(完整版)厦大高等教育学考博试题

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厦门大学博士入学考试试题

厦门大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part ADirections:There are two reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Y ou should decied on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1It is incongruous that the number of British institutions offering MBA courses should havegrown by 254 percent during a period when the economy has been sliding into deeper recession. Optimists, or those given to speed, assumptions, might think it marvelous to have such a resource of business school graduates ready for the recovery. Unfortunately, there is now much doubt about the value of the degree not least among MBA graduates themselves, suffering as they are from the effects of recession and facing the prospect of shrinking management structures. What was taken some years ago as a ticket of certain admission to success is now being exposed to the scrutiny of cost-conscious employers who seek “can-dos” rather than “might-dos”, and who feel that academia bas not been suffciently appreciative of the needs of industry or of theemployers'possible contribution.It is curious, given the name of the degree, that there should be no league table for UK business schools; no unani mity about what the degree should encompass; and no agreed system of accreditation. Su rely there is something wrong. One wonders where all the tutors for this massive infusion of business expertise came from and why all this mushrooming took place.Perhaps companies that made large investments would have been wiser to invest in already existing managers, perched anxiously on their own internal ladders. The Institute of Management's 1992 survey, which revealed that eighty-one per cent of managers thought they personally would be more effective if they received more training, suggests that this might be the case. There is, too, the fact that training alone does not make successful managers. They need the inherent qualifications. Of character; a degree of self-subjugation; and above all, the ability to communicate and lead; more so now, when empowerment is a buzzword that is at least generating genuflexions, if not total conviction.One can easily think of people, some comparatively unlettered, who are not lauded captains of industry. We may, therefore, not need to be too concerned about the fall in applications for business school places, or even the doubt about MBAs. The proliferation and subsequent questioning may have been an inevitable evolution. If the Management Charter Initiative, now exploring the introduction of a senior management qualification, is successful, there will be a powerful corrective.We believe now that management is all about change. One hopes there will be some of that in relationship between management and science within industry, currently causing concern and which is overdue for attention. No-one doubts that we need more scientsts and innovation to give us an edge in an increasingly competitive world. If scientists feel themselves undervalued and under-used, working in industrial ghettos, that is not a promising augury for the future. It seems we have to resolve these misapprehensions between science and .industry. Above all, we have tomake sure that management is not itself smug about its status and that it does not issue mission statements about communication without realizing that the essence of it is a dialogue. More empowerment is required and we should strive to achieve it.1. What is the writer's view in the reading passage?A.He believes that there are too many MBAsB.He believes that the degree is over-valuedC.He believes that standards are inconsistentD.He believes that the degree has dubious value2. According to the passage, employers_________.A.feel that they have not been consulted sufficiently about their needsB.consider that cost-consciousness is the most important qualificationC.are more concerned about the value of the degree than graduates themselvesD.feel that MBAs will not be necessary because of shrinkingmanagement structures3. According to the passage_________.A.managers need a degree and the ability to communicateB.training need to be done in groups to be successfulC.managers today must have good communication and leadership skillsD.industrial managers do not need to write letters.4. In the writer's opinion_________.A.science increases competitionB.scientists are undervaluedC.the management of science needs reassessmentD.management feels smug about its status5. Which of the information is true according to the passage?A.Most managers interviewed felt that their colleagues needed more trainingB.Employers today are looking for proven experience rather than potential abilityC.The Management Charter Initiative is an attempt to standardize MBAspanies would have benefited more from recruiting MBAs rather than investing in theirown staffPassage 2One of the many theories about alcoholism is the learning and reinforcement theory, which explains alcoholism by considering alcohol ingestion as a reflex response to some stimulus and as a way to reduce an inner drive state such as fear or anxiety. Characterizing life situations in terms of approach and avoidance, this theory holds that persons tend to be drawn to pleasant situations or repelled by unpleasant once. In the latter case, alcohol ingestion is said to reduce the tension or feelings of unpleasantness and to replace them with the feeling of euphoria generally observed in most persons aften they have consumed one or more drinks.Some experimental evidence tends to show that alcohol reduces fear in an approach-avoidance situation. Conger trained one group of rats to approach a food goal and, using aversive conditioning, trained another group to avoid electric shock. After an injection of alcohol the pull away from the shock was measurably weaker, while the pull toward the food was unchanged.The obvious troubles experienced by alcoholic persons appear to contradict the learningtheory in the explanation of alcoholism. The discomfort, pain, and punishment they experience should presumably serve as a deterrent to drinking. The fact that alcoholic persons continue to drink in the face of family discord, loss of employment, illness, and other sequels of repeated bouts is explained by the proximity of the drive reduction to the consumption of alcohol; that is, alcohol has the immediate effect of reducing tension while the unpleasant consequences of drunken behavior come only later. The learning paradigm, therefore, favors the establishment and repetition of the resort to alcohol.In fact, the anxieties and feelings of guilt induced by the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion may themselves become the signal for another bout of alcohol abuse. The way in which the clue for another bout could be the anxiety itself is explained by the process of stimulus generalization: conditions or events occurring at the time of reinforcement tend to acquire the characteristics of stimuli. When alcohol is consumed in association with a state of anxiety or fear, the emotional state itself takes on the properties of a stimulus, thus triggering another drinking bout.The role of punishment is becoming increasingly important in formulating a cause of alcoholism based on the principles of learning theory. While punishment may serve to suppress a response, experiments have shown that in some cases it can serve as a reward and reinforce tile behavior. Thus if the alcoholic person has learned to drink under conditions of both reward and punishment, either type of condition may precipitate renewed drinking.Ample experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that excessive alcohol consumption can be learned. By gradually increasing the concentration of alcohol in drinking water, psychologists have been able to induce the ingestion of larger amounts of alcohol by an animal than would be normally consumed. Other researchers have been able to achieve similar results by varying the schedule of reinforcement; that is, by requiring the animal to consume larger and larger amounts of the alcohol solutions before rewarding it. In this manner, animals learn to drink enough to become dependent on alcohol in terms of demonstrating withdrawal symptoms.6. The author's primary purpose in the passage is to_________.A.support Alcoholics Anonymous as a means of coping with alcoholismB.present a learning paradigm that will help alcoholics to understand what causes theirdependence upon alcoholC.explain the application of a psychological approach to alcoholismD.help researchers Io formulate workable hypotheses about the treatment of alcoholism7. To which one of the following questions does the author provide enough information to formulate an answer?A.Why do people who are alcoholics continue to drink even though the consequences of theirdrinking are very unpleasant?B.How did Conger explain the behavior of alcoholics in terns of shock therapy?C.Under what circumstances does an alcoholic benefit from anxiety attacks?D.To what extent does stimulus generalization prevent alcohol ingestion from becoming thesignal for another bout of alcohol abuse?8. Which of the following statements is not directly stated but can be inferred from the passage?A.The behavior of alcoholics contradicts the approach-avoidance theory.B.People may be taught by experience to become alcoholies.C.Punishment may become the stimulus for added drinking.D.The behavior of alcoholics seems to defy accepted psychological theories.9. Which of the following, according to the passage, contribute (s) to alcoholism?Ⅰ. the need to reduce tensions and anxietiesⅡ. the anxieties resulting from guilt feelings about previous drinking boutsⅢ. punishment for alcoholic behaviorA.Ⅰ onlyB.Ⅰ and Ⅱ onlyC.Ⅰ, Ⅱ,and ⅢD.Ⅱ and Ⅲ only10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A.If the pleasurable taste of whisky leads to an acquired taste for brandy, then stimulusgeneralization has occurred.B.Slapping a child for misbehaving may over time encourage him to repeat his misbehavior.C.If a person has learned to drink under two sets of conditions, both must be present in order toinduce him to drink.D.The troubles experienced by alcoholics as a result of their alcoholism tend to encourage themto abstain from drinking.Part BSummary and TRUE or FALSE question. (10 points)Malnutrition during weaning age—when breast milk is being replaced by semi-solid foods—is highly prevalent in children of poor households in many developing countries. While the etiology(病因学)is complex and multifactorial, the immediate causes are recognized as feeding at less than adequate levels for child growth and development, and recurrent infections, including diarrhea, resulting mainly from ingestion of contaminated foods. As a result, many young children, particularly between six months to two years of age, experience weight loss and impaired growth and development.Studies by investigators in various countries have concentrated on traditional food preparation methods and have resulted in offering cheap and practical answers to these problems based on familiar, indigenous and culturally acceptable home processing practices.Two such answers have arisen. Firstly cereal fermentation is used for reducing tile risk of contamination under tile existing inappropriate conditions for food preparation and storage in may households. Secondly, a tiny amonut of sprouted grains flour is used in preparation of weaning foods as a magic way to lessen the viscosity without decreasing energy density.A method to eliminate pathogenic (致病的)bacteria and inhibit their growth during storage of weaning preparations can benefit nutrition and health in young children considerably. Use of fermented foods for feeding children of weaning age appears to be an effective solution. Fermented foods have lower levels of diarrhoeal germ contamination, they are suitable for child feeding, and can be safely stored for much longer periods of time than fresh foods. The practice has been a traditional way of food preservation in many parts of the world. The anti-microbial properties of fermented foods and their relative higher safety—documented since tile early 1900's —have been indicated in a number of studies.In Ghana, it is common to ferment maize dough before cooking it as porridge. In Kenya, cerealbased porridge and milk are traditionally fermented. Preserving milk in tile form of yogurt has been known to many households living in hot climate.What are the underlying mechanisms by which fermentation processes help to prevent or reduce contamination? A possible answer suggests that during the fermentation process foods become more acid. This explains why diarrhea-causing bacteria are not able to grow in fermented foods as rapidly as in unfermented ones. It is also hypothesized that some of the germs present in the foods are killed or inhibited from growing through the action of anti-microbial substances produced during fermentation. The fermented foods can, therefore, be kept for a longer time compared to fresh ones. It has been shown that while contamination levels in cooked unfermented foods increase with storage time, fermented foods remain less contaminated.Whatever tile underlying mechanisms, the fact is that tile exercise reduces contamination without adding to tile household cost both in terms of time and money. Its preparation is easy. The cereal flour is mixed with water to form a dough which is left to be fermented; addition of yeast(酵母), or mixing with a small portion of previously fermented dough is sometimes needed. The dough can then be cooked into porridge for feeding to tile child.Although beneficial, unfortunately the practice is going out of fashion, partly because of current emphasis on tile use of fresh foods, particularly for children. For example, a study on the use of fermented foods for young children in Kenya, demonstrated that while foods are still frequently fermented at home for child feeding, their use is becoming less popular, particularly in urban area where commercial products are more available. Clearly they now need to be promoted.Directions:The statements below relate to the passage you have just read. Identify, whether they are TRUE or FALSE and mark the corresponding letter(T for True and F for False) on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.11. The fermentation of foods is investigated because it both inhibits food contamination and enhances storability.12. Anti microbial substances in fermented foods cause acidity.13. Fermented foods are free of contamination.14. It can be beneficial to ferment breast milk before feeding to young children.15. Cooked foods can be stored longer than fresh foods.16. Cereals can be fermented by adding water and letting the dough stand.17. Traditional fermented foods are being replaced by commercial products in some locations.Directions:Below is a summary of some of the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below; according to the passage. Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single lineMalnutrition and the resulting impaired growth and development in children of weaning age in developing countries results not only from (18)_________but also from infections caused bycontaminated food. Studies have addressed the problem of inadequate intake by using sprouted grains in food preparation. Contamination has been tackled with (19)_________. Both of these methods are, or were used traditionally and are practical and inexpensive.Fermented foods have highter (20)_________and also have anti-microbial qualities. This means that contamination is decreased and that their (21)_________is increased. Fermentation occurs when (22)_________is left to stand, occasionally with simple additives. These is, however, a trend away from this (23)_________to commercial products.Ⅱ. V ocabulary and Structure (10 points)Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer sheet with a single line through the center1. Susan prefers to have her left_________photographed as she believes that's her better side.A.veilB.viewC.fringeD.profile2. Reading became difficult for the old lady, so the optician_________her a pair of glasses to make her reading possible.A.proscribedB.inscribedC.prescribedD.described3. Since any answer was likely to cause embarrassment to his party, the politician tried to_________the question.A.evadeB.deludeC.secludeD.invade4. The policeman tried to_________the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure5. Y ou must_________yourself, or they will continue to bully you, so you will go on living in disgrace.A.promoteB.strengthenC.assertD.assess6. This teaching method is a _________ of many methods which have been used for decades in the country.A.symposiumB.symphonyC.spectrogramD.synthesis7. Mr. Scott asked for an assistant because his work load was too_________.A.preoccupiedB.onerousC.triflingD.omnipresent8. In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women_________this field is climbing.A.shammingB.devotingC.registeringD.pursuing9. The Coriolis force causes all moving projectiles on Earth to be_________from a straight line.A.distractedB.deviatedC.intriguedD.permeated10. The attack on Fort Sumter near Charleston_________a sharp response from the North, which led to the American Civil War.A.intent onB.provokedC.elatedD.pruned11. People of all countries are expected to _________ the principles of the United Nations and defend the peace in the world.A.inspectB.expeditedC.upholdD.reinstall12. She never_________to read the news but turned at once to the crossword on the last page.A.indulgedB.troubledC.exertedD.frustrated13. It demands artistic skill for a manager to _________ disputes among his employees.A.rectifyB.rebukeC.negotiateD.reconcile14. All the commodities sold in that shop are given one year's_________.A.assuranceB.warrantC.guaranteeD.insurance15. They are taught by their superiors that a soldier who _________ his post in time of war is to be shot.A.desertsB.deflectsC.detainsD.threw16. For many people, overeating and overspending are as _________ to Christmas as candles and holly.A.integralB.suitableC.inevitablepatible17. Because a circle has no beginning or end, the wedding ring is a symbol of _________ love.A.extravagantB.prominentC.prescientD.eternal18. The magician picked out several persons_________ from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.A.by accidentB.on averageC.on occasionD.at random19. We need one hundred more signatures befoe we take the _________ to the governor.A.pleaB.petitionC.patentD.claim20. Strict sanitary procedures formulated by our municipal government help to _________ out-breaks of diseases.A.previewB.forestallC.igniteD.fluctuateⅢ. Translation (15 points)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.1. The Single long a stock figure in stories, songs and personal ads. was traditionally someone at the margins of society: a figure of fun. pity or awe. In the place of withered spinsters and bachelors are people like Elizabeth de Kergorlay, a 29-year-old Parisian banker who views her independence and her own apartment as the spoils of professional success.As the sages would say, we are all ultimately alone. But an increasing number of Europeans are choosing to be so at an ever earlier age. 2. This isn't the stuff of gloomy philosophical meditations, but a fact of Europe's new economic landscape, embraced by demographers, real-estate developers and ad executives alike. 3. The shift away from family life to solo lifestyles, observes French sociologist, lean Claude Kaufmanns, is part of the “irresistible momentum of individualism” over the last century.4. The communications revolution, the shiftfrom a business culture of stability to one of mobility and the mass entry of women into the workforce have wreaked havoc on Europeans'private lives.More andmore of them are remaining on their own: they're living longer, divorcing more and marrying later—if at all. British marriage rates are the lowest in 160 years of records. INSEE, France's National Institute of Statistics, reports that the number of French people living alone doubled between 1968 and 1990.Europe's new economic climate has largely fostered the trend toward independence.5. The current generation of home-aloners came of age during Europe's shift from social democracy to the sharper, more individualistic climate of American-style capitalism. Raised in an era of privatization and increased consumer choice, today's tech-savvy workers have embraced a free market in love as well as economics.Modern Europeans are rich enough to afford to live alone, and temperamentally independent enough to want to do so. A recent poll by the Institute Francois dominion Publique, the Frech affiliate of the Gallup poll, found that 58 percent of Frenchrespondents vi ewed living alone as a choice, not an obligation. Other European singles agree. “I've always wanted to be free to go on adventures,” says Iris Expender, who lives by herself in Berlin.Ⅳ. Writing (15%)Nowadays we can see American films and TV programs pouring in, fast food restaurants popping up in our cities, and many other imported products dominating our markets. Many people are happy to see them whereas others worry about such trends. Give your opinion in an essay of no less than 250 words.试题详解Ⅰ. Reading Comprehension (30%)Part A1.C 从文中第三段可知；A，B，D三项文中提到过，但只是某些人的观点，作者并未完全赞同。

