20世纪英国文学概观

Modernism
---rose out of skepticism and disillusion of capitalism and reaction against Realism ---took as its theoretical base the irrational philosophy and theory of psychoanalysis ---major themes: the distorted, alienated and ill relationships between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
some features:
A. concern for the private rather than the social being B. center on the subjective instead of the objective, the inner world instead of the outer world. C. more attention to the psychic time than to the chronological time D. a greater freedom in creation leading to antitradition and discard of anything traditional
e.g. French painters such as Claude Monet; Conrad, Forster, Woolf
表现主义EXPRESSIONISM (1914-1924): 表现主义
anti-realisitc, dreamlike, later becomes magic-realism
poetry
Ezra Pound: imagism T.S. Eliot "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" (1915) The Waste Land (1922) a landmark and a model of 20th-century modernist poetry William Butler Yeats (1865-1939) "Sailing to Byzantium" "The Lake Isle of Innisfree"
一生有你
水木年华
因为梦见你离开 我从哭泣中醒来 看夜风吹过窗台 你能否感受我的爱 等到老去那一天 你是否还在我身边 看那些誓言谎言 随往事慢慢飘散 多少人曾爱慕你年轻时的容颜 可知谁愿承受岁月无情的变迁 多少人曾在你生命中来了又还 可知一生有你我都陪在你身边
drama
George Bernard Shaw, the best known since Shakespeare Widowers' House Mrs. Warren's Profession Man and Superman Major Barbara The Apple Cart St. Joan Pygmalion
precursors:
自然主义NATURALISM 自然主义 a tendency toward strict adherence to the physical appearance of nature and rejection of ideal forms and objective documentation of external facts of the physical world e.g. Emile Zola, Thomas Hardy, Henry James
象征主义SYMBOLISM: 象征主义
suggestion & indirection rather than explicit statement e.g. Hawthorne, Melville, Stephen Crane
印象主义IMPRESSIONISM: 印象主义
not the external notion of objective reality but the inward, human, variable perception of things and events, and on sensory details, movements and quality of consciousness "delayed decoy"
存在主义EXISTENTIALISM : 存在主义 a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe, regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts. Sartre:Being and Nothingness : Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus
未来主义FUTURISM ( Italian art, music and 未来主义 literary movement ):
use of industrial technology and worshiping power and speed
Postmodernism: :
It began after WWII, or with Joyce's Finnegan's Wake. Techniques include fragmentation, irony, intrusive authorial comment, self-consciousness of the art, narrative disruption, plurality of point of view and voice, intertextuality, puns, playfulness, etc.
当你老了
当你老了,头白了,睡意昏沉, 当你老了,头白了,睡意昏沉, 炉火旁打盹,请取下这部诗歌, 炉火旁打盹,请取下这部诗歌, 慢慢读,回想你过去眼神的柔和, 慢慢读,回想你过去眼神的柔和, 回想它们昔日浓重的阴影; 回想它们昔日浓重的阴影; 多少人爱你青春欢畅的时辰, 多少人爱你青春欢畅的时辰, 爱慕你的美丽,假意或真心, 爱慕你的美丽,假意或真心, 只有一个人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂, 只有一个人爱你那朝圣者的灵魂, 爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹; 爱你衰老了的脸上痛苦的皱纹; 垂下头来,在红光闪耀的炉子旁, 垂下头来,在红光闪耀的炉子旁, 凄然地轻轻诉说那爱情的消逝, 凄然地轻轻诉说那爱情的消逝, 在头顶的山上它缓缓踱着步子, 在头顶的山上它缓缓踱着步子, 在一群星星中间隐藏着脸庞. 在一群星星中间隐藏着脸庞
When You Are Old WHEN you are old and gray and full of sleep And nodding by the fire, take down this book, And slowly read, and dream of the soft look Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep; How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true; But one man loved the pilgrim soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face. And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead, And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.
Prose fiction
Heart of Darkness 1902 Sons and Lovers 1916 Lady Chatterlay's Lover 1928 James Joyce Ulysses 1922 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1915 Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway 1925 To the Lighthouse 1927 E.M. Forster A Passage to India 1924 A Room with a View 1908 William Golding Lord of the Flies 1954 Doris Lessing The Golden Notebook 1969 Joseph Conrad D.H. Lawrence
"When You are Old"
茵纳斯弗利岛
我就要动身走了,去茵纳斯弗利岛, 我就要动身走了,去茵纳斯弗利岛, 搭起一个小屋子,筑起泥笆房; 搭起一个小屋子,筑起泥笆房; 支起九行芸豆架,一排蜜蜂巢, 支起九行芸豆架,一排蜜蜂巢, 独个儿坐着,树荫下听蜂群嗡嗡唱. 独个儿坐着,树荫下听蜂群嗡嗡唱. 我就会得到安宁,它徐徐下降, 我就会得到安宁,它徐徐下降, 从早晨的薄雾落到蟋蟀歌唱的地方; 从早晨的薄雾落到蟋蟀歌唱的地方; 午夜是一片闪亮,正午是一片紫光, 午夜是一片闪亮,正午是一片紫光, 傍晚到处飞舞着红雀的翅膀. 傍晚到处飞舞着红雀的翅膀. 我就要动身走了,因为我听到, 我就要动身走了,因为我听到, 那水声日日夜夜轻拍着湖滨; 那水声日日夜夜轻拍着湖滨; 不管我站在车行道,还是人行道, 不管我站在车行道,还是人行道, 我都在心灵深处听见这声音. 我都在心灵深处听见这声音.
e.g. Ezra Pound, Williams Carlos Williams, Amy Lowell
Baidu Nhomakorabea
An example from Pound
(a leading spokesman of the "Imagist Movement")
In a station of the metro在地铁站 The apparition幻影 of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough. 人群里那些恍惚的脸面 花瓣沾染着潮湿, 花瓣沾染着潮湿,黑色树枝
20th.c. British Literature
A general survey
British literature in the 20th century can be defined as co-existence and codevelopment of realist tradition and modernistic literature; literature became more and more complex and individualized as time went on
e.g. Kafka
意象主义IMAGISM (Anglo-American poetic 意象主义 movement):
hard, dry image; verbal concentration and economy; the use of ordinary, unpoetic language, creation of new rhythms, use of free verse, presentation of image as the essence of the poem
A Chinese example of imagism
《山居秋暝》 王维 空山新雨后,天气晚来秋. 空山新雨后 天气晚来秋. 天气晚来秋 明月松间照,清泉石上流 清泉石上流. 明月松间照 清泉石上流. 竹喧归浣女,莲动下渔舟 莲动下渔舟. 竹喧归浣女 莲动下渔舟. 随意春芳歇,王孙自可留 随意春芳歇 王孙自可留