backgro un d,educati on, etc. 4)Associative meaning comprises four types : conno tative, stylistic, affective, and collocative.
25. Metonymy 禾口Synecdoche 修饰有何区另S ? Both metonymy and synecdoche involve substitution of names, yet they differ in that the former is a case of using the n ame of one thi ng for ano ther closely associated with it and the latter is that of substitut ing part for the whole and vice versa.
26. 词典的种类There are four types of dictionaries with their features mentioned in this parts: (1) monolingual and bili ngual dicti on aries, (2) lin guistic and en cyclopedic dicti on aries, (3) un abridged, desk and pocket dicti on aries, (4) specialized dictio naries. A mon oli ngual dictio nary is a dictio nary which is writte n in one Ian guage.
27. A bilingual dictionary is one in which two Ian guages are in volved.
28. A linguistic dictionary is a dictio nary which aims at defi ning words and explai ning their usages in the Ian guage.
29. An encyclopedic dictionary is one in which en cyclopedic in formati on is provided along with the gen eral in formati on as
in a lin guistic dictio nary .
30. An encyclopedia is a diet ionary which only provide en cyclopedic in formati on concerning each headword.
31. An unabridged dictionary is an un shorte ned dict ionary with at least 200,000 headwords that can supply a great qua ntity of basic, in formati on about a word.
32. A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dict ionary con tai ning words ranging from 50,000 to 150,000.
33. A pocket dictionary is a dict ionary which has about 50,000 en tries or fewer.
七、分析综合49-50*9
1、对句子进行理论分析，并改进：ambiguous ------ 原因cause ------ 可以如何理解？----- 如何改进？improve
2、对单词进行分析：re-collect-ion ----- 归属free morpheme, bound morpheme ------- 解释
3、构词法进行分析：word formation: 例如：VIP=very important person 属于aronym
4、 --------------------------- 分析idiom:属于什么短语作用
注：重点有1、idioms相关知识；2、一些名词解释，如术语等；3、types of meaning；
Introduction 咅B分：
34. Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支：Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.
35. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系：
"Morphology 2) Sema ntics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography
36. 研究lexicology 的两大方法：1) Diachronic approach :历时语言学2) Synchronic approach :共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？
Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization
第一章
37. What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a Ianguage;2)
A sound unity or a give n sound ;3) a un it of meanin g;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释
38. 词的分类(classification of a word)词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词
1) simple words 2) complex words 单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple 多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailma nageme nt 可以次划分为man age 禾口-ment misfort une 可以次划分为mis-禾口fortun eblackmail 次划分为black 禾口mail
39. What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1) There is ‘ no logical relati on ship betwee n the sound and actual thin g.e.g. dog. Cat
2) The relati on ship betwee n them is conven ti on al.
3) In differe nt Ian guages the same con cept can be represe nted by differe nt soun ds.
40. What is relationship between sound and form?
1) The writte n form of a n atural la nguage is the writte n record of the oral form. Naturally the writte n form should agree with the oral form, such as En glish Ian guage.
2) This is fairly true of En glish in its earliest stage i.e. Old En glish
3) With the developme nt of the Ian guage, more and more differe nces occur betwee n the two.
41. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?
1) The internal reas on for this is that the En glish alphabet was adopted from the Roma ns, which does not have a separate letter tore prese nt each sound in the Ian guage so that some letters must do double duty or work together in comb in ati on.
2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have draw n farapart.
3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
4) Fin ally comes the borrow ing, which is an importa nt cha nnel of en richi ng the En glish vocabulary.
要记住以上四句话中的关键词：
1) in flue need by Roma ns2) Pronun ciati on cha nged3) early scribes4) borrow ing
42. 你能不能举出外来语对英语发音，拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？ e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimo no
(Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘ sound and form不一致。

43. What is vocabulary? Vocabulary refers to the total nu mber of the words in a Ian guage, but it can sta nd for all the words used in a particular historical period. Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a give n dialect, give n book, a give n discipli ne and the words possessed by an in dividual pers on.
44. Classification of Words(本课的一个重点，年年考试都考)
45. What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?
Three criteria :1) By use of freque ncy 2) By no ti on 3) By orig in
By use of frequency 可划分为：1) The basic word stock 2) Non basic word vocabulary
By notion 可划分为：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的另U
称)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. (Functional words 的另U称)Functional words
possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability 46.Accord ing to Stuart Roberts on ,et al (1957),* ( 年年考试必考) t he nine functional words , namely :and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
47. What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character2) Stability3) Productivity4) Polysemy5) Collocability
要把握住‘ All natio nal character词，就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通词
48. 稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？ e.g. ma n, woma n , fire, water …e.g. machi ne, video, teleph one bow, chariot , kni ght Stability is relative, not absolute.
