世界化石能源使用情况
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COAL
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
NATURAL GAS
OIL
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
U.S. energy consumption
51% of U.S. use in coal
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
Effects on health
Black Lung Disease (miners)
Respiratory illnesses (public)
Effects on land
Coal sludge releases
Hardpan at strip mines
Mountaintop removal
Huge water use
Effects on air
Greenhouse gases
Electric Utilities
1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
9.2 Industry
Transportation
24.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
QUADS of Oil
Proven oil reserves
465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now!
9%
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide
Toxics
Mercury Uranium
Acid rain
Acidity of rain
pH of 6.0
Kills insects, crabs
pH < 5.0
World Crude Oil Production Billions of Barrels per Year
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states) $1992 per barrel
Coal scrubbers
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
Advantages of natural gas
Cleaner to burn
Half as much CO2 as coal
Much Western U.S. coal has
low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately
Recoverable World Percentage of Estimates
C35 rude Oil (1975-1993)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Billion Barrels
Global Oil Production for
Resources of 1800,
2200, and 2600 Billion
Billions of Barrels per Year
35
Barrels
30
2600
25
20
2200
15
1800
10
5
0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Kills fish, trees
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport atiowk.baidu.com Electrical plants Other
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Tall stacks deposit farther
Coal mines
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has
high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine
More efficient
10% energy lost
60-year supply at current rates
Disadvantages of natural gas
Difficult to transport
Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted
Methane bed drilling pollutes
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
Oil Consumption by
Sector (1998)
FOSSIL FUELS 85% of the world’s commercial energy
NATURAL GAS
OIL
20 richest countries consume:
• 50% of coal • 80% of natural gas • 65% of oil
U.S. energy consumption
51% of U.S. use in coal
Energy lost from coal
65% lost in power plants
10% lost on transmission lines (stray voltage)
Effects on health
Black Lung Disease (miners)
Respiratory illnesses (public)
Effects on land
Coal sludge releases
Hardpan at strip mines
Mountaintop removal
Huge water use
Effects on air
Greenhouse gases
Electric Utilities
1.16
Residential Commercial
2.13
9.2 Industry
Transportation
24.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
QUADS of Oil
Proven oil reserves
465 billion barrels consumed 1 trillion barrels left 22 billion consumed a year 45 years to go! Party now!
9%
Mining/metals Other industry Transportation Other
COAL
Fossilized, condensed carbon-rich fuel
10 X reserves of oil/gas, last 200 years at present rate
3/4 sulfur dioxide 1/3 nitrogen oxides 1/2 carbon dioxide
Toxics
Mercury Uranium
Acid rain
Acidity of rain
pH of 6.0
Kills insects, crabs
pH < 5.0
World Crude Oil Production Billions of Barrels per Year
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
World Crude Oil Prices (economic crises in oil states) $1992 per barrel
Coal scrubbers
The future? Hydrogen fuel cells
NATURAL GAS
Methane, other Gases in bedrock
Advantages of natural gas
Cleaner to burn
Half as much CO2 as coal
Much Western U.S. coal has
low-sulfur content, cheaper to mine
But mining in semi-arid West
Heat value of coal types
Anthracite Bituminous Subbituminous Lignite
Distribution of Estimates of Ultimately
Recoverable World Percentage of Estimates
C35 rude Oil (1975-1993)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Billion Barrels
Global Oil Production for
Resources of 1800,
2200, and 2600 Billion
Billions of Barrels per Year
35
Barrels
30
2600
25
20
2200
15
1800
10
5
0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Kills fish, trees
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
Transport atiowk.baidu.com Electrical plants Other
Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide create acid rain
Tall stacks deposit farther
Coal mines
Surface (strip) mine, Western U.S.
Underground (shaft) mine, Eastern U.S.
Coal cheaper, but polluting
Much Eastern U.S. coal has
high-sulfur content, more expensive to mine
More efficient
10% energy lost
60-year supply at current rates
Disadvantages of natural gas
Difficult to transport
Pipelines Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) tankers
Can be polluting, dangerous when extracted
Methane bed drilling pollutes
OIL (PETROLEUM)
Buried organic matter rich in hydrocarbons
Oil Consumption by
Sector (1998)