北京大学外国语学院专业能力历年考研真题及详解

北京大学外国语学院专业能力历年考研真题及详解，益星学习网有全套资料
目录
2004年北京大学外国语学院661专业能力考研真题及详解
2007年北京大学外国语学院661专业能力考研真题及详解
2012年北京大学外国语学院664专业能力考研真题及详解
2004年北京大学外国语学院661专业能力考研真题及详解
一、Translate the passage into Chinese. （50分）
HE THAT hath wife and children hath given hostages to fortune; for they are impediments to great enterprises, either of virtue or mischief. Certainly the best works, and of greatest merit for the public, have proceeded from the unmarried or childless men; which both in affection and means, have married and endowed the public. Yet it were great reason that those that have children, should have greatest care of future times; unto which they know they must transmit their dearest pledges.
Some there are, who though they lead a single life, yet their thoughts do end with themselves, and account future times impertinences. Nay, there are some other, that account wife and children, but as bills of charges. Nay more, there are some foolish rich covetous men, that take a pride, in having no children, because they may be thought so much the richer. For perhaps they have heard some talk, Such an one is a great rich man, and another except to it, Yea, but he hath a great charge of children; as if it were an abatement to his riches. But the most ordinary cause of a single life, is liberty, especially in certain self-pleasing and humorous minds, which are so sensible of every restraint, as they will go near to think their girdles and garters, to be bonds and shackles. Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives, are of that condition.
A single life doth well with churchmen; for charity will hardly water the ground, where it must first fill a pool. It is indifferent for judges and magistrates; for if they be facile and corrupt, you shall have a servant, five times worse than a wife. For soldiers, I find the generals commonly in their hortatives, put men in mind of their wives and children; and I think the despising of marriage amongst the Turks, making the vulgar soldier more base.
Certainly wife and children are a kind of discipline of humanity; and single men, though they may be many times more charitable, because their means are less exhaust, yet, on the other side, they are more cruel and hardhearted (good to make severe
inquisitors), because their tenderness is not so oft called upon. Grave natures, led by custom, and therefore constant, are commonly loving husbands, as was said of Ulysses, vetulam suam praetulit immortalitati.
Chaste women are often proud and froward, as presuming upon the merit of their chastity. It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do, if she find him jealous. Wives are young men's mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men's nurses. So as a man may have a quarrel to marry, when he will.
But yet he was reputed one of the wise men, that made answer to the question, when a man should marry. —A young man not yet, an elder man not at all. It is often seen that bad husbands, have very good wives; whether it be, that it raiseth the price of their husband's kindness, when it comes; or that the wives take a pride in their patience. But this never fails, if the bad husbands were of their own choosing, against their friends consent; for then they will be sure to make good their own folly.
【参考译文】
成了家的人，可以说对于命运之神付出了抵押品。