厦门大学考试题目和答案

厦门大学考试题目和答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1. 厦门大学位于我国的哪个省份？A. 福建省B. 广东省C. 浙江省D. 江苏省答案：A2. 厦门大学成立于哪一年？A. 1901年B. 1921年C. 1931年D. 1941年答案：B3. 厦门大学的主要学科门类有哪些？A. 文、理、工、商B. 文、理、工、医C. 文、理、工、法D. 文、理、工、农答案：A4. 厦门大学现任校长是谁？A. 张荣B. 朱崇实C. 王亚南D. 陈嘉庚答案：A5. 厦门大学被誉为“南方之强”，其原因是什么？A. 地理位置优越B. 学术实力雄厚C. 校园环境优美D. 历史悠久答案：B6. 厦门大学在哪个校区设有医学院？A. 思明校区B. 翔安校区C. 漳州校区D. 集美校区答案：B7. 厦门大学图书馆藏书量超过多少万册？A. 300万册B. 400万册C. 500万册D. 600万册答案：C8. 厦门大学哪个学院被誉为“中国经济学的摇篮”？A. 经济学院B. 管理学院C. 法学院D. 人文学院答案：A9. 厦门大学哪个学院是全国最早设立的海洋科学学院？A. 海洋与地球学院B. 海洋与环境学院C. 海洋与生物学院D. 海洋与工程学院答案：A10. 厦门大学哪个学院是全国最早设立的化学化工学院？A. 化学化工学院B. 材料科学与工程学院C. 环境与生态学院D. 能源学院答案：A二、多项选择题（本大题共5小题，每小题3分，共15分）11. 厦门大学在哪些领域具有较高的学术影响力？（）A. 经济学B. 法学C. 化学D. 海洋科学答案：ABCD12. 厦门大学在哪些方面具有特色和优势？（）A. 人才培养B. 科学研究C. 社会服务D. 文化传承答案：ABCD13. 厦门大学在哪些方面与国际接轨？（）A. 师资队伍B. 学术研究C. 学生交流D. 国际合作答案：ABCD14. 厦门大学在哪些方面为学生提供支持？（）A. 奖学金B. 实习机会C. 就业指导D. 创业支持答案：ABCD15. 厦门大学在哪些方面为教职工提供支持？（）A. 科研经费B. 职称晋升C. 学术交流D. 生活保障答案：ABCD三、判断题（本大题共5小题，每小题2分，共10分）16. 厦门大学是中国近代教育史上第一所华侨创办的大学。

厦门大学考博几年真题资料合辑(博士生考试英语+人文社科综合+专业课案例)+考博成功经验

资料目录：厦门大学近年考博真题+考博经验分享1.2018厦门大学考博经验分享2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享3.2018双非学姐的厦大考博逆袭之路——本硕求学生涯历程2018厦门大学考博经验分享初试1英语：词汇：比较难，但没有考语法阅读理解：比较简单，反正比考研英语简单翻译：好像是2010年的真题写作：类似雅思的命题思路，可参照雅思的方法准备2人文基本素质客观题：不是行测那种，基本都不会，有考考研政治的哲学题，还有考厦大校训的出处。

感觉比较难准备主观题：三选一。

文科——国学热为主题写作2500字；经济——中国经济与世界经济平衡1500字；管理学——忘了3西方经济学，能回忆起的只有以下几题价格下降对产出的影响简述总供给三种模型标准费排污许可证IS-LM模型计算MC不等的情况下古诺、斯塔伯格模型感觉没有偏题，和前几年的真题有许多重复的地方，只要认真复习就不会考的太差。

可是要考比较好，就必须复习的时候尽量深刻理解。

复试笔试：分专业。

各专业有道统一的金融英译汉。

国际金融专业是——汇率决定论；人民币扩大波幅评述；欧债危机；还有些想不起来了，反正把国际金融的教科书及当前热点都准备了就差不多了。

但这是考博，准备的程度要比考研尽量深入一些。

英语口试：与外教对话几分钟。

除了自我介绍，还会针对个人情况问一些问题，以及经济方面的问题综合面试：陈述个人科研成果（这个环节非常重要，以往成果越多越加分）；外汇储备管理；银行盈利问题2.2019厦门大学考博经验分享2019年厦大国贸系的拟录取名单已经公布，虽然早已得知自己被录取，但还是长长地舒了一口气，不为别的，就是为自己一路以来的坚持而倍感欣慰。

3年前，当我还是那个长彻案椅，为考研而发奋的孩子时，厦大就是我的目标，但最终我成为了失败者。

尽管如此，在调剂的硕士学校读研期间，为了厦大的梦想，我还是努力坚持着。

今年我报了厦大和暨大两个学校，专业都是国际贸易学，两所学校考分竟然相同，都为231。

博士考试题及答案

博士考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在科学研究中，以下哪一项是研究者必须遵守的伦理原则？A. 学术不端B. 数据造假C. 尊重研究对象D. 忽视研究结果答案：C2. 下列哪一项不是博士论文撰写过程中的基本要求？A. 原创性B. 系统性C. 可读性D. 随意性答案：D3. 在博士论文答辩过程中，以下哪一项不是答辩委员会的职责？A. 提出质疑B. 评估论文质量C. 提供修改建议D. 决定是否授予学位答案：D4. 以下哪一项不是博士生培养过程中的关键环节？A. 课程学习B. 学术研究C. 社会实践D. 个人娱乐答案：D5. 在博士生培养过程中，以下哪一项不是导师的职责？A. 提供学术指导B. 监督学术道德C. 提供生活资助D. 协助论文发表答案：C6. 以下哪一项不是博士生学术发展中的重要因素？A. 学术兴趣B. 学术能力C. 学术资源D. 学术运气答案：D7. 在博士生学术研究中，以下哪一项不是研究方法的分类？A. 定性研究B. 定量研究C. 混合方法研究D. 随机研究答案：D8. 在博士生学术发展中，以下哪一项不是学术交流的方式？A. 学术会议B. 学术期刊C. 学术博客D. 学术游戏答案：D9. 在博士生学术研究中，以下哪一项不是数据分析的方法？A. 描述性统计B. 推断性统计C. 非参数统计D. 随机统计答案：D10. 在博士生学术发展中，以下哪一项不是学术成果的表现形式？A. 学术论文B. 学术专著C. 学术报告D. 学术竞赛答案：D二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 博士生在撰写论文时，以下哪些因素是必须考虑的？A. 论文的创新性B. 论文的逻辑性C. 论文的格式规范D. 论文的字数限制答案：A、B、C12. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是研究设计的关键要素？A. 研究问题B. 研究假设C. 数据收集方法D. 结果的解释答案：A、B、C、D13. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是数据处理的步骤？A. 数据清洗B. 数据编码C. 数据分析D. 数据报告答案：A、B、C、D14. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是论文写作的重要环节？A. 引言撰写B. 文献综述C. 研究方法描述D. 结果讨论答案：A、B、C、D15. 博士生在进行学术研究时，以下哪些是论文发表的途径？A. 学术期刊B. 学术会议C. 学术专著D. 学术博客答案：A、B、C、D三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）16. 简述博士生在学术研究中应遵循的伦理规范。