49. 根据词的use frequency划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic vocabulary,非基本词有几大特点？或者是
几大分类 ? 1) Termino logy e.g. son ata, algebra2) Jarg on e.g. Bottom line ( Jarg on ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4)
Argot e.g. persuader5) Dialectal words e.g. stati on ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic differenee
50. Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content or functional words ? Answer : Content words What is n ative words? An swer : (1) By origi n, En glish words can be classified into n ative words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Brita in in the fifth cen tury by the Germa n tribes: the An gles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know asA nglo-Sax on words. (3) Words of An glo-Sax on origi n are small in nu mber ,am oun ti ng to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mai nstream of the basic word stock and sta nd at the core of the Ian guage
51. 什么叫borrowed words?Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign Ianguages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrow ings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that En glish borr owings con stitute 80 perce nt of the moder n En glish vocabulary (3) The En glish Ian guage has vast debts」n any dictio nary some 80% of the en tries are borrowed.
52 什么叫Denizens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English Ianguage. In other words they have come to conform to the En glish way of pronun ciati on and spelli ng, such as port from portus
(L). ‘ Denizefts例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change
from cha ngier (F), pork from porc (F).
53 什么叫Translation-loans ?T ranslation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English
Ian guage but modeled on the patter ns take n from ano ther Ian guage, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeij
54 什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are
borrowed , in other words, En glish has borrowed a new meaning for an exist ing word in the Ian guage ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ' joy ' and ‘ music ' , and its modern meaning from boerotoedslate
第二章：The development of the English vocabulary
The In do-Europea n Lan guage Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it5,000)la nguages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 Ian guage families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar .
55. (重点：语系划分的标准)What is the criteria to divide language families ?
The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar( 重点)The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern
Ian guages as 选择题内容：[Prussia n, Lithua nian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgaria n ,Slove nian and Russia n.
56. I n do- European ' 两大分支： 1.Eastern set 2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Helle nic, Germa nic. I n the western Set, Greek is the moder n Ian guage derived from Helle nic.
Celtic : Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton The five Roma nee Ian guages, n amely ,Portuguese, Spani sh, Fren ch, Italia n , Rouma nian all bel ong to the Italic.
The Germa nic family con sists of the four Northern Europea n Lan guages: Norwegia n ,lcela ndic, Dan ish and Swedish ,which are gen erally known as Scandin avia n Ian guages. The n there is Germa n, Dutch ‘Flemish and En glish.With Vikings
Scandin avia n words came into the En glish Ian guage. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandin avia n origi n have survived in moder n En glish. Old En glish has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly in flected Ian guage just like moder n Germa n.
57. 重点句：Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England
古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts )古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts)Sound and form 真正达到
统一是在什么时期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )如果从词汇变化的角度而言，
Modern English 又可以纟田划分为early period ,modern period.
58. *现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)
Early moder n En glish appeared in the Ren aissa nee
59. Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？
The Lat in words swarmed into En glish in early moder n En glish period 现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因
是(colonization)The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization )The English Ianguage has evolved from a synthetic Ianguage to the present analytic Ianguage ( 重要选择或填空内容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary
60. Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid developme nt of moder n scie nee and tech no logy
2) SociaI, econo mic and political cha nges;3)The in flue nee of other cultures and Ian guage
61. Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creati on 2) sema ntic cha nge 3) borrow in g2)Sema ntic cha nge (还包括外来词
的Semantic loans ) Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer 夕卜来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作.重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色Reviving
archaic or obsolete words also con tributes to the growth of En glish vocabulary though quite in sig ni fica nt. This is especially trueof America n En glish.
62. 英语从synthetic language发展到present analytical language是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？
答案：Moder n En glish period
63. 文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段？答案：Early Modern En glish period
64. 在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？Fren ch, Lati n, En glish in Middle En glish period
65. easel, port, freight,出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？
答案：Middle En glish , Dutch
66. 在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500个词汇，这种语言是什么？
答案：Dutch (前年考题)
67. 据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少
？
答案：50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(AngIo_Saxontongue )第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao
jackets , black belt , kongfu,这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大题的内容无
非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。

68.Old English 和Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面？答案：Old En glish was a Ian guage of full endin gs, Middle En glish was one of leveled endin gs.
69. 文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响？答案：Greek , Roman cultur
70. 某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段？答案：Moder n En glish
71. 十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?
答案：Printing 这导致sound and form 出现con cord , 出现sta ndardizatio n.
第三章复习
72. The smallest unit in the English Ianguage refers to (morphemes)
73. The minimal free form in the English Ianguage refers to (word)
74.ln the plural form cha nging, some of the words will take in ternal vowel cha nge , this in ternal vowel cha nge is called (allomorphs)
75. Deer复数没有变，还是deer, sheep复数没有变，还是sheep,因此，这种变化被称作(zero derivation)
名词解释：
76. Morphemes : The mi ni mal meanin gful un its in a Ian guage are known as morphemes. In other words, the morphemes is the smallest functioning un it in compositi on of words
77. Allomorphs : The alter native morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a nu mber of allomorphs in differe nt sound con text, e.g. in cats in bags, matches It can be realized by the cha nge of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish
78. what are the types of morphemes ?(答简答题时，名词解释)
答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes。

79. Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are in depe ndent of other morphemes and are con sidered to be free.2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical un its in senten ces. 3) They are iden tical with root words, as each of them con sists of a si ngle free rootwords ,as each of them con sists of a si ngle free root 4) free morphemes are free roots. 80. bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are boun d.. 2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分为两类:inflectional and derivati onal affixes. In flect ional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to in dicate grammatical relati on ships are
in flect ion al, thus known as in flect ional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivati onal affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.2) Derivati onal affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a
root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further an alyzed without total loss of ide ntity. 2) the root, whether free or bound, gen erally carries the main comp onent of meaning in a word
3) a ' root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed' stem© a stem may con sist of a si ngle root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compo und like han dcuff.