因为家庭难免拖累于事业，使人的许多抱负难以实现。

所以最能为公从献身的人，往往是那种不被家室所累的人。

因为只有这种人，才能够把他的全部爱情与财产，都奉献给唯一的情人——公众。

而那种有家室的人，恐怕只愿把美好的祝愿保留给自己的后代。

有的人在结婚后仍然愿意继续过独身生活。

因为他们不喜欢家庭，把妻子儿女看作经济上的累赘。

还有一些富人甚至以无子嗣为自豪。

也许他们是担心，一旦有了子女就会瓜分现有的财产吧。

有一种人过独身生活是为了保持自由，以避免受约束于家庭承担的义务和责任。

但这种人，可能会认为腰带和鞋带，也难免是一种束缚束吧！实际上，独身者也许可以成为最好的朋友，最好的主人，最好的仆人，但很难成为最好的公民。

因为他们随时可以迁逃，所以差不多一切流窜犯都是无家者。

作为献身宗教的僧侣，是有理由保持独身的。

否则他们的悲慈就将先布施于家人而不时供奉于上帝了。

作为法官与律师，是否独身关系并不大。

因为只要他们身边有一个坏的幕僚，其进谗言的能力就足以抵上五个妻子。

作为军人，有家室则是好事，家庭的荣誉可以激发他们的责任感和勇气。

这一点可以从土耳其的事例中得到反证——那里的风俗不重视婚姻和家庭，结果他们士兵的斗志很差。

对家庭的责任心不仅是对人类的一种约束，也是一种训练。

那种独身的人，虽然在用起钱来很挥霍，但实际上往往是心肠很硬的，因为他们不懂得怎样去爱他人。

一种好的风俗，能教化出情感坚贞严肃的男子汉，例如像尤利西斯（Ulysses）那样，他曾抵制美丽女神的诱惑，而保持了对妻子的忠贞。

一个独身的女人常常是骄横的，因为她需要显示，她的贞节似乎是自愿保持的。

如果一个女人为丈夫的聪明优秀而自豪，那么这是使她忠贞不渝的最好保证。

但如果一个女人发现她的丈夫是忌妒多疑的，那么她将绝不会认为他是聪明的。

在人生中，妻子是青年时代的情人，
中年时代的伴侣，暮年时代的守护。

所以在人的一生中，只要有合适的对象选择，任何时候结婚都是有理由的。

但也有一位古代哲人，对于人应当在何时结婚这个问题是这样说的：“年纪少时还不应当，年纪大时已不必要。

”美满的婚姻是难得一遇的。

常可见到许多不出色的丈夫却有一位美丽的妻子。

这莫非是因为这种丈夫由于具有不太多的优点，反而使他的优点更值得被珍视吗？也许因为伴随这种丈夫，可以考验一个妇人的忍耐精神吧？如果这种婚姻出自一个女人的自愿选择，甚至是不顾亲友的劝告而选择的，那么就让她自己去品尝这枚果实的滋味吧。

二、Translate the passage into English. （50分）
臣亮言：先帝创业未半，而中道崩殂；今天下三分，益州疲敝，此诚危急存亡之秋也。

然侍卫之臣，不懈于内；忠志之士，忘身于外者：盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。

诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气；不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。

宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同：若有作奸犯科，及为忠善者，宜付有司，论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之治；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。

侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费依、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必得裨补阙漏，有所广益。

将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用之于昔日，先帝称之曰"能"，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和穆，优劣得所也。

亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。

先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也！侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞亮死节之臣也，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。

臣本布衣，躬耕南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。

先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，谘臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。

后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间：尔来二十有一年矣。

先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。

受命以来，夙夜忧虑，恐付托不效，以伤先帝之明；故五月渡泸，深入不毛。

今南方已定，甲兵已足，当奖帅三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都：此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。

至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、依、允等之任也。

愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵；若无兴复之言，则责攸之、依、允等之咎，以彰其慢。

陛下亦宜自谋，以谘诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。

臣不胜受恩感激！今当远离，临表涕泣，不知所云。

【参考译文一】
The First Ruler had accomplished but half his great task at his death. At this moment the empire is in three parts, and our country is weak; it is a most critical moment for us. Still, ministers are not remiss in the capital, and loyal and devoted soldiers sacrifice their lives abroad, for they still remember the special kindness of the First Ruler and wish to show their gratitude to him by service to Your Majesty. Therefore it would be indeed fitting that you should extend your holy virtue to glorify his virtuous memory in the stimulation of the will of your purposeful officers. Your Majesty should not lose yourself in the pursuit of mean things, quoting phrases to confound the eternal principles of rectitude, and so preventing
remonstrance from honest people.
One rule applies to the palace of the Emperor and the residence of a courtier; there must be one law rewarding the good and punishing the evil. Evil-doers and law-breakers, as also true and good people, should be dealt with according to their deserts by the officers concerned in order to manifest Your Majesty's impartial and enlightened administration. Partiality is wrong, as is one law for the court and another for the regions. The High Ministers Fei Yi, Guo Youzhi, and Dong Yun are honest men, devotedly anxious to be loyal to the last degree; wherefore His Late Majesty chose them in his testament. My advice is to consult them in all Palace matters, great or small, before taking action. Your Majesty will reap the enormous advantage of having any failings corrected. General Xiang Chong is a man of well-balanced temperament, versed in military matters, to whom, after testing him, the late Emperor applied the epithet 'capable'. The consensus of opinion is that Xiang Chong should be Grand Commander. My advice is to consult him in all military matters, great or small, whereby your military forces will yield their maximum, each one being employed to the best advantage. Attract worthy people; repel mean ones. This policy achieved the glory of the Former Hans, while its reversal ruined the Latter Hans. When the late Emperor was with us, he often discussed this with your servant, and he took much to heart the story of Emperors Huan and Ling. The Chair of the Secretariat Chen Zhen, Commander Zhang Si, and Minister Jiang Wan are both incorruptible and enlightened people, honest to the death. I wish that Your Majesty should have them near and hold them in confidence. If this be done, then the glory of the House of Han will be quickly consummated.
I was originally a private person, a farmer in Nanyang, concerned only to secure personal safety in a troubled age and not seeking conversation with the contending nobles. His Late Majesty, the First Ruler, overlooking the commonness of my origin, condescended to seek me thrice in my humble cot and consult me on the trend of events. His magnanimity affected me deeply, and I consented to do my utmost for him. Then came defeat, and I took office at a moment of darkest outlook and at a most difficult crisis. This is twenty-one years ago. The First Ruler recognized my diligent care, and when dying he confided the great task to me. From that day I have lived a life of anxiety lest I should fail in my trust and so dim his glory. That is why I undertook the expedition to the lands beyond the River Lu. Now the Southern Mangs has been quelled, and our army is in good condition. I ought to lead it against the north, where I may meet with a measure of success in the removal of the wicked ones, the restoration of Han, and a return to the old capital.。