厦门大学博士入学英语考试试题(2010)

Part I. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A. B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped fordeferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers' checks, which provide a secure tocarrying your money m cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC unique D. particular4. Choiring from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________ produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought,but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth ofJesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must thequalities and varieties of products we make to the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various productshandled by us with detailed and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that population pressures—overcrowding, unemployment,poverty, hunger and illness—lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC feed up with D. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just as easily for a month or ayear as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth's surface heats provides a convenient way to divide it intotemperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. unevenly12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird a set of actions to protect itsoffspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas can be totourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and for us m an advanced age;and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shade when we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to wonderfulbargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree because it can teach them a great dealabout many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New York City shock and angerthroughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that girls in school was probably thesingle most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing world today.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN official said aid programs will be until there is adequate protection forrelief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal of the vital importance of women's literacy, educationremains a dream for far many women in far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives must now muchof their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither nor defends either management or the striking workers,both sides admire his journalistic .A. criticizes...acumenB. attacks…neutralityC. confronts...aptitudeD. dismisses...flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few apes have been taught a rudimentary sign languages,but skeptics argue that the apes are only their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the insights of the great thinkers are voiced so often that they havebecome mere .A. original...clich6sB. banal...beliefsC. dubious...habitsD. philosophical-questions25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are the inevitable , when weight loss______if not stops.A. moods...acceleratesB. feasts...haltsC. holidays…contractsD. plateaus...slows26. Since the author's unflattering references to her friends were so , she was surprised that her were recognized.A. laudatory...stylesB. obvious…anecdotesC. oblique... allusionsD. critical....eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does not the erosion of religionherald the of morality?A. regulationB. basisC. beliefD. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be , and therefore____________external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned...immune toB. innate...unaffected byC. intricate...belong toD. specific...confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with , Marisa completed her duties with_________as well as zeal.A. levity...resignationB. enthusiasm...meticulousnessC. vitality... willingnessD. empathy...rigorPart II. Reading Comprehension (40%)Section A (30 points)Directions:There are 3 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:Going Green After GrayVisanto Melina, R.D., got the surprise of her career last year, when the Seattle-based vegetarian nutritionist was asked to give a seminar on vegetarianism at a senior citizen center. "I thought there'd be four or five people," she says. Instead, the room was packed with seniors who had paid a $5 fee to hear her advice. And their interest in better health wasn’t only keen; it was informed. "They've obviously been paying attention to new research," she says.If Melina studied demographic trends for a living, she probably wouldn't have been so surprised. Trend watchers have verified an intriguing new phenomenon. Older people are turning to a vegetarian diet in ever-increasing numbers. Not surprisingly, demographics are driving the drift. By the year 2005，people born between 1949 and 1963 the Baby Boom Generation, will make up 38 percent of the American population. Furthermore, statistics suggest this educated, health-conscious, rebellious and relatively affluent contingent fits the traditional vegetarian profile. Add to the fact that older people seek natural, pleasant ways to combat problems associated with aging—weight gain, higher cholesterol and blood pressure, increased cancer risk and impaired digestion—and you have real motivation to go meatless, says Suzanne Havala, R.D., author of the American Dietetic Association's position paper on vegetarianism.Quantifying this new trend isn’t easy, but a 1994 study by Health Focus Inc., an independent research organization based in Des Moines, Iowa, found that shoppers over age 50 are cutting down on their consumption of red meat or eliminating it from their diets entirely. More compelling evidence for the senior surge toward vegetarianism comes from vegetarian groups nationwide, which report a swell in the ranks of older vegetarians. For example, one out of five members of the new Syracuse (N.Y.) Area Vegetarian Education Society is over 50; unusually high for a fledgling organization. And two-thirds of the 850-member Vegetarian Society of Honolulu are also members of the American Association of Retired Persons, society executives say.An informal poll of older people suggests better health is often the main incentive and objective for turning veg. Three years ago Nancy Roberts, a 53-year-old magazine editor, found herself doing what many people do over the holidays: overindulging in rich treats. However, this time it made her in. "The crash felt like the flu," she says. By chance, Roberts was asked to edit some vegetarian recipes during that same period. She made a few at home, and her "flu" disappeared.More dramatically, Ruth Heidrich believes vegetarianism saved her life. The 61-year-old marathoner and triathlete was diagnosed with breast cancer 14 years ago, at age 47. When an initial biopsy indicated far more cancer than her doctors had thought, she was ready to take desperate measures. On the day of the diagnosis, she spotted a newspaper ad looking for volunteers to enroll in a study of breast cancer and diet, conducted by John McDougall, M.D., a leading advocate of the use of diet to fight disease. After meeting McDougall and reviewing what she says was an eight-inch thick file of statistics linking a high-fat diet with breast cancer, Heidrich converted from a traditional American diet to an extremely low-fat regimen with no animal products. "I didn't even have skim milk on my cereal," she says. After a mastectomy and reconstructive surgery, she is cancer-free. She never had to undergo radiation treatment or chemotherapy and believes her strict vegetarian diet helped speed her recovery from surgery.1. What does Visanto Melino mean when she says the elderly citizens who attended her seminarwere "informed" on the subject of better health?A. They had a clear understanding of the subject.B. They wanted more information on the subject.C. They were informed of the latest research on the subject.D. They were extremely knowledgeable about the latest developments on the subject.2. What does the author mean by saying "... demographics are driving the drift"?A. The huge Baby Boom Generation have decided to become vegetarians.B. The growing trend toward vegetarianism is due to an increase in the number of olderpeople.C. Senior citizens believe that going meatless is a natural and pleasant way to combatproblems of aging.D. More and more people of all ages are going on a vegetarian diet to stay healthy.3. Why did Nancy Roberts fall ill?A. Because she caught the flu.B. Because she overexerted herself during the holidays.C. Because she was on a high-fat diet.D. Because she ate too much rich food.4. How did Nancy Roberts recover from her illness?A. By going on an extremely low-fat regimen.B. By eating some vegetarian dishes at home.C. By not even having skim milk with her cereal.D. By following a strict vegetarian diet.5. Why is the passage titled "Going Green After Gray"?A. People who have gray hair like to eat vegetables.B. A vegetarian diet is good for elderly people.C. Older people tend to become vegetarians.D. Seniors like to attend seminars on vegetarianism.Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:In most people's mind, growth is associated with prosperity. We judge how well the economy is doing by the size of the Gross National Product (GNP), a measure, supposedly, of growth. Equally axiomatic, however, is the notion that increased pressure on dwindling natural resources must inevitably lead to a decline in prosperity, especially when accompanied by a growth in population. So, which is correct: growth means prosperity and no growth means adversity, or growth means adversity and no growth means…what?What growth advocates mean, primarily, when they say growth is necessary for prosperity is that growth is necessary for the smooth functioning of the economic system. In one arena the argument in favor of growth is particularly compelling and that is with regard to the Third World. To argue against growth, other than population growth, in light of Third World poverty and degradation seems callous, if not cruel, the pompous postulating of the comfortable and the secure. But is it? Could it be that growth, especially the growth of the wealthier countries, has contributed to the impoverishment, not the advancements of Third World countries? If not, how do we account for the desperate straits these countries find themselves in today after a century of dedication to growth?To see how this might be the case we must look at the impact of growth on Third Worldcountries - the reality, not the abstract stages-of-economic-growth nostrum propounded through rose-colored glasses by academicians of the developed world. What good is growth to the people of the Third World if it means the conversion of peasant farms into mechanized agri-businesses producing commodities not for local consumption but for export, if it means the stripping of their land of its mineral and arboreal treasures to the benefit of foreign investors and a handful of their local collaborators, if it means the assumption of a crushing foreign indebtedness, the proceeds of which goes not into the development of the country but into the purchase of luxury cars, the padding of Swiss bank accounts, and the buying of condominiums in Miami?Admittedly, this is an oversimplification, which applies to no country in its entirety and to some countries not at all. But the point, I believe, remains valid: that growth in underdeveloped countries cannot simply be judged in the abstract; it must be judged based on the true nature of growth in these societies, on who benefits and who is harmed on where growth is leading these people and where it has left them. When considered in this way, it just might be that in the present context growth is more detrimental to the well-being of the wretched of the earth than beneficial.So, do we need growth for prosperity? Only the adoption of zero growth can provide the answer. But that is a test not easily undertaken. Modern economies are incredibly complex phenomena, a tribute to man's ability to organize and a challenge to his ability to understanding. Anything that affects their functioning, such as a policy of zero growth, should not be proposed without a wary prudence and a self-doubting humility. But if the prospect of leaping into the economic unknown is fear-inspiring, equally so is the prospect of letting that fear prevent us from acting when the failure to act could mean untold misery for future generations and perhaps environmental catastrophes which threaten our very existence.6. Which of the following statements does the author support?A. Gross National Product is a safe measure for economic growth.B. Diminishing natural resources will prove harmful to the well-being of humanity.C. A decline in prosperity will inevitably lead to a growth in population.D. Growth in population will be a chief threat to economic prosperity.7. It is implied in Paragraphs 2 and 3 that .A. the smooth functioning of the economic system is dependent on sustained prosperityB. economic growth has not contributed to the poverty of the Third World countriesC. growth in richer countries