第一课 道德经
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此两者，同出而异名，
These two are the same; only as they manifest themselves they receive different names.
同谓之玄，
That they are the same is the mystery.
玄之又玄，众妙之门。
Mystery of all mysteries! The door of all subtleties!
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.（D. u译本）
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.（V. H. Mair译本）
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.（Witter Bynner译本）
2"The Reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal Reason" [D.T. Suzuki and Paul Carus in 1913 & 1927, Open Court, 1974, p.74]；
3"Nature can never be completely described, for such a description of Nature would have to duplicate Nature" [Archie Bahm, Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1958, p.11]；
评讲：
《道德经》成书于春秋末至战国中期，全书共81章，分为《道经》（上篇1-37章）《德经》（下篇38-81章），约5000字，故有《道德经》之名，又称《老子》、《五千言》、《老子五千文》。“道”是老子哲学思想的中心概念和最高范畴，在《道德经》使用频率最高，全书81章中有37章提到“道”，共出现了74次。“道”即可指世界的本原本质和内在联系，也可指事物的规律，运动变化的过程，还可指政治原则和道德规范，在不同方面的同义词主要有“有、无、大、一、朴”等。
鸡犬之声相闻，
And the people hear each other's cocks crowing and dogs barking,
民至老死不相往来。
They would grow old and die without having anything to do with each other.
在汉英两种语言出现某些史学概念、哲学范畴、文化词义非对应情况时，如何翻译？才能有助于译语读者认同、接受，乃至欣赏中国文化？这是翻译研究的重大课题，涉及多种翻译理论和策略。其中一个可取的方案是，保留源文本空间里的形式——或音译或字面直译，直接投射到译文空间，让读者从字里行间中去领会其认知联想。故“道可道，非常道”被译为：Tao can be defined as“Tao”／But it is not the eternal Tao.（汪榕培与W．Puttenberger合译本）。
使有什伯之器而不用。
Though there be labor-saving contrivances, the people would not use them.
使民重死而不远徙。
Let the people mind death and not migrate far.
虽有舟舆，无所乘之。
Though there be boats and carriages, there would be no occasion to ride in them.
甘其食，
Be contented with their food,
美其服，
Be pleased with their clothing,
安其居，
Be satisfied with their houses,
乐其俗。
Be happy with their customs.
邻国相望，
Though there be a neighboring country in sight,
本课后的作业（或考查）：
在以下《道德经》开篇六字“道可道，非常道”十一种英译文中，你认为哪一种或几种译文比较贴近原义？为什么？
1"The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao" [James Legge in 1891, Dover, 1962, p.47]；
有名，万物之母。
Namable, it is the mother of all things.
故常无，欲以观其妙；
Always nonexistent, that we may apprehend its inner secret;
常有，欲以观其徼。
Always existent, that we may discern its outer manifestations.
第八十章
小國寡民。使有什伯之器而不用；使民重死而不遠徙。雖有舟輿，無所乘之，雖有甲兵，無所陳之。使民復結繩而用之。甘其食，美其服，安其居，樂其俗。鄰國相望，雞犬之聲相聞，民至老死，不相往來。
小国寡民。
Let there be a small country with a few inhabitants.
4"The way that can be spoken of / Is not the constant way" [D.C. Lau, Penguin, 1963, p.5]；
5"Tao, the subtle reality of the universe caing Ni, Seven Star Communications, 1979, 2003, p.7]；
6"The tao that can be said is not the everlasting Tao" [Tam C. Gibbs, North Atlantic Books, 1981, p.20]；
7"The ways that can be walked are not the eternal Way" [Victor Mair, Bantam, 1990, p.59]；
超越于
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.
未知的
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.
永恒的
通过这个例子，我们希望学生首先注意到国学典籍翻译的可译性与不可译性，领会跨语言、跨文化之翻译的劳绩成就。同时我们不得不指出，这些译文自成一统，各有千秋，但每一译文只传译出了“道”字在语义和文化内涵的某一方面，有“一叶障目，不见泰山”之感。这就很难帮助西方的译语读者跨越语言和文化的鸿沟，充分理解这一负载中华文化思想核心的“道”究竟是什么意思。
虽有甲兵，无所陈之。
Though there be armor and weapons, there would be no occasion to display them.
使民复结绳而用之。
Let people revert to the practice of rope-knotting [instead of writing],
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.
