Architecture古希腊古罗马建筑英文版
ArchitectureEnglish-2 建筑英语第二单元
epitomize : v. 概括； 成为 ... 的缩影； 作为典范
Ajanta Cave & Katsura Detached Palace
课文翻译 Paragraph5-1
The Teotihuacan culture of Mexico contained two immense pyramids embedded in what was a vast city. The Mayan civilization’s greatest building periods fall within the 4th to the 11th century. The Maya created impressive structures through extensive earth moving. Their bold architectural sculpture is either integral with the stone monuments or is added as stucco ornamentation. 墨西哥提奥帝华坎文化（公 元前100年到公元700年）拥有 两座巨型金字塔镶嵌于一座庞 大的城市当中。玛雅文明最伟 大的建筑时期是公元4世纪到公 元11世纪。通过大范围的迁徙 途中，玛雅人创造出了许多令 人印象深刻的建筑物。他们粗 犷的建筑雕刻中既有整体岩石 雕琢也有涂以灰泥为装饰。
Statue of Athena Promachos Propylaea
终产物；习惯用法仅指具有文
化重要性的设计和结构。建筑 必须要满足其使用目的，必须
技术上可靠，而且必须传达美
学意义。一些最为杰出的建筑 物通常修建巧妙，以至于已经
超出了其最初的使用目的，不
英文的建筑介绍ppt
Hagia Sophia 圣索菲亚大教堂
Renaissance style
The most obvious features of Renaissance architecture is discarded the medieval Gothic style, and in the religious and secular buildings of ancient Greece to re-use of the composition elements of Roman column. Even the architectural style of the various regions fused together with the classical column. （文艺复兴建筑最明显的特 征是扬弃了中世纪时期的哥 特式建筑风格，而在宗教和 世俗建筑上重新采用古希腊 罗马时期的柱式构图要素。 甚至将各个地区的建筑风格 同古典柱式融合一起。）
Florence Cathedral 佛罗伦萨大教堂
Modern architecture style
Emphasis on functional modern architecture and rational, emphasizing the rational style created by rejecting the tradition of international, national, regional and personality to form a size-fits-building style. (现代建筑强调功能性和理性，强调的理性所造成的国际式风格排斥传 统、民族性、地域性和个性，形成了千篇一律的建筑样式。)
3. Greek architecture and Greek sculpture is tightly bound together. （希腊的建筑与希腊雕刻是紧紧结合在一起的。）
希腊罗马建筑艺术英语作文
Growing up, I always had a fascination with the grandeur and mystery of ancient civilizations, and the architectural marvels they left behind were no exception. Among these, the architectural styles of ancient Greece and Rome have always captivated my imagination. The elegance of Greek columns and the might of Roman arches are not just remnants of a bygone era they are living testaments to the ingenuity and aesthetic sensibilities of these ancient cultures.My journey into the world of Greek and Roman architecture began with a school trip to the local museum, where a special exhibition on classical art was being held. As I walked through the halls, the intricate sculptures and detailed friezes drew me in, but it was the architectural models and drawings that truly sparked my interest. The clean lines and harmonious proportions of Greek temples, with their fluted columns and triangular pediments, were a stark contrast to the robust, functional designs of Roman buildings, yet both were undeniably beautiful in their own right.One of the most striking aspects of Greek architecture is its emphasis on symmetry and balance. The Parthenon, for instance, is a perfect example of this. Perched atop the Acropolis in Athens, its a sight to behold, with its eight massive columns on each side and seventeen at each end, all supporting the weight of the massive stone structure. The attention to detail is astounding, from the slight curvature of the base to the optical refinements that make the building appear perfectly straight, even though its not.Roman architecture, on the other hand, was more about utility andgrandeur. The Romans were masters of engineering and their buildings reflected this. The Colosseum in Rome is a prime example. This massive amphitheater could hold up to 50,000 spectators and was designed to host gladiator battles and other public spectacles. The use of arches and vaults allowed for the construction of large, open spaces, a feat that was not possible with the Greek postandlintel system.But it wasnt just the grandeur of these structures that intrigued me it was also the stories they told. The temples of Greece were not just places of worship but also served as cultural centers where philosophers like Socrates and Plato would engage in dialogue. Similarly, Roman buildings like the Forum were the heart of civic life, where politics, commerce, and social gatherings took place.As I delved deeper into the subject, I began to appreciate the influence of Greek and Roman architecture on the world around us. The principles of classical architecture have been adopted and adapted in various forms across different cultures and time periods. From the neoclassical buildings of Washington D.C. to the modernist structures that incorporate classical elements, the legacy of these ancient styles is still very much alive.Moreover, the study of these architectural styles has taught me about the importance of context and adaptation. The Greeks and Romans didnt just build for the sake of building they built to meet the needs of their societies. Whether it was the need for a place of worship, a space for public gatherings, or a structure to showcase their power and wealth, their buildings were designed with a purpose.In conclusion, the architectural art of ancient Greece and Rome is more than just a study of old buildings its a window into the past that allows us to understand the values, beliefs, and aspirations of these ancient societies. Its a testament to the enduring power of art and design to shape our world and influence our lives. As I continue to explore this fascinating subject, I am constantly reminded of the interconnectedness of history, culture, and the human spirit.。
对古罗马建筑感兴趣英语作文
对古罗马建筑感兴趣英语作文English: I have always been fascinated by ancient Roman architecture for its grandeur, sophistication, and engineering marvels. From the iconic Colosseum to the majestic Pantheon, each structure tells a story of the Roman civilization's ingenuity and mastery of architectural design. The use of arches, vaults, and domes not only provided structural integrity but also created aesthetically pleasing monuments that have withstood the test of time. The meticulous attention to detail, symmetry, and proportion in Roman architecture showcases a level of craftsmanship that is truly remarkable. Additionally, the incorporation of decorative elements such as columns, frescoes, and mosaics added a touch of luxury and splendor to the buildings, reflecting the wealth and power of the Roman Empire. Overall, the legacy of ancient Roman architecture continues to inspire awe and admiration, serving as a testament to the artistic and engineering achievements of one of the greatest civilizations in history.中文翻译: 我一直对古罗马建筑着迷，因为它的宏伟、精湛和工程奇迹。
希腊罗马建筑原型英语作文
希腊罗马建筑原型英语作文Title: The Timeless Legacy of Greco-Roman Architecture。
Greco-Roman architecture stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of ancient civilizations. Rooted in therich cultural and artistic traditions of Greece and Rome, this architectural style has captivated the world for centuries, influencing countless structures and designs across continents. From majestic temples to grand amphitheaters, the Greco-Roman architectural prototype has left an indelible mark on human history.One of the most iconic features of Greco-Roman architecture is its emphasis on symmetry and proportion. Inspired by the ideals of balance and harmony, architectsof this era sought to create buildings that were not only structurally sound but also visually pleasing. This can be seen in the design of classical temples, with theirperfectly proportioned columns and pediments, creating a sense of order and beauty that continues to inspire awe tothis day.The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders, each with its own distinctive features, became the cornerstone of Greco-Roman architecture. The Doric order, characterized by its simple, sturdy columns topped with plain capitals, was favored for its strength and solidity. The Ionic order, with its more slender columns adorned with scroll-like capitals, exuded a sense of elegance and refinement. Meanwhile, the Corinthian order, known for its intricately decorated capitals adorned with acanthus leaves, symbolized opulence and grandeur.The legacy of Greco-Roman architecture extends far beyond the temples and civic buildings of antiquity. Its influence can be seen in some of the most iconic structures in the world, from the United States Capitol building in Washington, D.C. to the British Museum in London. Even modern skyscrapers often incorporate