is achieved at the expense of the Third World countriesD. the stages of economic growth cannot be superseded or modified by social mechanisms8. With regard to the economic development in Third World countries the author is actually sayingthat .A. the people in these countries have not actually benefited from itB. inadequate investment has seriously affected the developmentC. deep debt virtually makes further growth in these countries impossibleD. agriculture in these countries should have been left intact9. The author seems to believe that prosperity .A. can be achieved without economic growthB. can only be achieved with economic growthC. is a tribute to man's ability and creativityD. is fragile in face of environmental catastrophes10. The answer of the author to the question “Do we need growth for prosperity” is .A. negativeB. positiveC. vagueD. inconclusiveQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:The African elephant—mythic symbol of a continent, keystone of its ecology and the largest land animal remaining on earth—has become the object of one of the biggest, broadest international efforts yet mounted to turn a threatened species off the road to extinction. But it is not only the elephant's survival that is at stake, conservationists say. Unlike the endangered tiger, unlike even the great whales, the African elephant is in great measure the architect of its environment. As a voracious eater of vegetation, it largely shapes the forest-and-savanna surroundings in which it lives, thereby setting the terms of existence for millions of other storied animals-from zebras to gazelles to giraffes and wildebeests-that share its habitat And as the elephant disappears, scientists and conservationists say, many other species will also disappear from vast stretches of forest and savanna, drastically altering and impoverishing whole ecosystems.It is the elephant's metabolism and appetite that make it a disturber of the environment and therefore an important creator of habitat. In a constant search for the 300 pounds of vegetation it must have every day, it kills small trees and underbrush and pulls branches off big trees as high as its trunk will reach. This creates innumerable open spaces in both deep tropical forests and in the woodlands that cover part of the African savannas. The resulting patchwork, a mosaic of vegetation in various stages of regeneration, in turn creates a greater variety of forage that attracts a greater variety of other vegetation-eaters than would otherwise be the case.In studies over the last 20 years in southern Kenya near Mount Kilimanjaro, Dr. Western has found that when elephants are allowed to roam die savannas naturally and normally, they spread out at "intermediate densities." Their foraging creates a mixture of savanna woodlands (what the Africans call bush) and grassland. The result is a highly diverse array of other plant-eating species: those like the zebra, wildebeest and gazelle, that graze; those like the giraffe, bushbuck and lesser kudu, that browse on tender shoots, buds, twigs and leaves; and plant-eating primates like the baboon and vervet monkey. These herbivores attract carnivores like the lion and cheetah.When the elephant population thins out, Dr. Western said, the woodlands become denser and the grazers are squeezed out. When pressure from poachers forces elephants to crowd more densely onto reservations, the woodlands there are knocked out and the browsers and primates disappear.Something similar appears to happen in dense tropical rain forests. In their natural state, because the overhead forest canopy shuts out sunlight and prevents growth on the forest floor, rain forests provide slim pickings for large, hoofed plant-eaters. By pulling down trees and eating new growth, elephants enlarge natural openings in the canopy, allowing plants to regenerate on the forest floor and bringing down vegetation from the canopy so that smaller species can get at it.In such situations, the rain forest becomes hospitable to large plant-eating mammals such as bongos, bush pigs, duikers, forest hogs, swamp antelopes, forest buffaloes, okapis, sometimes gorillas and always a host of smaller animals that thrive on secondary growth. When elephants disappear and the forest reverts, the larger mammals give way to smaller, nimbler animals like monkeys, squirrels and rodents.11. The passage is primarily concerned with _______________A. explaining why elephants are facing the threat of extinctionB. explaining difficulties in providing sufficient forage for plant-catersC. explaining how the elephant's impact on its surroundings affects other speciesD. distinguishing between savannas and rain forests as habitats for elephants12. In the opening paragraph, the author mentions tigers and whales in order to emphasize whichpoint about the elephant?A. Like them, it faces the threat of extinction.B. It is herbivorous rather than carnivorous.C. It is the largest extant land mammal.D. Unlike them, it physically alters its environment.13. A necessary component of the elephant's ability to transform the landscape is its .A. massive intelligenceB. threatened extinctionC. ravenous hungerD. lack of grace14. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. the natural tendency of elephants is to crowd together in packsB. the elephant is dependent upon the existence of smaller plant-eating mammals for itssurvivalC. elephants have an indirect effect on the hunting patterns of certain carnivoresD. the floor of the tropical rain forest is too overgrown to accommodate larger plant-eatingspecies15. Which of the following statements best expresses the author's attitude toward the damage tovegetation caused by foraging elephants?A. It is an unfortunate by-product of the feeding process.B. It is a necessary but undesirable aspect of elephant population growth.C. It fortuitously results in creating environments suited to diverse species.D. It has the unexpected advantage that it allows scientists access to the rain forest.Section B (10 points)Directions:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 1-5, choose the most suitable one from the list A-E to fit into each of the numbered blank. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Whenever you see an old film, even one made as little as ten years ago, you cannot help being struck by the appearance of the women taking part. Their hair-styles and make-up look dated; their skirts look either too long or too short; their general appearance is, in fact, slightly ludicrous. The men taking part in the film, on the other hand, are clearly recognizable. There is nothing about their appearance to suggest that they belong to an entirely different age.The same cannot be said for women. Each year a few so-called top designers in Paris or London lay down the law and women over the whole world rush to obey. The decrees of the designers are unpredictable and dictatorial. This year, they decide in their arbitrary fashion, skirts will be short and waists will be high; zips are in and buttons are out. Next year the law is reversed and far from taking exception, no one is even mildly surprised.If women are mercilessly exploited year after year, they have only themselves to blame.Clothes, which have been worn, only a few times have to be discarded because of the dictates of fashion. When you come to think of it, only a women is capable of standing in front of a wardrobe packed full of clothes and announcing sadly that she has nothing to wear.Many women squander vast sums of money each year to replace clothes that have hardly been worn. Women, who cannot afford to discard clothing in this way, waste hours of their time altering the dresses they have. Hem-limes are taken up or let down; waist-lines are taken in or let out; neck-lines are lowered or raised, and so on.designers are rarely concerned with vital things like warmth, comfort and durability. They are only interested in outward appearance and they take advantage of the fact that women will put up with any amount of discomfort, providing they look right. There can hardly be a man who hasn't at some time in his life smiled at the sight of a woman shivering in a flimsy dress on a wintry day, or delicately picking her way through deep snow in dainty shoes.Do the constantly changing fashions of women's clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of fickleness and instability? Men are too sensible to let themselves be bullied by fashion designers. Do their unchanging styles of dress reflect basic qualities of stability and reliability? That is for you to decide.A. Changing fashions are nothing more than the deliberate creation of waste.B. No one can claim that the fashion industry contributes anything really important to society.C. The difference between men and women in the matter of fashion is fascinating.D. Over the year, the great majority of men have successfully resisted all attempts to make them change their style of dress.E. Because they shudder at the thought of being seen in public in clothes that are out of fashion, they are annually black-mailed by the designers and the big stores.Part III. Short Answer Questions (10%)Directions:Read the following passage and then give short answers to the five questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.As researchers learn more about how children's intelligence develops, they are increasingly surprised by the power of parents. The power of the school has been replaced by the home. To begin with, ail the factors which are part of intelligence -- the child's understanding of language, learning patterns, curiosity—are established well before the child enters school at the age of six. Study after study has shown that even after school begins, children's achievements have been far more influenced by parents than by teachers. This is particularly true about learning that is language-related. The school rather than the home is given credit for variations in achievement in subjects such as science.In view of their power it's sad to see so many parents not making the most of their child's intelligence. Until recently parents had been warned by educators who asked them not to educate their children. Many teachers now realize that children cannot be educated only at school andparents are being asked to contribute both before and after the child enters school.Parents have been particularly afraid to teach reading at home. Of course, children shouldn't be pushed to read by their parents, but educators have discovered that reading is best taught individually—and the easiest place to do this is at home. Many four and five-year-olds who have been shown a few letters and taught their sounds will compose single words of their own with them even before they have been taught to read.1. What have researchers found out about the influence of parents and the school on children'sintelligence?2. What do researchers conclude about children's learning patterns?3. In which area may school play a more important role?4. Why did many parents fail to make the most of their children's intelligence?5. The author suggests in the last paragraph that parents should be encouraged to .Part IV. English-Chinese Translation (15%)Directions:Read the passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(1). When we talk about the danger of romantic love, we don't mean danger in the obvious heartbreak way—the cheap betrayals, the broken promises—we mean the dark danger that lurks when sensible, educated women fall for the dogmatic idea that romantic love is the ultimate goal for the modern female. Every day, thousands of films, books, articles and TV programs hammer home this message—that without romance, life is somehow barren.However, there are women who entertain the subversive notion, like an intellectual mouse scratching behind the skirting board, that perhaps this higher love is not necessarily the celestial highway to absolute happiness. (2). Their empirical side kicks in. and they observe that couples who marry in a haze of adoration and sex are, ten years later, throwing china and fight bitterly over who gets the dog.(3). But the women who notice these contradictions are often afraid to speak them in case they should be labeled cynics. Surely only the most jaded and damaged would challenge the orthodoxy of romantic love. The received wisdom that there is not something wrong with the modem idea of sexual love as ultimate panacea, but that if you don't get it, there is something wrong with you. You freak, go back and read the label. (4). We say the privileging of romantic love over all others, the insistence that it is the one essential, incontrovertible element of human happiness, traced all the way back to the caves, is a trap and a snare. The idea that every human heart, since the invention of the wheel, was yearning for its other half is a myth.(5). Love is a human constant: it is the interpretation of it that changes. The way that love has been expressed, its significance in daily life, have never been immutable or constant. The different kinds of love and what they signify are not fixed, whatever the traditionalists may like to tell you.。