恒常不变的
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.
永恒的
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.
“道”——“存在”，西方哲学概念；
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.
复数的“道”——指具体道路；
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.）
“道”——道理、理据。
再对五种英译文中的“常”字进行“回译”，看其意义：
10"Way-making (dao) that can be put into words is not really way-making" [Roger T. Ames and David L. Hall, Ballantine, 2003, p.77]；
11"The Tao that can be followed is not the eternal Tao" [Charles Muller, Barnes and Noble Classics, 2005, p.3].
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.
单数的“道”——特指某种规律或待人处世的某种方法；
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.
复数的“道”——指具体道路；
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.
8"The Tao that can be told is not the invariant Tao" [Michael LaFargue, State University of New York Press, 1992, p.84]；
9"The Way as 'way' bespeaks no common lasting Way" [Moss Roberts, University of California Press, 2001, p.27]；
道即可指世界的本原本质和内在联系也可指事物的规律运动变化的过程还可指政治原则和道德规范在不同方面的同义词主要有有无大一朴等
第一课老子《道德经》（节选）Excerptsfrom Laozi’s Daodejing
第一章
道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。無名，天地之始；有名，萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼。此兩者同出而異名，同謂之玄，玄之又玄，眾妙之門。
自1861年第一个英译本问世以来,《道德经》已有130多个译本，这些译本差异甚大，几乎不似源自同一文本。例如“道”这个内涵极其丰富的词语，在译入英语（或其他外语）时不可能找到准确到位的对应词。由于“道”是翻译《老子》最难处理的一个词，故而有中国译家感慨：“译可译，非常译”。
这里我们拿出“道可道，非常道”五种英译文，看看它们是如何翻译“道”和“常”字：
道可道，非常道；
The Tao that can be told of is not the eternal Tao;
名可名，非常名。
The name that can be named is not the eternal name.
无名，天地之始；
Nameless, it is the origin of Heaven and earth;
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.（R. B. Blackney译本）
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.（出处不详）
现在我们对五种英译文中第一个“道”字进行“回译”，看它们是什么意思：
These two are the same; only as they manifest themselves they receive different names.
同谓之玄，
That they are the same is the mystery.
玄之又玄，众妙之门。
Mystery of all mysteries! The door of all subtleties!
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.（D. u译本）
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.（V. H. Mair译本）
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.（Witter Bynner译本）
2"The Reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal Reason" [D.T. Suzuki and Paul Carus in 1913 & 1927, Open Court, 1974, p.74]；
3"Nature can never be completely described, for such a description of Nature would have to duplicate Nature" [Archie Bahm, Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1958, p.11]；
评讲：
《道德经》成书于春秋末至战国中期，全书共81章，分为《道经》（上篇1-37章）《德经》（下篇38-81章），约5000字，故有《道德经》之名，又称《老子》、《五千言》、《老子五千文》。“道”是老子哲学思想的中心概念和最高范畴，在《道德经》使用频率最高，全书81章中有37章提到“道”，共出现了74次。“道”即可指世界的本原本质和内在联系，也可指事物的规律，运动变化的过程，还可指政治原则和道德规范，在不同方面的同义词主要有“有、无、大、一、朴”等。
鸡犬之声相闻，
And the people hear each other's cocks crowing and dogs barking,
民至老死不相往来。
They would grow old and die without having anything to do with each other.
在汉英两种语言出现某些史学概念、哲学范畴、文化词义非对应情况时，如何翻译？才能有助于译语读者认同、接受，乃至欣赏中国文化？这是翻译研究的重大课题，涉及多种翻译理论和策略。其中一个可取的方案是，保留源文本空间里的形式——或音译或字面直译，直接投射到译文空间，让读者从字里行间中去领会其认知联想。故“道可道，非常道”被译为：Tao can be defined as“Tao”／But it is not the eternal Tao.（汪榕培与W．Puttenberger合译本）。
使有什伯之器而不用。
Though there be labor-saving contrivances, the people would not use them.
使民重死而不远徙。
Let the people mind death and not migrate far.
虽有舟舆，无所乘之。
Though there be boats and carriages, there would be no occasion to ride in them.
甘其食，
Be contented with their food,
美其服，
Be pleased with their clothing,
安其居，
Be satisfied with their houses,
乐其俗。
Be happy with their customs.