elements of classical architecture, paying homage to the timeless beauty and sophistication of the ancient world.Moreover, Greco-Roman architecture played a significant role in shaping the cultural and intellectual landscape of Western civilization. The design of ancient theaters and amphitheaters, such as the Theater of Epidaurus and the Colosseum, not only provided venues for entertainment but also facilitated communal gatherings and civic engagement. These spaces served as the backdrop for the performance of plays, the staging of gladiatorial contests, and the deliberation of political matters, reflecting the valuesand aspirations of the societies that built them.In addition to its aesthetic and cultural significance, Greco-Roman architecture also had practical implicationsfor urban planning and engineering. The development of advanced construction techniques, such as the use of arches, vaults, and domes, allowed for the construction of larger and more complex buildings. This innovation paved the wayfor the creation of vast aqueducts, bridges, and infrastructure projects that facilitated trade, communication, and the movement of people throughout the ancient world.Despite the passage of millennia, the legacy of Greco-Roman architecture continues to inspire architects, artists, and scholars around the globe. Its timeless beauty and enduring influence serve as a reminder of the achievementsof ancient civilizations and the power of human creativityto transcend the bounds of time and space. As we marvel at the majestic temples of Athens, the grandeur of the Roman Forum, and the elegance of the Pantheon, we are reminded of the remarkable ingenuity and artistic vision of those who came before us.In conclusion, Greco-Roman architecture remains ashining example of the artistic and cultural achievementsof ancient civilizations. Its influence can be seen in the architecture of the past, the present, and undoubtedly, the future. As we continue to study, preserve, and celebratethe architectural wonders of antiquity, we pay tribute tothe enduring legacy of Greco-Roman civilization and its timeless contributions to the world.。
西方文明之建筑(全英文介绍)
Ancient Rome
pilaster
Arch and Dome
• The early Roman buildings were often Greek, in both their design and workmanship. This architectural style, although soon permanently affected in its development by Roman civilization, yet at first showed but slightly the influence of the arts of other foreign nations or races. The one notable exception
Order
• • • • • Doric Order Ionic Order Corinthian Order Tuscan Order Compound Order Greek Roman
• The Choragic Monument of Lysicrates near the Acropolis of Athens was erected by the choregos Lysicrates, a wealthy patron or khoregos of musical performances in the Theater of Dionysus, to commemorate the award of first prize in 335/334 BCE, to one of the performances he had sponsored. The choregos was the sponsor who paid for and supervised the training of the dramatic dance-chorus.
英语建筑__PPT
Burj Khalifa Tower
哈利法塔
Structure:
Mixed structure 混合结构
Building height ： 828meters
原名
Burj Dubai 迪拜塔
The Dubai Tower is known as the world's tallest building. It is situated in the city of Dubai. The tower has a height of 828m (2,716ft) high, far taller than the previous record holder, Taipei 101. The construction of the tower began in 2004. It has 160 floors and the world's tallest service lift. The world's highest observation deck is on the 124th floor. The world's highest mosque and swimming pool will be located on the 158th and 76th floors.
The tower, which took more than 10 years to build, has the world's highest observation deck
Eiffel Tower
埃菲尔铁塔
Building height：
324meters
Structure：
steel structure 钢结构
建筑学词汇中英文对照作业
建筑学英语词汇星火燎原2班architecture巴洛克建筑Baroque architecture 建筑学architecture 洛可可建筑Rococo architecture建筑史architectural history 伊斯兰建筑Islamic architecture古典建筑classical architecture 新艺术运动Art-nouveau Movement 古典柱式classical order 现代主义modernism古埃及建筑Egyptian arhcitecture 美索不达米亚建筑Mesopotamian architecture古希腊建筑Greek architecture 古罗马建筑Roman architecture拜占庭建筑Byzantine architecture罗曼式建筑Romanesque architecture哥特式建筑Gothic architecture国际风格In ternati on al Style后现代主义post-modernism 功能主义functionalism 构成主义constructivism 表现主义expressionism 手法主义mannerism 折中主义eclecticism 结构主义structuralism新古典主义neoclassicism文艺复兴建筑Renaissanee复古主义revivalism民族风格 nationalstyle新理性主义neorationalism批判地方主义 critical regionalism解构主义 dec on struct ion反构成主义 dec on structivismimpleme ntati on城市规划管理city planningman ageme nt, city pla nning admi nistrati on城市评价urba n evaluati on技术经济论证tech no-ec ono micappraisal粗野主义brutalism城市发展战略strategy for urban文脉主义 contextualism growth, urban developme nt strategy新陈代谢主义metabolism城市职能city fun ction高技术建筑 hightech architecture 城市性质desig nated fun ctio nof乡土建筑 vernaculararchitecture城市规模city size有机建筑 organic architecture控制性详细规划control detailed城市人口 urba n populati on非农业人口non-farmi ng修建设计con structi on desig ncitypla nningpopulati on人口结构population structure 又称“人群众参与public participati on口构成”城市规划实施city pla nning就业人口employed population就业率employment rate 基本人口basic population 服务人口service population 被抚养人口depe ndent populati on 年龄结构age structure 性别结构sex structure 职业结构occupation structure 常住人口permanent population 暂住人口temporary population 流动人口floating population, fluid populati on 人口增长population growth 人口增长率population growth rate 人口自然增长率natural growth rate 出生率birth rate 死亡率death rate人口迁移增长population growth from migrati on人口百岁图age pyramid 城市人口分布population distribution 城市人口流动migration and immigratio n of urba n populatio n 日间人口day-time population夜间人口night population城市人口预测population projection, populati on estimat ing城市人口规模size of urban populati on劳动平衡labour force balanee城市用地urban land城市规划区city planning area居住用地reside ntial la nd公共设施用地land for public facilities生育率fertility rate 工业用地in dustrial la nd仓储用地land for warehouses对外交通用地land for externaltran sport道路用地land for roads广场用地land for squares市政公用设施用地land for utilities特殊用地land for special use保留地reservation area 又称“预留地”水域water area林地wood land闲置地vaca nt la nd又称“空地”城市用地选择selection of urban land 土地利用规划land use planning土地利用模型land use model用地平衡land use balanee城市气候urban climate 污染系数pollution coefficient风向频率wi nd directi on freque ncy 风玫瑰图wi nd directi on diagram, rose diagram of wi nd directi on热岛效应heat island effect微气候microclimate城市功能分区functional zoning for urba n land use工业区in dustrial area居住区residential area商业区commercial area文教区cultural and educational area 商务办公区bus in ess area仓库区warehouse area综合区mixed use area,comprehe nsive area中心商务区cen tral bus in ess district, CBD市中心商业区downtown公共汽车bus无轨电车trolleybus有轨电车tram, trolley出租汽车taxi城市道路系统urban road system 道路网road network主干路arterial road城市设计urban design, civic design 城市形式urban form城市结构urban structure城市肌理urban tissue城市布局urban layout城市空间urban space旷地open space又称“开放空间”连续空间continuous space活动空间activity space城市形象city image城市艺术civic art简支板suspended slab 嵌固板fixed-edge slab 单向板one-way slab 双向板two-way slab 肋形板ribbed slab井字形梁板groined slab 承重墙load bearing wall 桁架truss框架framework排架bent frame刚架（刚构）rigid frame 桩pile板桩sheet pile结构structure城市景观cityscape, urban Iandscape 基础foundation地基foundation soil 独、立基础s in gle foot ing木结构timber structure 联合基础comb ined foot ing 拱结构arch structure 条形基础strip foun dati on 钢结构steel structure 壳体基础shell foun dati on 砌体结构masonry structure 箱形基础box foun dati on 混凝土（砼）结构con crete structure 筏形基础raft foun dati on 混合结构mixed structure 桩基础pile foundation板柱结构slab-column system 沉箱基础caiss on foun dati on框架结构frame structure 初步设计prelim inary desig n 折板结构folded-plate structure 施工设计final desig n壳体结构shell structure 详图设计detail desig n充气结构pneumatic structure 图纸drawing拉膜结构tensile structure 平面图plan筒体结构tube structure 立面图elevation悬挂结构suspended structure 东立面图east elevati on扩展（扩大）基础spread foun dati on 南立面图south elevati on刚性基础rigid foundation 西立面图west elevati on北立面图north elevation 横咅面cross section 纵剖面longitudinal section 轴测图isometric view 施工图working drawing 总体规划图master pla n。
建筑环境专业英语
Acropolis 雅典 卫城
3. Greek architecture and Greek sculpture is tightly bound together. （希腊的建筑与希腊雕刻是紧紧结合在一起的。）
Roman architecture
Ancient Roman architecture bearing the ancient Greek civilization‘s architectural style, is also a development of ancient Greek architecture. Roman architecture and sculpture very different to the symmetrical construction, the grand and the civilized world.