2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2013年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．______one time, Manchester was the home of the most productive cotton mills in the world.A．OnB．ByC．AtD．Of正确答案：C解析：at one time为固定词组，意义为“曾经”。

句意是，曼彻斯特曾经是世界上最大的纺织厂基地。

所以正确答案是C选项。

2．If you come to Tokyo, I can put you______in an apartment near my company.A．acrossB．downC．outD．up正确答案：D解析：四个选项的意思分别是put across使……被理解；put down放下，镇压；put out熄灭，赶走；put up供给……住宿。

句意是，如果你来东京，可以住在位于我公司附近的一处公寓里。

所以正确答案是D选项。

3．It seems oil______from this pipe for some time. We’ll have to take the machine apart to put it right.A．had leakedB．is leakingC．leakedD．has been leaking正确答案：D解析：现在完成进行时表示在一段时间内持续进行的动作，并对现在产生一定的影响。

句意是，似乎石油从管道泄漏已有一段时间了。

我们将不得不把机器拆开修理。

所以正确答案是D选项。

4．He will agree to do what you require______him.A．ofB．fromC．toD．for正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是require of sb．要求某人；require sth．from sb．要求某人某事；require to do sth．要求做某事。

厦大文学考博之论述题及标准答案

1你对《尚书‧尧典》中〝诗言志〞的诗歌理论有什么看法?《尧典》是《尚书》开卷第一篇，记述尧舜执政时言论及行事。

“诗言志”是在先秦时代对文艺本质的一个基本认识，初见于今文《尚书·尧典》，为中国学术史、文学史上一大课题，是我国古代文论家对诗的本质特征的认识。

《诗经》的作者关于作诗目的的叙述中就有“诗言志”这种观念的萌芽。

各家所说的“诗言志”含义并不完全一样。

《尧典》的“诗言志”是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。

“诗言志，歌咏言”等观点成为中国诗乐理论的本原。

朱自清曾给予诗言志以中国历代诗论开山纲领的高度评价。

《尚书•尧典》中最早纪录了“诗言志”观点。

《尚书•尧典》中记舜的话说：“诗言志，歌永言，声依永，律和声”，提出的"诗言志"，其内容始初应当与祭祀天地鬼神、祖宗社稷的活动有关。

它反映了古代人们对于诗歌的一种认识：作者通过诗歌表露自己的内心世界，表达对于社会中的人和事的观点和态度，并且希望诗歌对社会，政治发生影响。

“诗言志”是人们对诗歌性质，功能的认识的一种概括新的表述，对后代这方面形成比较系统的理论具有奠基作用。

诗是用语言写成的，“在心为志，发言为诗”。

诗以言志为本，志是诗的本原。

诗言表现为文辞，文辞言志而成诗。

《尧典》的“诗言志”，是说“诗是言诗人之志的”，这个“志”的含义侧重指思想、抱负、志向。

从先秦一直到今天，“诗言志”始终是中国文论最重要的传统之一。

我们从以下几个方面分析：首先，从艺术表现上探究。

如果说“诗言志”主要强调诗歌表现人的情志，那么“歌咏言”则强调诗歌的吟咏诵唱。

“歌咏言”所强调的是对言辞的涵咏。

而声依咏则是诗歌在咏唱的过程中，声调依附于歌咏。

通过对声调抑扬顿挫意义的深入体会。

律和声。

现代音乐所谓“和声”指两个以上的音按一定的规律同时发声。

古代“和声”指调和声调，协和声律。

“和声入于耳，而藏于心。

”“律和声”是说：歌咏“依声律和乐”，“正言与和声同发”。

（完整版）厦大真题

（完整版）厦大真题2002年西哲一，解释题（5×4）1. 斯多亚派的世界主义2. 温和的唯实论3. 有学问的无知4. 霍布斯的公民哲学二，简答题（10×4）1. 莱布尼茨是怎样修正笛卡尔的天赋观念论的2. 拉美特利是怎样解释人的心灵和肉体的关系的3. 如何评价康德的现象学说4. 费尔巴哈批判宗教的思想方法是什么三，论述题（20×2）1. 评述亚里士多德的实体学说2. 试论述黑格尔的辩证法的否定性特征2002年中哲一，解释题（5×4）1. 无往不复2. 知己知彼，百战不殆3. 三人行必有我师焉4. 天不变，道亦不变5. 理一分殊二，简答题（10×4）1. 孔子的中庸思想2. 王弼的贵无论3. 禅宗的由来与特点4. 王夫之太虚即气的思想三，论述题（20×2）1. 先秦道家本体论及其历史影响2. 从新兴修养看中国哲学的现代意义。

2003年西哲这一年西哲和马哲是一张和卷，这里不写出马哲的考题。

一.解释题（5×3）1. 上帝存在的本体论证明（安瑟尔谟）2. 研究自然的三种主要方法（狄德罗）3. 抽象同一与具体同一（黑格尔）二.简答题（12×2）1. 简要评述苏格拉底的概念论和方法论.2. 斯宾诺莎是怎样克服笛卡尔的二元论的?三.论述题（20×1）1.试析康德解决先天综合判断如何可能问题的思路2003年中哲一.简答（10×7）1. 盘古开天神话的哲学意义2. 老子自然无为思想3. 为政以德4. 韩愈的道统说5. 理一分殊6. 王守仁的致良知思想7. 王夫之的辩证法思想二.论述（40×2）1. 简要说明中国哲学的基本特点2. 从自我修养角度看宋明理学的思想价值2005年西哲这一年的西哲与上一年一样，包括分值，这里只写出西哲部分一. 名词解释（5×3）1. 教父哲学2. 洛克的第一性质和第二性质3. 异质元素说（狄德罗）二. 简答题（12×2）1. 简要评述亚里士多德的“四因”说2. 简要评述康德的二律背反学说三.论述题（20×1）1.概述黑格尔关于逻辑思维形式的三个阶段的思想2005年中哲一.简答题（18×4）1.简论周易及其对中国哲学的历史影响2.简论论语的仁学思想3.简论郭向独化论及其意义4.试论佛教中国化及其意义二.将下列话语标点，翻译，评述（18）道可道，非常道。

厦门大学博士考试教育学原理真题2006年

厦门大学2006年教育学原理试题及参考答案一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育2．导生制与导师制3．学历与学力4．毛入学率与净入学率5．全民教育与终身教育二、论述题1．我国当代教学理论的发展经过了哪几个阶段?2．当代世界出现了哪几种教育思潮?三、评论题1．高考升学率是衡量学校教学质量的重要手段。

2．在大城市出现的“农民工子弟学校”是教育不平等的表现。

[参考答案]一、概念比较题1．教育与自我教育教育：广义的教育指凡是增进人们的知识和技能，影响人们的思想观念，具有教育意义的活动，除了包括我们通常所说的学校教育之外，还包括社会教育、家庭教育以及其他各种形式的教育活动。