邻国相望，
Though there be a neighboring country in sight,
本课后的作业（或考查）：
在以下《道德经》开篇六字“道可道，非常道”十一种英译文中，你认为哪一种或几种译文比较贴近原义？为什么？
1"The Tao that can be trodden is not the enduring and unchanging Tao" [James Legge in 1891, Dover, 1962, p.47]；
有名，万物之母。
Namable, it is the mother of all things.
故常无，欲以观其妙；
Always nonexistent, that we may apprehend its inner secret;
常有，欲以观其徼。
Always existent, that we may discern its outer manifestations.
第八十章
小國寡民。使有什伯之器而不用；使民重死而不遠徙。雖有舟輿，無所乘之，雖有甲兵，無所陳之。使民復結繩而用之。甘其食，美其服，安其居，樂其俗。鄰國相望，雞犬之聲相聞，民至老死，不相往來。
小国寡民。
Let there be a small country with a few inhabitants.
4"The way that can be spoken of / Is not the constant way" [D.C. Lau, Penguin, 1963, p.5]；
5"Tao, the subtle reality of the universe caing Ni, Seven Star Communications, 1979, 2003, p.7]；
6"The tao that can be said is not the everlasting Tao" [Tam C. Gibbs, North Atlantic Books, 1981, p.20]；
7"The ways that can be walked are not the eternal Way" [Victor Mair, Bantam, 1990, p.59]；
超越于
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.
未知的
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.
永恒的
通过这个例子，我们希望学生首先注意到国学典籍翻译的可译性与不可译性，领会跨语言、跨文化之翻译的劳绩成就。同时我们不得不指出，这些译文自成一统，各有千秋，但每一译文只传译出了“道”字在语义和文化内涵的某一方面，有“一叶障目，不见泰山”之感。这就很难帮助西方的译语读者跨越语言和文化的鸿沟，充分理解这一负载中华文化思想核心的“道”究竟是什么意思。
虽有甲兵，无所陈之。
Though there be armor and weapons, there would be no occasion to display them.
使民复结绳而用之。
Let people revert to the practice of rope-knotting [instead of writing],
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.
恒常不变的
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.
永恒的
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.
“道”——“存在”，西方哲学概念；
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.
复数的“道”——指具体道路；
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.）
“道”——道理、理据。
再对五种英译文中的“常”字进行“回译”，看其意义：
10"Way-making (dao) that can be put into words is not really way-making" [Roger T. Ames and David L. Hall, Ballantine, 2003, p.77]；
11"The Tao that can be followed is not the eternal Tao" [Charles Muller, Barnes and Noble Classics, 2005, p.3].
1）The way that can be spoken of is not the constant way.
单数的“道”——特指某种规律或待人处世的某种方法；
2）The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way.
复数的“道”——指具体道路；
3）Existence is beyond the power of words.
8"The Tao that can be told is not the invariant Tao" [Michael LaFargue, State University of New York Press, 1992, p.84]；
9"The Way as 'way' bespeaks no common lasting Way" [Moss Roberts, University of California Press, 2001, p.27]；
道即可指世界的本原本质和内在联系也可指事物的规律运动变化的过程还可指政治原则和道德规范在不同方面的同义词主要有有无大一朴等
第一课老子《道德经》（节选）Excerptsfrom Laozi’s Daodejing
第一章
道可道，非常道；名可名，非常名。無名，天地之始；有名，萬物之母。故常無，欲以觀其妙；常有，欲以觀其徼。此兩者同出而異名，同謂之玄，玄之又玄，眾妙之門。
自1861年第一个英译本问世以来,《道德经》已有130多个译本，这些译本差异甚大，几乎不似源自同一文本。例如“道”这个内涵极其丰富的词语，在译入英语（或其他外语）时不可能找到准确到位的对应词。由于“道”是翻译《老子》最难处理的一个词，故而有中国译家感慨：“译可译，非常译”。
这里我们拿出“道可道，非常道”五种英译文，看看它们是如何翻译“道”和“常”字：
道可道，非常道；
The Tao that can be told of is not the eternal Tao;
名可名，非常名。
The name that can be named is not the eternal name.
无名，天地之始；
Nameless, it is the origin of Heaven and earth;
4）There are ways but the way is uncharted.（R. B. Blackney译本）
5）The reason that can be reasoned is not the eternal reason.（出处不详）
现在我们对五种英译文中第一个“道”字进行“回译”，看它们是什么意思：