2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixatio nal morphemes as in mouthful, un derestimate. 3) Therefore, a stem can be defi ned as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
81. 问题：Stem和root有一个最大的区别在哪里？(连着两年没有考过)
答案： a stem can be defi ned as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
82. 问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征:nation , dict请加以理论的分析?
Both n ati on and dict bel ong to roots, n ati on is free root, which can function alone in a senten ce, Nati on as a free root, has complete meaning, whe n both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, n ati on as a free root, still remai ns Dict is a bound root, which can not fun cti on alone grammatically , dict carries the fun dame ntal meaning of words, dict has to comb ine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictio nary , con tradicti on .
83. 问题：分析下面一句话:He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better than one.请从构词角度分析以上的例子， cleverer , better cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better ( good , well 的特殊变化)It is allomorph of good and well.
第四章：
84. 问题：在英语中，主要的构词法分为哪几种？
答案：有七种:1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening 5) clipping 6) acronymy 7) blending 有三种最常
用:affixati on , compo unding and con vers ion
85. 问题：由专有名词变为普通名词是词义变化的哪一种？答案：Extension
86. 问题：由普通名词变为专有名词是词义变化的哪一种模式？答案：Narrowi ng
87. 问题：Affixation 又被称为什么？它分为哪两类？答案：Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation 要点:有哪些前缀属于什么样的类另U :a-, non, ir : negative prefixes de- , dis-( 既属于negative , 也属于reversative prefixes ) mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra : prefixes of degree or size an ti-, con tra-, coun ter-, pro- : prefixes of orie ntati on and attitude tran s-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefixes
of time and order bi-, un i-, semi- : nu mber prefixes pan-, vice - : miscella neous prefixes suffixati on : 1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns3) De-adjective nouns: ity，-ness, 4) Noun and adjective suffixes 注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名词解释.
88. 要点：复合词分为哪三类：1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open
89•简答题：what are the characteristics of compounds?What are the d ifference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features2) Semantic features3) Grammatical features 最常见的三种词性：1) Noun compound 2) Adjective
compo unds 3) verb compo unds
90. 问题：在名词性复合词中有哪几种有多产性，哪两种不具有多产性？在形容性复合词当中，哪三类有多产性？动词
性复合词是靠哪两种方法复合在一起的？名词解释：Conversion (重点，还没考过)Conversion is the formation of new
words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 选择或填空要
点)Adjective to noun :⑴ full con vers ion (2) partial con vers ion
91. 问题：形容词转为动词分为哪两类？答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive⑵Intransitive
92. 简答题:形容词变动词的三种类别(没考过)问题：请你举出由conjunction变为noun的一个例子？答案：Ifs and
buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 选择或填空要点)
93. 问题：blending '分为哪四类合成词？ 1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail
94. 问题: 绝大多数blending 者E是什么词性？答案：nouns，The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.
95. 问题：截短法clipping 分为哪四类？答案：There are four com mon types of clipp ing :1) Front clipp in g2) Back clipp in g3) Front and back clipping4) Phrase clipping 要注意clipping 的例子有一个特殊变化：fridge
( refrigerator 截短之后在i, g 中间加一个d ),还有拼写发生变化，比如说：coke ( coca cola)
96. 问题：什么是acronymy ？ A cronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of ne ames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms Acronymy 包含两类:1) initialisms (不发音)e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的发音)e.g. CORE, TEFL Words from proper names 有四大类:1. Names of people e.g. bobby : Names of people2. Names of places e.g. champag ne, rugby 3. Names of books e.g. utopia 4. Trade names e.g. cabal
97. 问题：以下的词采用哪种构词法？ e.g. diag no sis ---?diag nose :(先有诊断的名词，后有了诊断的动词，这种构词被称作) backformation bloomers (它的构词法满足哪一种词法):属于Words from proper names 中的Names of people VJ-day :(这
种构词法是由哪一种构成的)属于Initialisms 中的Acronyms Pop:(采用哪一种构词法构成的)：clipping Sitcom : blending FORTRAN : head + head Bath (名词)——bathe (动词)Bath 和bathe 存在一种什么关系？( Conversion )重点句：Conversion is also known as functional shift.
98. 问题：Noun + v-ing,这类词构成的词是什么词？答案：compounding
99. 问题：Record-breaking ,它是属于复合法中的哪一种？答案：Adjectives compounds
100. 问题：请说出Adjectives compounds中多产性强的有几类？答有三类1) n + v-ing 2) n + a3) n + v-ed
101. 问题：up-bringing是属于哪一类构词法构成的词？答案：noun compounds (adv + v-ing )
102. 问题：复合词与自由短语的最大的区别是什么？答案：区别也就是复合词的特点：1) Phonetic features2) Semantic
features3) Grammatical features。