Ancient Greece architecture
1. Central is a living room, hall, surrounded by columns, can be collectively referred to as Central pillar construction. （中央是厅堂，大殿，周围是柱子， 可统称为环柱式建筑） 2. Column of the style. There are four style: 1. Doric column, 2. Ionic column, 3. Corinthian column, 4. girl statue column. (柱式的式样。共有四种柱式：1. 陶立克柱式，2. 爱奥尼克柱式， 3. 科林斯式柱式，4. 女郎雕像 柱式)
(后现代建筑是指现代以后的各流派的建筑总称，美国建筑师斯特恩提出：后现 代主义建筑有三个特征：采用装饰；具有象征性或隐喻性；与现有环境融合。)
AncientGreekAchitecture古希腊建筑雕塑英文版PPT课件
effect to the building making it
appear lighter than its material
would suggest.
Also, the stylobate (柱基)or floor
of the temple is not exactly flat
but rises slightly in the centre.
The columns also have entasis,
that is, a slight fattening in their
middle, and the four corner
columns are imperceptibly fatter
than the other columns.
2.Three Kinds of Orders
1.Specific dimensional composition
Plans of Ancient Greek Temples
1.Specific
dimensional composition
The temple was constructed using a 4:9
ratio in several aspects.
1.Specific dimensional composition
The Temple of Hera I (“Basilica”), Paestum, c.550B.C.
Central is a living room, hall, surrounded by columns, can be collectively referred to as Central pillar construction. （中央是厅堂，大殿，周围是柱子，可统称为环柱式 建筑。）
古希腊罗马
希腊艺术家正是在这种环境下创造出古代世界最杰出的艺术， 给人类文化宝库留下了最珍贵的遗产。
04
建筑类型特点
现存的建筑物遗址主要是神殿、剧场、竞技场等公共建筑，其中 神殿是一个城邦的重要活动中心，它也最能代表那一时期建筑的风貌。 古希腊人认为，神也是人，只是神比普通人更加完美，他们认为 供给神居住的地方也不过是比普通人更加高级的住宅。所以，希腊最 早的神殿建筑只是贵族居住的长方形有门廊的建筑。后来加入柱式， 由早期的“端柱门廊式”逐步发展到“前廊式”，即神殿前面门廊是由四 根圆柱组成，以后又发展到“前后廊式”，到公元前6C前后廊式又演 变为希腊神殿建筑的标准形式——“围柱式”，即长方形神殿四周均用 柱廊环绕起来。
07
建筑类型特点
4.由平民进步的艺术趣味而产 生的崇尚人体美与数的和谐， 无论是雕刻作品还是建筑，他 们都认为人体的比例是最完美 的； 5.建筑与装饰均雕刻化，希腊 的建筑与雕刻是紧紧结合在一 起的，可以说，希腊建筑就是 用石材雕刻出来的艺术品。
08
成就总结
古希腊建筑不仅为西方建筑奠定了基础，形成了秩序，而且创造 出了多种建筑类型——神庙、露天剧场、竞技场、广场和敞廊等。其 中以神庙为最重要的类型，也是古希腊留给后世的重要文化遗产。 希腊建筑是理性主义与现实主义结合的完美体现，如留给后世最 具体而又直接的古典柱式，它们以人体为模板，并将其赋予新的生命， 柱子是除中世纪之外欧洲主流建筑艺术造型的基本元素，它控制着大 小建筑的形式和风格。
05
建筑类型特点
希腊神殿建筑总的风格是庄重典雅，具 有和谐、壮丽、崇高的美，可以归纳出 以下几大特点： 1.平面构成为1:1.618或1:2的矩形，中 央是厅堂、大殿，周围是柱子，可统称 为环柱式建筑；
关于建筑风格英语作文
关于建筑风格英语作文英文回答：In the realm of architecture, a plethora of styles have emerged throughout history, each reflecting the cultural, technological, and artistic aspirations of its time. From the monumental pyramids of ancient Egypt to the soaring cathedrals of the Middle Ages and the sleek skyscrapers of the modern era, architectural styles have played a pivotal role in shaping the built environment and expressing human creativity.One of the earliest and most enduring architectural styles is Classical Architecture, which originated in ancient Greece and Rome. Characterized by its emphasis on symmetry, proportion, and the use of classical orders (Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian), Classical Architecture has had a profound influence on Western architecture for centuries. Notable examples of Classical Architecture include the Parthenon in Athens, the Colosseum in Rome, andthe White House in Washington, D.C.Gothic Architecture, which flourished in the Middle Ages, is distinguished by its pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and stained-glass windows. Designed to inspire awe and reverence, Gothic cathedrals such as Notre Dame de Paris, Chartres Cathedral, and Westminster Abbey are among themost iconic architectural achievements of all time.Renaissance Architecture, which emerged in Europe inthe 15th century, was a revival of Classical Architecture, but with a renewed emphasis on humanism and scientific inquiry. Renaissance buildings such as the Uffizi Galleryin Florence, the St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, and the Louvre Museum in Paris showcase the harmony, balance, and rationalism that characterized this era.Baroque Architecture, which followed the Renaissance, was marked by its grandeur, exuberance, and dramatic use of light and shadow. Prominent Baroque buildings include the Palace of Versailles in France, the Trevi Fountain in Rome, and the Karlskirche in Vienna.Neoclassicism, which emerged in the late 18th century, was a renewed interest in the principles of Classical Architecture. Neoclassical buildings such as the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin, the Monticello plantation in Virginia, and the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. are characterized by their simplicity, symmetry, and monumental scale.The 19th century witnessed the rise of a variety of architectural revivals, including Gothic Revival, Romanesque Revival, and Greek Revival. These styles drew inspiration from earlier periods, but with a modern interpretation.Modern Architecture, which emerged in the early 20th century, rejected the ornamentation and historicism of previous styles in favor of functionalism, simplicity, and the use of new materials such as steel and glass. Iconic examples of Modern Architecture include the Bauhaus in Germany, the Villa Savoye in France, and the SeagramBuilding in New York City.Postmodern Architecture, which emerged in the 1970s, challenged the rigidity and orthodoxy of Modern Architecture by incorporating elements of traditional styles, historical references, and playful ornamentation. Postmodern buildings such as the Portland Building in Oregon, the Pompidou Center in Paris, and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao in Spain are characterized by their eclecticism, irony, and visual complexity.Contemporary Architecture, which emerged in the late 20th century, is characterized by its diversity, experimentation, and the use of advanced technologies and sustainable materials. Contemporary buildings such as the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, the One World Trade Center in New York City, and the Louvre Abu Dhabi in the United Arab Emirates showcase the cutting-edge design and engineering capabilities of our time.中文回答：建筑风格。
Greek Architecture古希腊建筑
• Above the column is the entablature柱顶. If the column is the leg, think of this as the tabletop.