狭义的教育主要是指学校教育，是教育者根据一定的社会要求，有目的、有计划、有组织地通过学校教育工作对受教育者的身心施加影响，促使他们朝着所期望的变化的活动。

自我教育：广义的自我教育指受教育者以一定的世界观和方法论，认识主观世界和教育自己的全部过程，又称自我修养。

即人们以自己已经形成的思想品德为基础，而提出一定的奋斗目标，监督自己去实现这些目标，并评价自己实践结果的过程。

狭义的自我教育即自我批评，是德育的一种方法。

自我教育应届于教育，教育同自我教育是统一的过程。

自我教育在一定意义上来说是教育的结果，又是进一步教育的条件或内部动力。

因此，在教育过程中要充分发挥受教育者自我教育的主体作用。

2．导生制与导师制导生制：19世纪中期，英国的“星期日”学校已有250万学生，师资成为问题，于是教会人士贝尔·兰喀斯特在伦敦创立了“导生制”学校。

其基本方法是先将学生编成小组，每组10人，再指定一个年龄较大且成绩突出者为“导生”，教师先教“导生”，“导生”再对小组进行教学。

导师制：早在19世纪，牛津大学就实行厂导师制，其最大特点是师生关系密切。

导师不仅要指导他们的学习，还要指导他们的生活。

近年来，国内各高校都在探索研究生教育以外的高等教育也能建立一种新型的教育教学制度——导师制。

厦门大学2017年博士入学英语考试真题

厦门大学·2017年·博士入学英语考试真题————————————————————————————————————————Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15% )Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B，C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sen-tence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. The village my grandfather grew up in is not far from the town.A. whatB. whereC. whereverD. which2. What’s your attitude his criticism?A. againstB. forC. towardsD. in3. If I had a car of my own，I it to your sister yesterday.A. will lendB. would lendC. should lendD. would have lent4. The newcomers found it impossible to themselves to the climate sufficiently to make permanent homes in the new country.A. suitB. adaptC. regulateD. coordinate5. It’s a program designed to mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.A. includeB. appreciateC. appealD. conduct6. The actress lives in a very fashionable of town.A. positionB. componentC. quarterD. zone7. The store displayed its most products in the front window.A. modelB. presentC. distinctiveD. favorite8. Bob fails to attend the evening school. He sick，because he never asks for leave.A. may beB. can beC. must beD. is9. that my head had cleared, my brain was also beginning to work much better.A. ForB. NowC. SinceD. Despite10. the storm, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. But forB. In case ofC. In spite ofD. Because o£11. A tyre when you pump air into it；it shrinks when the air is gone.A. exploresB. expandsC. exploitD. exposes12. We simply can’t compete with other companies we improve our engine design and reduce the cost of production.A. thoughB. unlessC. lestD. provided13. Criticism and self-criticism is necessary it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.A. by thatB. at thatC. on thatD. in that14. He wasn’t appointed chairman of the committee，not very popular with all its members.A. to be consideredB. consideringC. being consideredD. having considered15. telling her again since she won’t listen to it?A. What’s the point ofB. How’s the point ofC. Where is the point inD. Is there the point for16. To save money for my education，mother often took on more work than for her.A. it was goodB. what was goodC. was goodD. being good17. He denied to send out the signal at exactly 8 p. m.A. having been tellingB. being toldC. to be toldD. having been told18. Did it ever you that he could be the murderer?A. occur toB. occur inC. happen toD. happen with19. The professor sprang to his feet，a hand to his rosy, bald head.A. coveredB. clappingC. smashingD. hit20. The explorers came forward with gifts of ducks and flour-cakes and troughs of water for the horses to drink.A. held inB. held withC. held underD. held up21. Because of the of its ideas，the book was in wide circulation both at home and abroad.A. originalityB. subjectivityC. generalityD. ambiguity22. With its own parliament and currency and a common for peace，the European Union declared itselfin 11 official languages—open for business.A. inspirationB. assimilationC. intuitionD. aspiration23. America has now adopted more ___ European-style inspection systems，and the incidence of food poisoning is falling.A. discreteB. solemnC. rigorousD. autonomous24. Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an spur to efficiency and innovation.A. extravagantB. exquisiteC. intermittentD. indispensable25. In the late 19th century, Jules Verne, the master of science fiction, foresaw many of the technological wonders that are today.A. transientB. commonplaceC. implicitD. elementary26.1 was so when I used the automatic checkout lane in the supermarket for the first time.A. immersedB. assaultedC. thrilledD. dedicated27. His arm was from the shark’s mouth and reattached, but the boy, who nearly died, remained in a delicate condition.A. retrievedB. retainedC. repelledD. restored28. Bill Gates and Walt Disney are two people the magazine has to be the Grea- test American.A. appointedB. appeasedC. nicknamedD. nominated29. The majority of citizens tend to believe that the death penalty will help decrease the crime rate.A. overflowingB. overwhelmingC. prevalentD. premium30. We will also see a increase in the number of televisions per household，as small TV displays are added to clocks，coffee makers and smoke detectors.A. startlingB. surpassingC. suppressingD. stackingPart H Reading Comprehension (30%)Directions：There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, Cand D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage：Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncingforeign languages. Now there are many reasons for this，some obvious, some perhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about dealing with it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill, one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself. I think even teachers of language，while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught? the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that here is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling, are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from this question of the time given to pronunciation, there are two other requirements for the teacher：the first, knowledge；the second，technique. It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech，and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on his students’pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use，and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.31. According to the passage, pronouncing foreign languages.A. few people are extremely good atB. even modern people are not good atC. only a few people are somewhat good atD. few people are at the average level in32. According to the author, pronunciation is a skill that can NOT be .A. picked up without conscious trainingB. trained consciouslyC. be taughtD. be carefully trained33. The italicized “the branch of study” in Para. 1 refers to •A. accentB. pronunciationC. the learning of spoken EnglishD. both A and B34. In the author’s opinion, •A. grammar is less important than pronunciationB. grammar and spelling should always make room for pronunciationC. grammar and spelling are sometimes less important than pronunciationD. grammar is more important than spelling35. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?A. The difficulty and importance of pronunciation.B. The difficulty and the teaching requirements concerning pronunciation.C. The significance and the teaching methods of pronunciation.D. The difficulty and features of pronunciation.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage：What will man be like in the future—in 5,000 or even 50,000 years from now? We can only make a guess, of course，but we can be sure that he will be different from what he istoday. For man is slowly changing all the time. Let us take an obvious example. Man，even five hundred years ago，was shorter than he is today. Now, on average, menare about three inches taller. Five hundred years is a relatively short period of time，so we may assume that man will continue to grow taller.Again, in the modern world we use our brains a great deal. Even so，we still make use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacity. As time goes on，however，we shall have to use our brains more and more，and eventually we shall need larger ones! This is likely to bring about a physical change too：the head，in particular the forehead，will grow larger.Nowadays our eyes are in constant use. In fact, we use them so much that very often they become weaker and we have to wear glasses. But over very long period of time it islikely that man’s eyes will grow stronger. On the other hand, we tend to make less use of our arms and legs. These，as a result, are likely to grow weaker. At the same time, however, our fingers will grow more sensitive because they are used a great deal in modern life.But what about hair? This will probably disappear from the body altogether in course of time because it does not serve a useful purpose any longer. In the future，then，both se-xes are likely to be bald! Perhaps all this gives the impression that future man will not be a very attractive creature to look atj This may well be true. All the same，in spite of all these changes，future man will still have a lot in common with us. He will still be a human being, with thoughts and emotions similar to our own.36. The passage tells us about .A. how man’s life will be in the futureB. how future man will look likeC. the fact that man’s organs will function differently in the futureD. the fact that man is growing uglier as time passes37. There is evidence that man is changing— •A. man has been growing taller over the past five hundred yearsB. man has got stronger eyes now than he ever hadC. man’s hair is getting thinner and thinnerD. man’s limbs are growing weaker because he tends to make less use of them38. Man’s forehead will grow larger because .A. he still makes use of only about 20% of the brain’s capacityB. the other 80% of his brain will grow in due timeC. he had rather narrow forehead a few hundred years agoD. he will have to use his brain more and more as time goes on39. Future man will probably .A. have smaller eyesB. have larger eyesC. see betterD. have to wear better glasses40. The reason for believing that future man will be different is that heA. is always growingB. never stops changingC. hopes for a changeD. will live a different lifeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage：Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter.“You’re supposed to remember something，but you haven’t encoded it deeply •” Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe. “Your memory itself isn’t failing you，“says Schacter. “Rather，you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed. ”Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago，’’ says Zelinski，“may not remember to drop a letter in themailbox. ” Women have slightly better memories than men，possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness, says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available，” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch，put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket. Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time，”says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room，and you’ll likely remember.41. Why does the author think that encoding properly is very important?A. It helps us understand our memory system better.B. It enables us to recall something from our memory.C. It expands our memory capacity considerably.D. It slows down the process of losing our memory.42. One possible reason why women have better memories than men is that .A. they have a wider range of interestsB. they are more reliant on the environmentC. they have an unusual power of focusing their attentionD. they are more interested in what’s happening around them43. A note in the pocket can hardly serve as a reminder because .A. it will easily get lostB. it’s not clear enough for you to readC. it’s out of your sightD. it might get mixed up with other things44. What do we learn from the last paragraph?A. If we focus our attention on one thing, we might forget another.B. Memory depends to a certain extent on the environment.C. Repetition helps improve our memory.D. If we keep forgetting things，we’d better return to where we were.45. What is the passage mainly about?A. The process of gradual memory loss.B. The causes of absent-mindedness.C. The impact of the environment on memory.D. A way of encoding and recalling.Part H Short Answer Questions (5%)Directions：Read the following passage and then give short answers to the questions. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage：The newborn can see the difference between various shapes and patterns from birth. He prefers patterns to dull or bright solid colors and looks longer at stripes and an-gles than at circular patterns. Within three weeks, however, his preference shifts dramatically to the human face.Why should a baby with so little visual experience attend more to a human face than to any other kind of pattern? Some scientists think this preference represents a built in advantage for the human species. The object of prime importance to the physically helpless infant is a human being. Babies seem to have a natural tendency to the human face as potentially rewarding. Researchers also point out that the newborn wisely relies more on pattern than on outline，size，or color. Pattern remains stable，while outline changes with point of view; size, with distance from an object；and brightness and color, with lighting.Mothers have always claimed that they could see their newborns looking at them as they held them, despite what they have been told. The experts who thought that perception （知觉）had to await physical development and the consequence of action were wrong for several reasons. Earlier research techniques were less sophisticated than they are today. Physical skills were once used to indicate perception of objects—skills like visual tracking and reaching for an object, both of which the newborn does poorly. Then，too, assumptions that the newborn’s eye and brain were too immature for anything as sophisticated as pattern recognition caused opposing data to be thrown away. Since perception of form was widely believed to follow perception of more “basic”qualities such as color and brightness, the possibility of its presence from birth was rejected.46. What does a newborn baby like to see most in the first two weeks?47. Why does the newborn pay more attention to a human face than any other kind of objects，according to some scientists?48. What have mothers been told about newborns, contrary to what they believe?49. Why were mothers’ observations thrown away?50. What was the prevalent assumption about perception of form and perception of more “basic” qualities?Part K Cloze （10%）Directions：There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A，B，C and D on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONEthat best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag （时差反应）.Jet lag makes business travelers less productive and more prone 51 making mistakes. It is actually caused by 52 of your “body clock” 一a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological 53 • The body clock is designed for a 54 rhythm of daylight and darkness，so that it is thrown out of balance when it 55 daylight and darkness at the wrong times in a new time zone.The 56 of jet lag often persist for days 57 the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is 58 that is based on proven59 pioneering scientific research.Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has 60 a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone 61 controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates 62 of the discomfort of jetlag. A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either 63 or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule 64 light exposure depends a great deal on 65 travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary （旅行路线）and the individual’s sleep 66 are used to produce a Trip Guide with 67 on exactly when to be exposed to bright light. When the Trip Guide calls 68 bright light, you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is darkoutside, or the weather is bad，69 you are on an aeroplane，you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light 70 for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.51. A. for B. from C. to D. of52. A. rupture B. functions C. reflection D. disruption53. A. actions B. functions C. reflection D. behavior54. A. regular B. formal C. continual D. circular55. A. retains B. encounters C. possesses D. experiences56. A. diseases B. symptoms C. signs D. defects57. A. while B. whereas C.if D. although58. A. adaptable B. approachable C. available D. agreeable59. A. broad B. inclusive C. tentative D. extensive60. A. devised B. recognized C. scrutinized D. visualized61. A. at B. through C. in D. as62. A. most B. least C. little D. more63. A. attain B. shed C. retrieve D. seek64. A. on B. with C. for D. in65. A. unique B. specific C. complicated D. peculiar66. A. norm B. mode C. pattern D. style67. A. directories B. instructions C. specifications D. commentaries68. A. off B. on C. for D. up69. A. or B. and C. but D. while70. A. agitation B. spur C. acceleration D. stimulusPart V English-Chinese Translation (20%)Directions：Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Write your answers on the Answer Sheet.(71) Against the backdrop of the relative decline of Britain, whose GDP has slipped to the seventh place in the world, London is doing very well, being first or second to New York in most of the rankings of great cities. (72) London’s success over the past quartercentury has been the consequence of historical accident and good policy, which attracted smart professionals and the rich from all around the world. (73) They are not only betterqualified, younger and harder-working, but also brought in the flow of foreign money to London. Therefore, the author claims that London lives off foreigners. However, Britain does not much like foreigners. (74) British people, especially those who are not Londoners are pressuring their government to cut immigration and restrict students’ right to work, which the author thinks is going to mar London’s brilliance and speed London and Britain’s relative decline. (75) Though London’s moment will inevitably pass because of the emerging market elsewhere, there are still a lot of things that London can do to slowdown the process, such as investing in transportation. The least that it should is to discourage foreigners from coming, the author concludes.Part M Writing (20%)Directions：You are asked to write an essay on the following topic : Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school. Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?You should write at least 250 words.You should give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.。

2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2011年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．Which sport has the most expenses ______ training equipment, players’personal equipment and uniforms?A．in place ofB．in terms ofC．by means ofD．by way of正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：就训练设备、运动员的个人装备和服装来说，哪项运动花费最多?A项in place of“代替”；B项in terms of“就……而言，在……方面”；C项bymeans of“凭借……”；D项by way of“用……方法”。

所以B项符合题意。

2．All______is a steady supply of water to the farmland.A．which needsB．that is neededC．the thing is neededD．need正确答案：B解析：句子的大意为：所需要的就是对农田用水的稳定供应。

本句主语为不定代词all，“that is needed”为主语的定语从句。

所以B项符合题意。

3．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ______obtaining water is not the least.A．for whichB．to whichC．of whichD．in which正确答案：C解析：句子的大意为：住在澳洲中部的沙漠区会面临很多问题，获取水资源还不是最重要的。

2007年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)

2007年厦门大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Structure and V ocabulary 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFor the longest time, I couldn’t get worked up about privacy: my right to it; how it’s dying; how we’re headed for an even more wired, underregulated, overintrusive, privacy-deprived planet. I should also point out that as news director for Pathfinder, Time Inc.’s mega info mall,and a guy who makes his living on the Web, I know better than most people that we’re hurtling toward an even more intrusive world. We’re all being watched by computers whenever we visit Websites; by the mere act of “browsing” (it sounds so passive!) we’re going public in a way that was unimaginable a decade ago. I know this because I’m a watcher too. When people come to my Website, without ever knowing their names, I can peer over their shoulders, recording what they look at, timing how long they stay on a particular page, following them around Pathfinder’s sprawling offerings. None of this would bother me in the least, I suspect, if a few years ago, my phone, like Marley’s ghost, hadn’t given me a glimpse of the nightmares to come. On Thanksgiving weekend in 1995, someone (presumably a critic of a book my wife and I had just written about computer hackers) forwarded my home telephone number to an out-of-state answering machine, where unsuspecting callers trying to reach me heard a male voice identify himself as me and say some extremely rude things. Then, with typical hacker aplomb, the prankster asked people to leave their messages (which to my surprise many callers, including my mother, did). This went on for several days until my wife and I figured out that something was wrong (“Hey...why hasn’t the phone rung since Wednesday?”) and got our phone service restored. It seemed funny at first, and it gave us a swell story to tell on our book tour. But the interloper who seized our telephone line continued to hit us even after the tour ended. And hit us again and again for the next six months. The phone company seemed powerless. Its security folks moved us to one unlisted number after another, half a dozen times. They put special pin codes in place. They put traces on the line. But the troublemaker kept breaking through. If our hacker had been truly evil and omnipotent as only fictional movie hackers are, there would probably have been even worse ways he could have threatened my privacy. He could have sabotaged my credit rating. He could have eavesdropped on my telephone conversations or siphoned off my e-mail. He could have called in my mortgage, discontinued my health insurance or obliterated my Social Security number. Like Sandra Bullock in the Net, I could have been a digital untouchable, wandering the planet without a connection to the rest of humanity. (Although if I didn’t have to pay back school loans, it might be worth it. Just a thought. ) Still, I remember feeling violated at the time and as powerless as a minnow in a flash flood. Someone was invading my private space—my family’sprivate space—and there was nothing I or the authorities could do. It was as close to a technological epiphany as I have ever been. And as I watched my personal digital hell unfold, it struck me that our privacy—mine and yours—has already disappeared, not in one Big Brotherly blitzkrieg but in Little Brotherly moments, bit by bit. Losing control of your telephone, of course, is the least of it. After all, most of us voluntarily give out our phone number and address when we allow ourselves to be listed in the White Pages. Most of us go a lot further than that. We register our whereabouts whenever we put a bank card in an ATM machine or drive through an E-Z Pass lane on the highway. We submit to being photographed every day—20 times a day on average if you live or work in New York City—by surveillance cameras. We make public our interests and our purchasing habits every time we shop by mail order or visit a commercial Website.1．What information do you learn about the author that establishes him as an authority on this topic?A．He has suffered a lot in losing his privacy.B．He makes his living off of the Web.C．He knows how to monitor his account.D．He and his wife published a book concerning computer hackers.正确答案：B解析：细节题。

厦门大学2006年博士英语试题(含答案)

