俄罗斯的专制统治1917-1945【英文】
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Remaining democracies in 1940
Principal European dictators
(Details in European Dictatorships xii-xv)
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
Russia Italy Germany Portugal Spain Austria Hungary Poland Baltic States Yugoslavia Albania Romania Bulgaria Greece Turkey
•
Instructions.
– Go on to Slide Show > View Show. This will activate:
• • • • Slide transitions Slide and box animations Hyperlinks within this PowerPoint Links to other websites for:
Dictatorships dismantled by other dictatorships 1938-42
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Totalitarian dictatorships by 1938
D
D
European democracies
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Dictatorships by 1938
Democracies dismantled by dictatorships 1938-40
Introduction
• These slides contain:
– Summaries of some of the main contents of European Dictatorships (with page references) – Additional material:
• Historical • Historiographical
– Illustrations – Text – Other links
Title page follows
EUROPEAN
DICTATORSHIPS
1918 - 1945
THIRD EDITION ROUTLEDGE 2008
Supporting PowerPoint 1
Setting for Dictatorship
STEPHEN J. LEE
Which countries were dictatorships?
European dictatorships
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Dictatorships by 1938
D
Authoritarian dictatorships dismantled by totalitarian dictatorships 1938-43 Authoritarian dictatorships in alliance with totalitarian dictatorships after 1940 Authoritarian dictatorships remaining outside control of totalitarian dictatorships
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rapid changes: technological development, population growth, industrialization, devn of the masses and the development of mass politics ‘Fin de siècle’ and ‘intellectual crisis of the 1890s’ (Sternhell et al.) Criticism of parliamentarianism Development of the far left: Sorelian syndicalism, revolutionary Marxism Development of far right: Social Darwinism, anti-Semitism, ultra-nationalism, völkisch groups Convergence of far left and far right Growing instability of traditionalist regimes Rapid growth of nationalism at different levels
K
LENIN
STALIN MUSSOLINI HITLER SALAZAR PRIMO DE RIVERA DOLFUSS HORTHY PIŁSUDSKI SMETONA, ULMANIS, PÄTS ALEXANDER PAVELIC SCHUSCHNIGG S FRANCO
ZOG
CAROL ANTONESCU
5 6
Europe before World War I was already in a state of uncertainty and crisis.
This was exacerbated by World War I …
… and by the peace settlement which followed it. In the period after World War I democracy was tried – but gave way to dictatorship in many places. This was influenced by attitudes to modernization …
… and affected by economic crisis
The period before 1914
Pre-War developments contributing to the emergence of dictatorship
(Details and comments in European Dictatorships 5-8)
BORIS
METAXAS MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATüRK
Overall argument of Chapter 1: The setting for dictatorship
(Details and comments in European Dictatorships 5)
1 2 3 4
Principal European dictators
(Details in European Dictatorships xii-xv)
1920
1925
1930
1935
1940
1945
Russia Italy Germany Portugal Spain Austria Hungary Poland Baltic States Yugoslavia Albania Romania Bulgaria Greece Turkey
•
Instructions.
– Go on to Slide Show > View Show. This will activate:
• • • • Slide transitions Slide and box animations Hyperlinks within this PowerPoint Links to other websites for:
Dictatorships dismantled by other dictatorships 1938-42
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Totalitarian dictatorships by 1938
D
D
European democracies
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Dictatorships by 1938
Democracies dismantled by dictatorships 1938-40
Introduction
• These slides contain:
– Summaries of some of the main contents of European Dictatorships (with page references) – Additional material:
• Historical • Historiographical
– Illustrations – Text – Other links
Title page follows
EUROPEAN
DICTATORSHIPS
1918 - 1945
THIRD EDITION ROUTLEDGE 2008
Supporting PowerPoint 1
Setting for Dictatorship
STEPHEN J. LEE
Which countries were dictatorships?
European dictatorships
(Details in European Dictatorships 2)
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
D
Dictatorships by 1938
D
Authoritarian dictatorships dismantled by totalitarian dictatorships 1938-43 Authoritarian dictatorships in alliance with totalitarian dictatorships after 1940 Authoritarian dictatorships remaining outside control of totalitarian dictatorships
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rapid changes: technological development, population growth, industrialization, devn of the masses and the development of mass politics ‘Fin de siècle’ and ‘intellectual crisis of the 1890s’ (Sternhell et al.) Criticism of parliamentarianism Development of the far left: Sorelian syndicalism, revolutionary Marxism Development of far right: Social Darwinism, anti-Semitism, ultra-nationalism, völkisch groups Convergence of far left and far right Growing instability of traditionalist regimes Rapid growth of nationalism at different levels
K
LENIN
STALIN MUSSOLINI HITLER SALAZAR PRIMO DE RIVERA DOLFUSS HORTHY PIŁSUDSKI SMETONA, ULMANIS, PÄTS ALEXANDER PAVELIC SCHUSCHNIGG S FRANCO
ZOG
CAROL ANTONESCU
5 6
Europe before World War I was already in a state of uncertainty and crisis.
This was exacerbated by World War I …
… and by the peace settlement which followed it. In the period after World War I democracy was tried – but gave way to dictatorship in many places. This was influenced by attitudes to modernization …
… and affected by economic crisis
The period before 1914
Pre-War developments contributing to the emergence of dictatorship
(Details and comments in European Dictatorships 5-8)
BORIS
METAXAS MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATüRK
Overall argument of Chapter 1: The setting for dictatorship
(Details and comments in European Dictatorships 5)
1 2 3 4