– It has 3 parts: the architrave梁, a kind of base. – The frieze楣, a decorated part – The cornice檐口 the top.
Designs of Greek Temples
• Grander temples, like the Parthenon, had both a front and back porch门廊, as well as a colonnade柱 廊surrounding the entire structure. • This is called a peripteral temple.
Plans of Greek Temples
• The grandeur富丽堂皇的 and evident expense of a temple can be seen in the number of columns employed. • Simple tempes have blank walls around a naos, or chapel. With an open area or porch门廊 in front, called a pronaos, with two or four supporting columns.
The Corinthian Order
• This is also a tall, elegant form. • The capital has distinctive acanthus 阿 坎瑟斯leaf decoration. • A base is also employed.
西方建筑英语
西方建筑英语西方建筑一直以来都是世界上的瞩目焦点。
无论是古代的希腊神殿，还是现代的摩天大楼，它们都代表了人类的智慧和创造力。
让我们一起来了解一些关于西方建筑的英语词汇和词组。
一、建筑风格（Architectural Styles）1. 古典主义（Classical Style）- 古希腊和古罗马时期的建筑样式，以希腊柱式和罗马拱门为特征。
2. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）- 14至17世纪欧洲流行的建筑风格，以大教堂和宏伟宫殿为特点。
3. 巴洛克（Baroque）- 17至18世纪兴起的建筑风格，强调装饰和曲线造型，具有戏剧性和豪华的外观。
4. 洛可可（Rococo）- 18世纪的流行风格，以细腻的装饰和优雅的弯曲线条为特征。
5. 新古典主义（Neoclassical）- 18至19世纪复兴古典主义的建筑风格，热衷于古希腊和古罗马的设计元素。
6. 后现代主义（Postmodernism）- 20世纪后期兴起的建筑风格，突破传统规范，强调多样性和自由创造。
二、建筑部件（Architectural Elements）1. 拱门（Arch）- 一种由多块石头或砖块组成的曲线结构，用于支撑大量重量和分散压力。
2. 柱子（Column）- 通常由圆柱形结构组成，用于支撑建筑物的屋顶或其他结构。
3. 屋顶（Roof）- 用于保护建筑物内部免受雨水和风的覆盖物。
4. 窗户（Window）- 用于通风、自然光照和观赏景色的开口。
5. 墙壁（Wall）- 分隔建筑内部空间的垂直结构，通常由砖块、石头或混凝土建造。
6. 地基（Foundation）- 支撑建筑物的地面结构，以分散重量并防止地震和沉降。
三、建筑类型（Types of Buildings）1. 教堂（Church）- 用于基督教礼拜和宗教仪式的建筑，通常具有尖顶或拱顶。
2. 高楼大厦（Skyscraper）- 用于商业和办公目的的超高层建筑，通常具有多个楼层和现代化设施。
希腊罗马建筑英语作文
希腊罗马建筑英语作文Ancient Greece and Rome were the cradles of Western civilization, and their architectural marvels stand as testaments to their ingenuity and creativity. The grandeur of these structures is not just in their size, but in the harmony and proportion that define their design.Greek architecture is characterized by its use of columns, which come in three distinct orders: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Parthenon, for instance, is a prime exampleof Doric architecture, with its sturdy columns supporting a temple dedicated to the goddess Athena.Roman architecture took Greek designs a step further, incorporating arches, domes, and vaults into their structures. The Colosseum in Rome is a monumental achievement, showcasing the Romans' mastery of these new techniques, which allowedfor the construction of vast, open spaces.The Pantheon, another Roman architectural gem, is renowned for its massive dome, which was the largest of its kind for over a thousand years. Its oculus, or central opening, allows natural light to flood the interior, creating a divine atmosphere.Both Greek and Roman architecture emphasize theimportance of public spaces. The agora in Greece and theforum in Rome were central to civic life, serving asmarketplaces, meeting places, and venues for political discourse.The legacy of Greek and Roman architecture is not only seen in the ruins that still stand today but also in the influence they have had on subsequent architectural styles. From Renaissance to Neoclassical, their principles of symmetry, balance, and proportion continue to inspire architects around the world.In conclusion, the architectural achievements of ancient Greece and Rome are a testament to the enduring power of human creativity and the desire to create spaces that are both functional and awe-inspiring. Their structures continue to captivate us, inviting us to explore the depths of our shared cultural heritage.。
建筑园林城市规划英文名词
人体测量学-anthropometry人体尺寸-human dimensions人体舒适-human comfort人因工效学-human factor engineering 人类群居学-ekistics环境心理学-environmental psychology 人类生态学-human ecology建筑类型学-building typology空间构图-space configuration领域性-territoriality建筑经济学-building economics价值工程学-value engineering费用效益-cost effectiveness建筑美学-architectural aesthetics 艺术格调-artistic touch建筑几何学-architectural geometry建筑形态学-architectural morphology环境艺术-environmental art建筑文脉-architectural context建筑符号学-architectural semiotics模式语言-pattern language建筑设计方法学-architectural designmethodology无障碍设计-barrier free design古建筑保护-historical buildingpresvervation风水学-fengshui建筑科学-building science建筑气候学-building climatology建筑物理[学]-building physics建筑光学-building optics建筑热学-building thermodymamics,building thermology建筑声学-building acoustics太阳能建筑-solar building建筑工程-building engineering建筑标准化-building standardization建筑模数-building module模数协调-modular coordination建筑工业化-building industrialization工业化建筑体系-industrialized buildingsystem支撑体系-support system填充体系-infill system建筑安全-building safety建筑防灾-building disaster prevention 建筑节能-building energy conservation 减灾学-natural disaster prevention建筑防火-building fire protection建筑抗震-building aseismicity建筑病理-building pathology健康建筑-healthy building建筑综合症-synthetic building syndrome,SBS建筑保安-building security防卫性空间-defensible space 建筑性能-building performance建筑评价-building evaluation社会影响评价-social impactassessment,SIA环境影响评价-environmental impactassessment,EIA建筑测量-building surveying建筑勘探-building geotechnics工程施工-engineering construction建筑材料-building material建筑制品-building product建筑构造-architectural construction建筑设备系统-building service system建筑设备-building equipment建筑设备安装-building equipmentinstallation建筑设施-building facilities建筑设施管理-building facilitiesmanagement建筑装修-builidng finishing室内装饰-interior decoration建筑壁画-mural浅浮雕-bas-relief建筑维护-building maintenance建筑修缮-building repair建筑管理-building management建筑业-building industry建筑立法-building legislation建筑史-architectural history古典建筑-classical architecture古典柱式-classical order美索不达米亚建筑-Mesopotamian architecture古希腊建筑-Greek architecture古罗马建筑-Roman architecture拜占庭建筑-Byzantine architecture罗曼式建筑-Romanesque architecture 哥特式建筑-Gothic architecture文艺复兴建筑-Renaissance architecture 巴洛克建筑-Baroque architecture洛可可建筑-Rococo architecture伊斯兰建筑-Islamic architecture 新艺术运动-Art-nouveau Movement现代主义-modernism国际风格-International Style后现代主义-post-modernism功能主义-functionalism构成主义-constructivism表现主义-expressionism手法主义-mannerism折中主义-eclecticism结构主义-structuralism新古典主义-neoclassicism复古主义-revivalism民族风格-national style新理性主义-neorationalism批判地方主义-critical regionalism解构主义-deconstruction反构成主义-deconstructivism粗野主义-brutalism文脉主义-contextualism新陈代谢主义-metabolism高技术建筑-hightech architecture乡土建筑-vernacular architecture有机建筑-organic architecture国际建筑师协会-Union of InternationalArchitects, UIA亚洲建筑师协会-Architects RegionalCouncil Asia, ARCASIA中国建筑学会-Architectural Society ofChina, ASC单层建筑-single-story building多层建筑-multistory building高层建筑-highrise building, tall building 超高层建筑-super highrise building, supertall building摩天楼-skyscraper活动房屋-mobile house建筑队群-building group裙房-podium楼层-floor夹层-mezzanine底层-ground floor地下室-basement 半地下室-sub-basement顶层-top floor楼板-roof slab房间-room走廊-corridor游廊-gallery入口-entrance门斗-anteroom/foyer门厅-enrtance hall, vestibule骑楼-overhang接待室-reception room会议室-conference room值班室-janitor's room收发室-mail/distribution room问询处-information desk衣帽间-coat room, cloak room开水间-water heater room卫生间-washroom厕所-toilet浴室-bathroom电话总机房-telephone exchange room电子计算机房-computer room广播室-broadcasting room储藏室-storage room变电间-substation/transformation substation锅炉间-boiler room阳台-balcony平台-terrace/deck天井-light court/light well屋前空地-frontage居住建筑-residential building人居-human habitat住房-housing独户住宅-single family house/SF多户住宅-multi-family house联排式住宅-row house, terrace house台阶式住宅-stepped house, terraced house 公寓式住宅-apartment house板式住宅-slab block点式住宅-point block跃层式公寓-skip-floor aparment外廊式公寓-exterior-corridor type apartmnet步行上楼式公寓-walk-up apartment电梯式公寓-elevator apartment酒店式公寓-service/residential apartment公寓式办公楼-apartment office building酒店式办公楼-hotel office building综合楼-multiple-use building商务写字楼-business office building平房-one-story house, bungalow农舍-cottage别墅-villa庭院式住宅-courtyard house两层独立公寓-maisonette宿舍-dormitory青年公寓-youth apartment老年公寓-house for the elderly养老院-nursing home公共活动室-commom room, communityroom卧室-bedroom起居室-living room书房-study餐室-dining room厨房-kitchen壁柜-wall unit, case unit吊柜-hanging cabinet地窖-cellar教育建筑-educational building大学建筑-university building学院建筑-institute building, college building专科学校建筑-special college building 中学建筑-secondary school building职业学校建筑-vocational school building 小学建筑-elementary school building幼儿园-kindergarten寄宿制托儿所-nursery全日制托儿所-day-care center教室-classroom阶梯教室-lecture theater电化教室-audio-visual classroom实验教室-laboratory 美术教室-artroom音乐教室-music room劳作教室-handicraft room实验工厂-practice workshop儿童活动室-children's playroom哺乳室-nursing room配乳室-milk kitchen隔离室-isolation room学生中心-students' center游戏场地-playground黑板-blackborad讲台-forum文化建筑-cultural building图书馆-library博物馆-museum科技馆-science museum美术馆-art museum画廓-gallery文化中心-cultural center展览馆-exhibition hall天文馆-planetarium水族馆-aquarium自然博物馆-natural history museum青年中心-youth center妇女中心-women's center陈列室-display room展览室-exhibition room阅览室-reading room阅览间-reading carrel微缩图书阅览室-microfilm reading room 善本图书阅览室-rare books reading room 文献资料阅览室-reference literature room 目录厅-catalogue room出纳处-lending department编目室-cataloging room鉴定室-authentication room研究室-research room复印室-copying room装订室-binding room书库-stack room开架管理-open stack management闭架管理-closed stack management 书架-book shelf展览架-display shelf体育建筑-sport building体育场-stadium室内体育场-indoor stadium体育馆-sports hall游泳馆-swimming hall, natatorium健身房-gymnasium田径场-track field足球场-football court, soccer court篮球场-basketball court排球场-volleyball court手球场-handball court垒球场-softball court网球场-tennis court羽毛球场-badminton court壁球场-squash court棒球场-baseball field射击场-shooting range射箭场-archery赛马场-race course斗牛场-bullfighting arena自行车赛场-velodrome滑冰场-skating rink水上运动场-aquatic sport waters冰球场-ice hockey rink曲棍球场-hockey field高尔夫球场-golf course跳伞俱乐部-parachute club 保龄球场-bowling club桑拿浴室-sauna bathroom按摩室-massage room练习场-warm-up看台-grandstand活动看台-movable stand裁判席-referee's seat运动员席-sportsman's seat固定座位-bleacher场地-field跑道-track跳高场地-high jump runway 跳远场地-long jump runway 三级跳远场地-triple jump runway撑竿跳高场地-pole vault runway标枪投掷区-javelin throwing zone铅球投掷区-hammer throwing zone铁饼投掷区-discus throwing zone障碍赛跑道-hurdle race track跳水池-diving pool武术场地-martial arts ground举重场地-weightlifting platform摔跤场地-wrestling ring拳击比赛台-boxing ring击剑场地-fencing area游泳池-swimming pool泳道-swimming lane跳水台-diving platform体操台-gymnastic floor单杠-horizontal bar双杠-parallel bars高低杠-uneven parallel bars吊环-rings鞍马-vaulting horse跳马-pommel horse自由体操-free exercise平衡木-halancing beam篮球架-backboard球门-goal记分牌-scoreboard跳伞塔-parachuting tower观演建筑-theatrical building剧院-theater, playhouse表演艺术中心-performing arts center歌剧院-opera house芭蕾舞剧院-ballet theater京剧院-Beijing opera theater木偶剧院-puppet play theater露天剧场-open air theater, amphitheater 话剧院-drama theater实验剧场-experimental theater电影院-cinema, movie theater全景电影院-panoramic cinema立体电影院-stereophonic cinema汽车影院-drive-in theater 音乐厅-concert hall交响乐厅-symphony hall独唱独奏厅-recital hall观众厅-auditorium座席容量-seating capacity多用途观众厅-multiuse auditorium多媒体表演-multimedia performance地面升起-rakde floor视线-sight line排距-row spacing错排座席-staggered seating纵过道-longitudinal aisle横过道-transverse aisle天花反射板-ceiling reflector池座层-orchestra level池座前排-stall楼层挑台-balcony楼面层-tier包厢-box迟到席-late-comers' seat舞台-stage箱形舞台-proscenium frame stage旋转舞台-revolving stage凸出舞台-thrust stage中心舞台-arena stage活动舞台-flexible stage基本台-main stage侧台-side stage转台-turntable升降台-elevating stage, stage lift车台-wagon stage表演区-acting area乐池-orchestra pit台唇-apron, forestage台口-proscenium假台口 -false proscenium, adjustable proscenium大幕-front curtain, house tabs防火幕-fire curtain天幕-cyclorama边幕-wing sets声罩-acoustic shell 布景-stage scenery道具-stage property, prop银幕-film screen宽银幕-wide film screen立体银幕-cinemascope screen天桥-fly gallery灯光渡桥-traveling lighting gallery舞台塔-fly tower舞台吊杆-flybar, barrten手动吊杆-hand-driven battern电动吊杆-motorized winch batten单式吊杆-single purchase counterweightbatten复式吊杆-double purchase counterweightbatten排烟窗-vent window舞台灯光-stage lighting耳光-wall-slot lighting面光-front lighting侧光-side lighting放映室-projection booth, projection room放映孔-projection port观测窗-observation port后台-back stage化妆室-dressing room, make-up room排练厅-rehearsal room演员休息室-green room舞台监督室-stge manager's room灯光控制室-light control room音响控制室-sound control room 前厅-foyer售票处-box office疏散出口-emergency exit娱乐建筑-recreation building娱乐中心-recreation center舞厅-ballroom俱乐部-clubhouse夜总会-night club舞池-dancing floor医[疗]卫[生]建筑-medical building 医院-hospital综合医院-general hospital 精神医院-mental health hospital口腔医院-dental hospital妇科医院-gynaecologic hospital妇产医院-obstetric hospital儿科医院-pediatric hospital传染医院-contagious disease hospital肿瘤医院-tumour hospital眼科医院-ophthalmologic hospital疗养院-sanatorium急球中心-emergency care center康复中心-rehabilitation center中医院-traditional Chinese medicalhospital医疗站-medical station卫生所-health center防疫站-health and quarantine station门诊部-outpatient department急诊部-emergency department治疗部-examination-treatment center理疗部-therapeutic department化疗部-chemical treatment department手术部-operation department,surgical suite针灸部-acupuncture department放射部-radioactive department分娩部-delivery department住院部-ward同位素室-radioisotope unit化验室-testing laboratory挂号处-admitting office候诊室-waiting lounge诊室-consulting room药房-pharmacy病房-patients' room隔离病房-isolation ward阳光室-solaria营养厨房-dietary kitchen手术准备室-preparation room 手术消毒室-sterilizing room 麻醉室-anesthesia room手术洗涤室-scrub-up停尸房-mortuary解剖室-autopsy room 中心供应站-central supply工业建筑-industrial building火力发电厂-steam power station选煤厂-coal preparation plant炼油厂-oil refinery液化石油气厂-liquid petroleum gas plant,LPG plant自来水厂-water supply and purificationplant钢铁厂-iron and steel works铝厂-aluminium factory焦化厂-coke plant机械厂-machine making factory汽车厂-automobile factory拖拉机厂-tractor factory机车车辆厂-locomotive and coach wagonfactory机床厂-machine tool factory电机厂-electric motor factory冷冻机厂-refrigerating machine wagon锅炉厂-boiler making factory轴承厂-bearing factory齿轮厂-gear factory电镀厂-electroplating factory电解厂-electrolysis tactory建筑机械厂-building equipment factory建筑材料厂-building material factory建筑五金厂-building hardware factory建筑陶瓷厂-building ceramics factory水泥厂-cement works砖瓦厂-brick and tile factory木材厂-woodworking factory大理石厂-marble factory精密仪器厂-precision instrument factory 仪器仪表厂-instument and meter factory 钟表厂-clock and watch factory眼镜厂-spectacles factory化工厂-chemical plant塑料厂-plastics plant制药厂-pharmaceutical factory油漆厂-paint factory制管厂-piping factory 皮毛加工厂-leather factory纺织厂-textile mill针织厂-knitting mill印染厂-dyeing plant服装厂-tailor shop鞋厂-shoemaking factory工艺美术厂-handicraft factory印刷厂-printing press玩具厂-toy making factory面包厂-bakery面粉厂-flour mill食品厂-food products factory清真食品厂-muslem food products factory豆制品厂-bean products factory饮料厂-beverage酿酒厂-winery啤酒厂-brewery屠宰厂-butchery肉类加工厂-meat products factory卷烟厂-cigarette factory茶厂-tea factory糖厂-sugar mill厂房-factory building车间-workshop堆场-storage yard原料加工车间-raw material handing plant治炼车间-smelting shop铸造车间-casting shop锻造车间-forging shop冲压车间-drop forging shop焊接车间-welding shop金工车间-machine-cutting shop 木工车间-carpentry shop加工车间 -processing plant装配车间-assembly plant冷拉车间-cold-drawing shop热解决车间-heat-treatment shop 电镀车间-electroplating shop电解车间-electrolysis shop油漆车间-painting shop机修车间-machine repair shop 中试车间-pilot plant 烧制车间-furnace room精密车间-precision workshop洁净车间-dust-proof workshop, clearoom中央实验室-central laboratory动力站-power plant锅炉房-boiler house煤气发生站-gas generating station压缩空气站-compressed air station氧气站-oxygen station乙炔站-acetylene generating station充电站-battery recharge room仓库-warehouse, godown总仓库-central warehouse成品库-final product storage装卸站台-loading platform厂前区-administration quarter生活间-changing room, locker room吊车-crane汽车地磅-truck-weighing platform水塔-water tower电瓶车库-battery car room商业建筑-commercial building百货商店-department store超级市场-supermarket自选商场-self service store购物中心-shopping center市场-market hall农贸市场-farm product market鱼市-fishmonger, fish stall 肉市-butcher shop禽市-poultry stall蛋市-egg stall果市-fruit stall菜市场-vegetable market 批发商店-wholesale store 零售商店-retail store专卖店-speciality shop粮店-grain store副食店-foodstuffs store食品店-provisions shop熟食店-delicatessen shop 点心铺-pastry store 杂货铺-grocery饭馆-restaurant饮食店-cafeteria小吃店-snack bar快餐店-fast food restaurant茶馆 -tea house包子铺-stuffed bun house食堂-canteen中药店-traditional Chinses medicine store西药店-drugstore布店-cloth store呢绒绸缎店-silk and wool fabric store服装店-clothing store鞋帽店-hat and shoes store床上用品店-bed linens store家具店-furniture store眼镜店-spectacles store钟表店-clocks and watches store文具用品店-stationary store书店-bookstore花店-flower shop服饰店-haberdashery洗染店-laundering and dyeing shop干洗店-dry cleaning shop工艺美术品店-arts and cafts store金银手饰店-jewelry store珠宝店-jewelry shop照相馆-photo studio理发店-barber shop美发廊-hair salon美容院-beauty parlour浴堂-bath house旅馆-hotel旅店-inn宾馆-guesthouse汽车旅馆-motel银行-bank储蓄所-saving bank证券交易所-stock exchange 营业厅-shopping hall售货区-Sales area顾客活动区-customers' area 橱窗-shop window, show window收款柜台-cashier货架-shelf货柜-counter卸货间-delivery room卸货台-delivery platform主食加工间-staple food processing room副食加工间-non-staple food processingroom主食库-staple food storage副食库-non-staple food storage调料库-condiment storage备餐间-pantry, food preparation room食具洗涤消毒间-ware washing andsterilizing room烧火间-firing sector冷[藏]库-cold storage冷藏间-refrigerated storage room冷冻间-freezed storage room制冻间-ice-mking room客房-guest room套间客房-suite总统客房-presidential suite单床间-single-bed room双床间-double room休息厅-looby, loung接待厅-reception hall,front desk总服务台-reception desk餐厅-dining hall中餐厅-Chinese restaurant西餐厅-west restaurant咖啡厅-coffee house, coffee shop 风味餐厅-speciality restaurant宴会厅-banquet hall多功能厅-multi-function hall酒巴间-bar洗手间-rest room洗衣房-laundry交通建筑-transportain building航空港-airport候机楼-air-terminal售票厅-booking hall 候机厅-departure hall行李托运站-baggage check-in旅客通道-passenger concourse海关检查处-customs examination登机口-boarding gate行李提取站-bagggage claim停机坪-apron直升机坪-helistop指挥塔-command tower飞机跑道-runway火车站-railway terminal, railway station汽车客运站-bus passenger terminal, buspassenger station水路客运站-waterway passenger terminal,watermqy passenger station候车室-waiting lounge行李室-luggage room站台-railway platform站台雨棚-platform shed灯塔-beacon, lighthouse汽车库-garage多层车库-multistory garage加油站-petrol filling station汽车修理站-car repair pit汽车洗车台-car wash岗亭-sentry box农业生产建筑-farm building粮库-granary筒仓-silo种子库-seed storage选种室-seed selection room粮食加工厂-grain processing plant晒场-sunning ground温室-greenhouse塑料大棚-plastic-cover greenhouse农机站-farm machinery station保养间-maintenance shop农具棚-agricultural tools shed零件库-machine parts storage农机修理站-agricultural machine repair station种马场-stallion barn 役马场-military horse harn马厩-horse stable乳牛场-dairy farm牛舍-stanchion barn公牛舍-bull barn犊牛舍-calf barn挤乳间-milking parlour牛乳解决间-milkhouse养鸡场-poultry yard鸡舍-hencoop养猪场-pig farm, hog lot猪舍-pigsty饲料储存处-feed storage饲料加工间-feed processing plant食槽-manger饮水池-drinking water pool人工采精室-sperm collection room授精配种室-sperm fertilization room病兽隔离室-isolation barn兽医站-veterinary stastion积肥场-fertilizer yard沼气池-biomass pool农业服务中心-agricultural service center办公建筑-office building多层办公楼-multistory office高层办公楼-office tower行政办公楼-administrative building专用办公楼-special-use office building综合性办公楼-multiple-use office building 智能办公楼-intelligent building, smart building单间式布局-private office layout大空间布局-open landscape layout单走道布局-single-corridor layout双走道布局-double-corridor layout单外廊布局-single exterior-corridor layout 双外廊布局-double exterior-corridor layout 办公室-office room设计室-design studio绘图室-driafting room档案室-file room晒图室-reproduction room 图档室-drawings and documents room打字室-typing room模型室-model shop公共建筑-public building国际会议大厦-international convertion hall国家会议大厦-state convention hall市政厅-municipal hall, city hall会议厅-assembly hall礼堂-auditorium主席台-presidium同声传译控制室-simultaneousinterpretation booth翻译室-interpreters' room监听室-monitor room扩音控制室-broadcasting control room电视转播室-television transmission room电视转播车-television transmission vehicle总指挥室-general director's room法院-courthouse法庭-courtroom法官室-judge's suite秘书室-law clerk's room律师室-lawyer's room证人室-witness' room拘留室-detention room警察局-police station派出所-police substation监狱-prison, jail牢房-prison cell接受牢房-incarceration cell隔离牢房-isolation cell检查室-examination room讯问处-interrogation room看守室-guards' room瞭望室-watchtower消防站-fire station消防车库-fire engine room训练塔-training tower通信建筑-communication building 邮局-post office电信楼-telecommunication building 营业柜台-clerk counter 书写台-writing counter电话间-telephone booth广播楼-broadcasting station电视中心-television center, TV center卫星通信地面站-satellite ground station录音室-recording room演播室-studio微波塔-microwave transmission tower电视塔-TV transmission tower电影制片厂-motion picture studio科学建筑-science building研究中心-research center实验楼-laboratory building实验室-laboratory room物理实验室-physics laboratory化学实验室-chemistry laboratory光学实验室-optics laboratory声学实验室-acoustic laboratory混响室-reverberationroom隔声室-soundproof room消声室-sound attenuation room, anechoicroom热工实验室-thermal science laboratory生物实验室-biology laboratory机械性能实验室-mechanical propertieslaboratory无菌室-bacteria-free room计量室-metrology room天平室-balance room电子显微镜室-electronic microscopy room 实验台-testing counter通风罩-ventilation hood天文台-observatory气象台-meteorological station宗教建筑-religious building庙-temple寺-buddhist temple庵-nunnery祠-shrine观-taoist temple山门-temple gate大殿-main temple hall 经堂-scripture hall钟楼-bell tower鼓楼-drum tower纪念建筑-memorial building纪念碑-memorial monument台座-pedestal纪念堂-memorial hall纪念牌坊-monumental gateway地下建筑-underground building人防地下室-air-raid shelter人防工程-civil air denfence shelter防核尘地下室-fallout shelter地铁车站-subway station, metro station地下商场-underground store地下窑居-underground dwelling地下珍宝馆-underground treasure chamber地下车库-underground garage地下仓库-underground warehouse地下金库-underground gold treasury地下冷库-underground cold storage地下粮仓-underground granary地下实验室-underground testing laboratory生土建筑-earth building窑居-cave dwelling夯土房-rammed earth construction土筑房-earthwork house土坯房-adobe house覆土建筑-earth-covered construction自行车棚-bicycle shed围墙-fence wall, enclosure wall大门-entrance gate, main door门房-gatehouse设计管理-design administration建筑法-buliding law,building ordinance 建筑师注册法-architects' registration ordinance职业工程师法-professional engineers' law 建筑主管机关-building authority建筑设计院-building design institute建筑设计所-building design office建筑师-architect结构工程师-structural engineer 职业工程师-professional engineer征询工程师-design consultant估价师-estimator, quantity surveyor设计委托-design commission设计协议-design agreement设计协议-design contract设计义务-design liability损害义务-tort liability设计费-design fee收费标准-fee scale比例收费-percentage cost fee单位面积收费-unit area fee总额收费-lump sum fee成本附加费-cost plus fee资质审查-qualification注册-registration执照-license合作制设计事务所-design partnership设计规范-design code设计标准-design approval职业道德守则-code of professional ethics设计程序-design process可行性研究-feasibility study机会研究-opportunity study建筑策划-architectural programming场址选择-site selection需求预测-demand forecasting价格分析-price analysis建筑条件-construction conditions设计方案-design alternative劳动定员-manpower quota实行计划-implementation schedule 投资额-investment cost运营成本-running cost, operating cost 资金返本期-payback period投资返回率 -rate of return投资决策-investment decision面积定额-building area quota设计任务书-design brief/proposal建设单位/客户-client建设项目-building project建设规模-building size 建设场址-building site建设工期-construction period设计标准-design standard投资限额-control budget人均指标-per capita index设计阶段-design stage, design phase方案设计-schematic design构思设计-concept design方案估算-schematic design estimate初步设计-preliminary design设计概算-preliminary estimate扩大初步设计-expanded preliminary design技术设计-design development施工图-working/constructiondrawing/document工程量表-bill of quantities, BOQ材料设备表-material and equipmentschedule工程预算-detail estimate施工说明书-specification施工组织设计-construction managementplanning项目管理-project management成本计划-cost planning成本控制-cost control施工监督-construction supervision隐蔽工程验收-subsurface work acceptance变更通告单-change order进度证明书-certificate on progress工程验收-acceptance on examination竣工图-as-built drawing/record drawings 工程决算-final building cost设计前期工作-predesign work环境分析-environmental analysis项目服务面积-catchment area人口分析-demographic analysis地文分析-physiographic analysis场地分析-site analysis场地位置-site location场地通达度-site accessibility场地方位-site orientation场地地形-site topography 场地地貌-surface feature土质条件-soil condition排水条件-drainage condition阳光入射角-solar angle阳光辐射强度-solar radiation intensity交通条件-transportation condition公用设施条件-utility availability生态条件-ecological condition场地边线-site boundary地役权-easement通过权-right of way使用限制权-deed restriction土地价值-land value功能分析-function analysis空间需求-space requirement空间组成-spatial composition流通模式-circulation pattern近邻性分析-adjacency analysis行为背景-behavior setting群体交互-group interaction场地规划-site planning总平面运送设计-general layout andtransportation design建筑朝向-building orientation阴影模式分析-shadow pattern analysis竖向设计-vertical design土方平衡-cut and fill balance流线设计-circulation design道路设计-road design尽端路-cul-de-sac (法)建筑物设计-building design建筑设计-architectural design建筑创作-architectural creation结构设计-structural design设备设计-building service design上下水设计-water supply and sewerage design暖通设计-heating and ventilation design 空调设计-air conditioning design照明设计-illumination design动力系统设计-power system design通信系统设计-communication design 室内交通设计-interior transportation design功能空间一览表-functional space schedule气泡图-bubble diagram平面布置-floor plan layout空间综合-spatial synthesis日照计算-solar calculation, daylight calcula-tion视线设计-sight line design视点-reference point视距-sight distance视角-sight angle视线升高-eye-level rise热工设计-thermal performance design节能设计-energy saving design室内设计-interior design门窗表-door and window schedule计算机辅助建筑设计-computer-aided-architectural-design, CAAD建筑描述系统-building description system项目数据库-project database形象图库-image library详图图库-detail library部件图库-component library二维制图系统-2D drafting system三维模型系统-3D modelling system自动详图制作-automated detailing自动部件选择-automated componentselection三维地貌模型-3D terrain modelling环境模拟-environment simulation热反映模拟-thermal response simulation 声学模拟-acoustic simulation色彩模拟-color simulation动态鸟瞰-animated perspective动态漫游 -animated walk-through建筑计量-building measurement建筑总面积-gross floor area建筑净面积-net floor area使用面积-usable floor area辅助面积-auxiliary floor area场地面积-site area建筑基底面积-building area 容积率-floor-area ratio, plot ratio, FAR建筑密度-building density外延长度-perimetric length长宽比-aspect ratio开间-bay width进深-depth跨度-span层高-story height净高-clear height建筑体积-building volume建筑造型-architectural image形体-figure形状-shape尺度-scale体量-mass比例-proportion黄金分割-golden section节奏-rhythm韵律-meter对称-symmetry反差-contrast平衡-balance层次-layer序列-sequence实体-solid虚体-void质感-texture肌理又称“纹理”-grain色彩又称“亮度”-color明暗度-brightness光影-shade and shadow建筑外立面-facade, elevation建筑细部-architectural detail象征意义-symbolic meaning建筑隐喻-architectural metaphor 建筑表达-architectural presentation 建筑制图-architectural drafting建筑总平面图-site plan建筑平面图-architectural plan建筑立面图-architectural elevation 建筑剖面图-architectural section 详图-detail drawing 修正图-revised drawing比例尺-scale指北针-compass图例-legend图框-frame素描-sketch徒手素描-free-hand sketch渲染-rendering水彩渲染-water color rendering透视图-perspective drawing鸟瞰图-bird's eye view drawing等视图-isometric drawing轴视图-axonometric drawing建筑模型-building model建筑环境模型-building environment model防灾设计-disaster prevention design防火设计-fire protection design防火规范-fire code火灾分类-fire hazard classification防火分区-fire compartmentation耐火等级-fire protection rating建筑用途-building occupancy防火间距-fire separation distance防火分区-fire compartment燃烧体-combustible非燃烧体-non-combustible着火性能-flammability闪点-flash point耐火极限-fire endurance安全出口-safety exit疏散时间-egress time防火墙-fire wall防火带-fire break防火门-fire door, fireproof door防火窗-fire window疏散楼梯-escape stair坚井封闭-shaft enclosure消防梯-fire ladder防火卷帘-fire curtain水幕-water curtain抗震设计-aseismic design, earthquake-resis-tance design 防振设计-vibration control design弹性支承-elastic mounting软性覆面-soft floor covering积极防振-active insulation悲观隔振-passive insulation防爆设计-blast-proof design易爆物料-explosive material泄瀑-explosive venting吸尘系统-dust-collecting system电磁屏蔽设计-electromagnetic shielding防辐射设计-radiation-proof design铅板屏-lead shielding避雷设计-lightning prevention design防腐蚀设计-corrosion proof design建筑缺陷-building defect地面隆起-earth heaving墙体开裂-wall crazing, wall cracking建筑漏水-water penetration建筑受潮-dampness penetration表面结露-surface sweating, condensation表面起泡-surface blistering表面剥落-surface peeling表面片落-flaking砖面泛白-brick efflorescence管道炸裂-pipe bursting烟囱倾斜-stack leaning梁下垂-beam sagging屋面积水-roof ponding。
古罗马建筑英语
加尔桥(Aqueducts引水渠)
君士坦丁凯旋门(Arco Di Costantino
意大利语)
万神庙（Pantheon） The dome(穹顶) structure provided us with larger space . the romans have many their architectures on the dome, such as pantheon ,which is the highest representative of rome architectural technique. 穹顶结构为我们提供了更大的空间。罗马人有很多穹顶建筑风格， 如万神庙，这是罗马建筑技术的最高代表。
罗马斗兽场（Colosseum）
It were used for gladiatorial（角斗） contests, public displays, public meetings and bullfights（斗牛）. They are among the most impressive remains of the roman empire, and many of
• 罗马人建造水渠带来源源不断的水从遥远的来源为城镇提供公 共浴室、厕所、喷泉和私人家庭。
君士坦丁凯旋门（Arco Di Costantino意大利语）
The upper part of triumphal arch（凯旋门） records the main contents of the life history of the emperor. Lower part records the battle scene of Constantin。
Columns Romans dings are mentioned ？
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Corinthian Column Ionic Column Doric Column
（ （ 爱（ 陶 奥科 立 尼林 克 克斯 ） 式式 ）
）
• 陶立克柱式形态简洁，其柱高是直径的6倍， 雄健威武，向征男性美；爱奥尼柱式纤巧 修长，柱高是直径的8~9倍，柱头用卷涡装 饰，富有曲线美，象征女性美。科林斯柱 式形态更复杂、更修长，上部是藤蔓似的 卷涡，下面是曼妙的花纹，更具女性美。
•The pediment（山花墙） is the triangular place under the roof of a Greek temple. Each temple has two, one on the front and one on the back. At first pediments were probably plain, but soon the Greeks began to decorate pediments with stone sculpture. One of the earliest pediments, on the temple of Artemis on the island of Corfu, has a scary Medusa on it.
It’s slim and much more like a gentle and graceful young lady.
Temple of Athena Nike
胜利女神神庙
女神廊柱（Erechtheion伊瑞克提翁 神庙）
Pediment（山花墙）
• Greek temple with a pediment (Sicily)
Greek temple with a pediment (Sicily)
Later Greek sculptors put whole scenes on pediments, usually one exciting part of a mis, Corfu (ca. 580 BC)
The Parthenon（帕特农神庙）
Ancient Roman Architecture(BC300-AD365)
• Ancient Roman architecture adopted certain aspects of Ancient Greek architecture,but it did created lots of new architectural styles.
Temple of Aphaea at Aegina (Shows the Trojan War)
• The Parthenon（帕特农神庙） has the story of the birth of Athena on one side, and the story of Athena and Poseidon fighting to be the main god of Athens on the other side.
• 2.Pantheon 万神庙 The dome(穹顶) structure provided us with larger space . The Romans based much of their architecture on the dome, such as Pantheon ,which is the highest representative of Rome architectural technique.
•
The Romans constructed aqueducts to bring a constant flow of water from distant sources into cities and towns, supplying public baths,toilets, fountains and private households. Waste water was removed by the sewage systems and released into nearby bodies of water, keeping the towns clean and free from noxious waste. Some aqueducts also served water for mining, processing, manufacturing, and agriculture.
The Donic style is simple and it reveals the males’ strength.
Lincoln Memorial is in the form of a Greek Doric temple.
林肯纪念堂
It is always decorated with spiral （螺旋形的 ） or volute（涡形的 ） ornaments.
Ancient Greek Architecture (BC800-AD300)
1. Specific dimensional composition特定的平面构 成 Most of the architectures are rectangular (on a scale of 1:1.618 or 1:2)in shape, essentially consisted of a hall surrounded by columns. （平面构成为1:1.618或1:2的矩形，中央是厅堂， 大殿，周围是柱子，可统称为环柱式建筑）） 2.Three famous kinds of columns/orders(柱式）: 3. Decoration of depiment(山花墙装饰）
The five main achievements of Ancient Roman architecture
• 1.Ancient Roman Aqueducts(渡槽) • 2.Pantheon 万神庙 • 3.Public baths 罗马公共浴场 • 4.Colosseum圆形大剧场 • 5.Square