厦门大学2006年博士研究生入学考试试题A招生专业：全校各专业考试科目：英语（一外） 101English Test?. Reading Comprehension (40%)Part A (30%)Directions: There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Questions 1-5 are based on the following passagesIn the course of my reading I had come across a case where, many years ago, some hunters on our Great Plains organized a buffalo hunt for the entertainment of an English earl and to provide some fresh meat for his use. They had charming sport. They killed seventy-two of those great animals; and ate part of one of them and left the seventy-one to rot. In order to determine the difference between an anaconda and an earl, I had seven lambs turned into the anaconda’s cage. The grateful snake immediately crushed one of them and swallowed it, then lay back satisfied. It showed no further interest in the lambs, and no inclination to harm them. I tried this experiment with other anacondas; always with the same result. The fact stood proven that the difference between an earl and an anaconda is that the earl is cruel and the anaconda isn’t; and the earl wantonly destroyed what he has no use for, but the anaconda doesn’t. This seemed to suggest that the anaconda was not descended from the earl. It also seemed to suggest that the earl was descended form the anaconda, and had lost a good deal in the transition.I was aware that many men who have accumulated more money than they can ever use have shown a hunger for more, and have not hesitated to cheat the ignorant and the helpless out of their poor servings in order to partially satisfy that appetite. I furnished a hundred different kinds of wild and domestic animals the opportunity to accumulate vast stores of food but none of them would do it. The squirrels and bees and certain birds made accumulations, but stopped when they gathered a winter’s supply, and could not be persuaded to add to it either honestly or be trickery. These experiments convinced me that there is this difference between man and the higher animals; he is greedy, they are not.In the course of my experiments I convinced myself that among the animals man is the only one that harbors insults and injuries, broods over them, waits till a chance offers, then takes revenge. The passion of revenge is unknown to the higher animals.1. By describing the buffalo hunting his experiment with the anaconda, the author mainly wants to tell his readers that _______.A. the anaconda is easily satisfiedB. the earl is capable of committing wanton crueltyC. the earl’s ancestor turned out to be the anacondaD. the anaconda does not harm other animals except when it is hungry2. According to the author, in human society, the rich _______.A. tend to accumulate vast stores of foodB. are inclined to gather more richesC. ate ready to help the poorD. are mostly cheaters3. The author’s experiments with different kinds of animals seem to prove that _______.A. man is the highest animalB. man is superior to animalsC. man is the lowest animalD. man is inferior to animals in certain respect4. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.A. love of revenge is a unique characteristic of manB. man is the only animal capable of thinkingC. human beings are capable of insulting and injuring each otherD. man is better at taking chances than animals5. In this passage, the anther writes in a(n) ________.A. serious toneB. angry toneC. ironic toneD. matter-of-fact toneQuestions 6-10 are based on the following passagesSince the early eighties we have been only too aware of the devastating effects of large-scale environmental pollution. Such pollution is generally the result of poor government planning in many developing nations or the short-sighted, selfish policies of the already industrialized countries which encourage a minority of the world’s population to squander the majority of its natural resources.While events such as the deforestation of the Amazon jungle or the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl continue to receive high ... remembered that not all pollution is on this grand scale. A large proportion of the world’s pollution has its source much close to home.Avoiding pollution can be a fulltime job. Try not to inhale traffic fumes, keep away from chemical plants and building-sites; wear a mask when cycling. It is enough to make you want to stay at home. But that, according to a growing body of scientific evidence, would also be a bad idea. Research shows that levels of pollutants such as hazardous gases, particulate matter and other chemical ‘nasties’ are usually higher indoors than our, even in the most polluted cities. Since the average American spends 18 hours indoors for every hour outside, it looks as though many environmentalists may be attacking the Wrong target.The latest study, conducted by two environmental engineers, Richard Corsi and Cynthia Howard-Reed, of the University of Texas in Austin, and published in Environmental Science and Technology, suggests that it is the process of keeping clean that may be making indoor pollution worse. The researchers found that baths, showers, dishwashers and washing machines can all be significant sources of indoor pollution, because they extract trace amounts of chemicals from the water that they use and transfer them to the air.Nearly all public water Supplies contain very low concentrations of toxic chemicals, most of them left over from the otherwise beneficial process of chlorination. In fact, in many cases, the degree of exposure to toxic chemicals in tap water by inhalation is comparable to the exposure that would result from drinking the stuff. This is significant because many people are so concerned about water-borne pollutants that they drink only bottled water, worldwide sales of which are forecast to reach $72 billion by next year. Dr. Corsi’s results suggest that they are being exposed tosuch pollutants any way simply by breathing at home.The aim of such research is not, however, to encourage the use of gas masks when unloading the washing. Instead, it is to bring a sense of perspective to the debate about pollution. According to Dr. Corsi, disproportionate effort is wasted campaigning against certain forms of outdoor pollution; when there is as much or more cause for concern indoors, fight under people’s noses.Using gas cookers or burning candles, for example, both result in indoor levels of carbon monoxide and particulate matter that are just as high as those to be found outside, amid heavy traffic. Overcrowded classrooms whose ventilation systems were designed for smaller numbers of children frequently contain levels of carbon dioxide that would be regarded as unaccepted on board a submarine. ‘New car smell’ is the result of high levels of toxic chemicals, not cleanliness. Laser printers, computers, carpets and paints all contribute to the noxious indoor mix.The implications of indoor pollution for health are unclear. But before worrying about the problems caused by large-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale industry, it makes sense to consider the small-scale pollution at home and welcome international debate about this. Scientists investigating indoor pollution will gather next month in Edinburgh at the Indoor Air conference to discuss the problem. Perhaps unwisely, the meeting is being held indoors.6. In the first paragraph, the writer argues that pollution ________.A. has increase since the eightiesB. is at its worst in industrialized countriesC. results from poor relation between nationsD. is caused by human self-interest7. In the 3rd paragraph the writer suggests that ________.A. people should avoid working in citiesB. Americans spend too little time outdoorsC. hazardous gases are concentrated in industrial suburbsD. there are several ways to avoid city pollution8. The Corsi research team hypothesized that ________.A. toxic chemicals can pass from air to waterB. pollution is caused by dishwashers and bathsC. city water contains insufficient chlorineD. household appliances are poorly designed9. As a result of their experiments, Dr. Corsi’s team found that ________.A. dishwashers are very efficient machinesB. tap water is as polluted, as bottled waterC. indoor pollution rivals outdoor pollutionD. gas masks are a useful protective device10. Regarding dangers of pollution, the writer believes thatA. there is a need for rational discussionB. indoor pollution is a recent phenomenonC. people should worry most about their work environmentD. industrial pollution causes specific diseasesQuestions 11-15 are based on the following passagesInteract voting happens all the time, but usually it’s confined to topics such as “Who is the cutest cast member of Party of Five?” Soon, however, people will be able to cast their ballot forPresident on the Internet, ha March, Arizona Democrats will vote online in their state’s presidential primary, and Florida and Washington are considering online voting. The military plans to allow a small test group of overseas soldiers to vote via the Internet this November.The internet voting is growing rapidly. There are civic engagement enthusiasts who see it as a way to prevent the drop in voter turnout. Then there are the Internet fans, who think the Internet is going to change everything, so why not polities? Most important are the people who make the plan for developing software for online voting. Imagine the retail price of that software, then multiply it by every state and city government, and suddenly a lot of Internet capitalists develop a deeply felt concern for increasing voter turnout.Some problems will arise. Hackers and some politicians could break into a voting database and make the secret ballot not so secret. A massive computer failure would have disastrous consequences. Just as serious, online voting could distort participation levels, at least, to the wealthy and cyber-connected.In the long run, however, online voting might make little difference. Since the 1960s, the government has made numerous attempts to energize nonvoters by making it easier for them to get to the polls, extending voting hours, lowering the voting age, etc. Still, voter turnout has decreased steadily. Political scientists believe the important cause is indifference and dislike to politics, not the inconvenience of voting. Putting a ballot the internet might even further depress turnout by cheapening one of the holy ceremonies of democracy. “The business of democracy,” says Curtis Gans, an analyst of voting behavior, “shouldn’t be the same as getting your e-mail?11. What does the word “ballot” in the third line in Paragraph I mean?A. V ote.B. Ball.C. Dance.D. V oter.12.Internet voting is growing rapidly because of all of the following EXCEPT that .A. there are civic engagement enthusiasts who see it as a way to prevent the drop in voterturnoutB. there are the internet fans, who think the Internet is going to change everything, of courseincluding politicsC. some people make the plan for developing software for online votingD. same capitalists are very much concerned about the voter turnout13. Which of the following is NOT a problem that will arise in Interact voting?A. People will gain unauthorized access to a database.B. Online voting system may be distorted.C. Participants will be mainly wealthy and cyber-connected.D. Computer failure.14. According to political scientists, the important cause for decreased voter turnout is .A. the lack of interest in politicsB. the inconvenience of votingC. the business of democracyD. the limited voting hours15. What does Curtis Gans think of Internet voting?A. A holy practice is treated with disrespect.B. It is a natural behavior just like sending e-mail.C. Government should make the polls easier for voters to get.D. Less and less people are interested in it.Part B (10%)Every morning, Allie wakes up and accompanies her friend to the washroom. She turns on the light, soaps up a washcloth, and begins cleaning her friend’s face. Is Anie an extremely devoted companion? Yes! Allie is a capuchin monkey who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks.Monkeys like Allie are just one of many kinds of animals that help improve—or even save—human lives. But not all animals are suited to do every job. Certain animals are “hired” for specific jobs based on their traits, or characteristics. By using different methods of conditioning (training animals to act in a particular way in response to a stimulus, or signal), humans can teach animals toper form extraordinary tasks.Throughout history, humans have relied on animals’ traits to get certain jobs done. For example, compared with humans, dogs are “far superior at tracking down odors,” says Marian Bailey, an animal behaviorist at Henderson State University in Arkansas. That’s because dogs have million of olfactory receptors, or smell nerves, in their noses.For that reason, hunters used dogs to track down prey even in ancient Egypt. Today, dogs my be employed to sniff out illegal substances in school lockers or earthquake victims buried beneath the rubble of the collapsed building or highway.Primates may not be good sinffers, but they can certainly lend a helping hand—or two. Monkeys are perfect helpmates for quadriplegics, people paralyzed from the neck down who are unable to use their own hands (and legs). Like humans, explains Bailey monkeys have opposable thumbs—thumbs that face the hand’s other fingers—so monkeys can pick up objects. Capuchins learn to open doors, clean up spills, and unscrew bottle tops. They can even get a sandwich out of the refrigerator and load your favorite tape into the VCR.And speaking of VCRs, animals are even helping scientists make a videotape. Jennifer Hurley, an animal researcher at the Long Marine Lab in Santa Cruz, California, is training two sea lions to carry video cameras on their backs to record the natural behavior of whales.So how do you get an animal employee to do its job? The answer”. career-training .Trainers teach the animals to obey their instructions through a process called conditioning.Most trainers condition animals by using positive reinforcement, rewarding an animal for doing something correctly, says animal behaviorist Bailey. For example, trainers teach their dogs how to sniff out drugs by hiding a towel with the smell of drugs. “Dogs love to retrieve objects so the towel becomes a reward,” says Morris Berkowitz, who heads up a canine drug-sniffing program in New York.After repeating this game of hide-and-seek many times, the dog begins to “associate the odor with a reward,” says Berkowitz. When he gives the command, or stimulus, the dog seeks cot drugs (it’s like learning to study hard for a tests in order to get a good grade as a reward.) At “Helping Hands—Monkey Helpers for the Disabled,” capuchin monkeys are trained twice before being teamed with a disabled human. First, monkeys are placed with a foster family to become socialized to people. For five years, families help the monkeys adapt to a human environment, so the monkeys will trust and enjoy being around people.Taking the monkeys in when they’re four to six weeks old is important, says Bailey. “That’swhen monkeys normally become socialized to other monkeys,” she says.Second, trainers at Helping Hands train the monkeys to perform specific tasks to assist a particular person. For example, a monkey may be trained to scratch an itch, or slip a floppy disc into a computer dive.Trainers reward the monkeys by using positive reinforcement, such as food,drinks.Directions: The passage below summarizes the main points of the passage. Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box blow, according to the passage. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single linethrough the center.Allie is a capuchin (16) who helps her disabled friend perform everyday tasks. Allie is a(n) (17) of many animals who can be (18) to do certain jobs. Besides monkeys, (19) and sea lions can also give people a helping (20) .Dogs are good at (21) down prey and sniffing out (22) and (23) because they have millions of (24) in their nose Monkeys are good helper for the(25) . who cannot look after themselves. Sea lions can help scientists to record the (26) of whales because they can (27) to the deep ocean. In addition, (28) are part of whales’ natural environment, which makes the video more (29) .But animals cannot do the jobs (30) training. The main process of training is called(31) , which uses (32) . During the training, trainers (33) an animal for doing something (34) . For monkeys, the positive reinforcement can (35) a year before they are qualified for their jobs.II. Short Question Answer (10%)Directions: Read the following passage and then give short answers to the following five questions. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET .Today’s worker is no longer willing to work in an authoritarian and dehumanizing environment. Workers want meaning in their work and balance in their lives. They want opportunities to contribute and to know how their work is effective. Employees want to work fo r organizations that respect them as individuals. They also want to know that they are working for an ethical company that acts in a socially and environmentally responsible manner.Today, and in the future, companies must design work so that employees can take responsibility and be rewarded appropriately. By changing altitudes, and conditions in the workplace, organizations can help make work more meaningful.Repetitive factory routines and office work that simply moves paper from in-box to out-box are mindless task that destroy motivation and productivity. Research has shown that mental challenge is closely related to job satisfaction. Too little challenge in the work, as in completely automated tasks, generally leads to boredom and lowered satisfaction. On the other hand, too much challenge may lead to failure and frustration. Thus success or achievement in reaching an accepted standard of competence is an important factor in job satisfaction,Today’s workers want to be a valued part of the whole. They want to know that their work is important and how it fits into the corporate strategy. They want to know not only how the work they do affects others and the organization’s goals, but how the/as individuals can make an impact. Employees will contribute their knowledge enthusiastically in a corporate culture that values the individual,The profitability of a company is related to the quality and efforts of its workers. Therefore, a direct relationship between job performance and reward makes work more meaningful. Compaq Computers, for example, has an unusually low turnover rate among its employees. Like most companies in the computer field, Compaq expects its people to work long and hard to achieve big results quickly. In many companies an atmosphere of constant push would inspire people to seek employment with less pressure somewhere else. Instead, high quality people stay with Compaq. The company’s culture emphasizes individual responsibility for results and high respect for individuals, Compaq benefits from creating opportunities for employees to perform to the vast of their potential and to be rewarded for their achievements.36. What is an ethical company?37. What kinds of work will kill job satisfaction?38. What may happen if there is too much challenge in one’s job?39. On what condition does high turnover of employees occur?40. How do employees contribute to the profitability under the corporate culture of CompaqComputers?III. Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Directions:There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.41. Is it proper for the government to public opinion through self-serving, one-sided journalism?A. touchB. huntC. swayD. proceed42. In tunes or financial depression,company to their main competitor.A. frightB. allegianceC. destinationD. allowance43. Our students’ educational achievements equal, and in many cases______, those of students inprevious years.A. surpassB. advanceC. increaseD. multiply44. Recently some ______incidents involving mistreatment of new immigrants and ethnic groupshave occurred in some European countries.A. vileB. steadyC. drearyD. dissimilar45. The editor spent hours______ every single page of that thick novel, looking for the slightesterror.A. decoratingB. scrutinizingC. remedyingD. shattering46. Upon arrival in the city they were shocked to learn that all surviving hospitals were still being______ by crowds of casualties needing treatment.A. enclosedB. embarrassedC. besiegedD. penetrated47. While we plan our railway buildings with a life span of l00 years, we also know that a quake measuring over seven on the Richter scale might ______once in l20 years, though we never expected it to happen so soon.A. appearB. developC. eruptD. emerge48. Stockholders who do not go to meetings often vote by ______, which means that they delegate in writing their authority to vote their shares of common stock.A. proxyB. envoyC. monarchD. regent49. What is becoming increasingly obvious is that the Internet is______ demand for off-the-shelf media.A. dilutingB. collaboratingC. expellingD. inflecting50. Under the deteriorating social condition, a new stable order is demanded to______ the socialfoundation against its collapse.A. crippleB. buttressC. abandonD. suspend51. Newsmen ______that the two countries had met together secretly several times before theyarrived at the peace agreement.A. establishedB. concealedC. determinedD. divulged52. The influx of large numbers of tourists has influenced social behavior and social values, andcaused a certain amount of______ effect.A. attemptB. overreachedC. defeatedD. adverse53. The couple had been trying to satisfy all the needs of their only youngster, who hadbeen______ for more pocket money all the time.A. supposingB. pleadingC. trailingD. devising54. The role of the UN force this time is to______ the transport of aid to the parts of the countrythat need it most.A. furtherB. overseeC. adoptD. prohibit55. Only when one______ the powerful current of the times will one’s life shine brilliantlyA. dips intoB. comes intoC. drops intoD. plunges into56. Opinion polls suggest that the left-wing coalition will be______ in the forthcoming elections.A. presumedB. liquidatedC. massacredD. eradicated57. Since the beginning of last month，she has suffered now and then from a sharp and______headache for which the doctors are trying to find a cure.A. describableB. irrationalC. intelligibleD. unexplained58. There was no surprise that their forces their forces______ five hours after the Alliedbombardment of the city began.A. capitulatedB. offsetC. enclosedD. appreciated59. Just imagine the shock of the Prime Minister when three of his senior cabinet colleagues______and resigned in protest on Friday night.A. revolvedB. revivedC. resolvedD. revolted60. It is a______ of contemporary psychology that an individual’s mental health is supported byhaving good social networks.A. maximB. mottoC. disciplineD. tenet61. She was depressed by the______, fog-bound scene on the waterfront and felt even morelonely.A. curiousB. somberC. naturalD. global62. I wish that my elder brother were so______, he ruins my day when he argues with me aboutthe slightest thing.A. accidentalB. contentiousC. substantiveD. concordant63. In his most famous play, a couple’s______ marriage is centered on the fantasy child they havecreated.A. tempestuousB. rumbleC. roaringD. tumultuous64. There is a real risk that food rationing will______ a new stream of refugees in the next fewmonths.A. go largeB. leash ofC. let looseD. ward off65. These technological advances in communication have______ the way people do business.A. revoltedB. adoptedC. representedD. transformed66. In order to get the business done, he tried to______ his evil intentions with apparentfriendliness.A. cloakB. protectC. deviseD. fix67. The manager stubbornly______ the section director from reducing his staff despite the failingbusiness of the company.A. hinderedB. adaptedC. imposedD. permitted68. The Secretary General of the UN is seeking ways to prevent the______ conflicts in the MiddleEast.A. destiningB. distractingC. destockingD. destabilizing69. The storm sweeping over this area is sure to cause______ of vegetables in the coming days.A. rarityB. sufficiencyC. scarcityD. invalidity70. When we got to the scene of the incident, we found that the police were firing shots and usingteargas to______ the crowd that had gathered around the building.A. disposeB. dislocateC. disintegrateD. disperse71. Years ago, people would have______ the notion that robots would operate on patients insteadof surgeonsA. smiled onB. beamed uponC. laughed atD. amused with72. Despite claims made by skincare manufacture’s, the effects of aging are .A. irrefutableB. irreplaceableC. irreversibleD. irritable73. After working through the heat of the day, they enjoyed refreshing themselves with asupply of iced lemonade.A. insufficientB. copiousC. inferiorD. scarce74. The influence of Aristotle’s philosophy has been it has even helped to shape modernlanguage and common sense.A. occurrentB. provocativeC. pervasiveD. persevering75. A number of groups, objecting to the patronage system of church appointments and theworldliness of some church officials broke away from the church in the 17th and 18th centuries.A. disabusedB. contrastedC. dissidentD. intensified76. Developing railroads, shipping, and other interests, the U.S based United FruitCompany was known as the “Octopus” among resentful Central Americans.A. subsidiaryB. unimpressedC. superficialD. distributed77. There is some evidence that cells could be carefully and then injected into the brain ofParkinson’s patients to replace damaged brain cells.A. damagedB. decidedC. adjustedD. disturbed78. Religious freedom and democratic choice were strongly again at this international humanrights conference.A. embeddedB. assertedC. sequencedD. impressed79. She never failed to his accomplishments by pointing to his brother’s eminence.A. releaseB. disesteemC. disparageD. pretense80. The walkers in front crossed the ledge easily, seemingly of the fact that there was a3000-foot drop on either side.A. attentiveB. remindfulC. obliviousD. pretentiousIV. Translation (15%)Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.I was visiting New York last week and noticed something I’d never thought I’d say about the city. Yes, nightlife is pretty much dead (and l’ m in no way the first. to notice that). But day life was also a little different. It was quieter.As I looked across the throngs on the pavements, I began to see why. There were little white wires hanging down from their ears, or tucked into pockets, purses or jackets. The eyes were a little vacant. (81) Each was in his or her own musical world, walking to their soundtrack, stars in their own music video, almost oblivious to the world around them. These are the iPod people.Even without the white wires you can tell who they are. (82) They walk down the street in their own MP3 cocoon bumping into others, deaf to small social cues, shutting out anyone not in their bubble.(83) Every now and again some start unconsciously emitting strange tuneless squawks, like a badly tuned radio, and their fingers snap or their arms. twitch to some strange soundless rhythm. When others say “Excuse me” there’s no response. “Hi”, ditto. It’s strange to be among so many people and hear so little. Except that each one is hearing so much.Yes, I might as well own up. I’m one of them. I witnessed the glazed New York looks through my own glazed pupils, my white wires peeping out of my ears. I joined the cult a few years ago; the sect of the little white box worshippers.What was once an occasional musical diversion became a compulsive obsession. (84) And, like all addictive cults, it’s spreading. Get on a subway and you’re surrounded by a bunch of commuters staring into mid-space as if anaesthetized by technology.Don’t ask, don’t tell don’t overhear don’t observe. Just tune in and tune out.It wouldn’t be so worrying if it weren’t pint of something even bigger. Americans are beginning to narrow their live. (85) Technology has given us a universe for ourselves—where the serendipity of meeting a new stranger, hearing a piece of music we would never choose for ourselves an opinion that might force us to change our mind about something are all effectively。

2022年考博英语-厦门大学考试题库及模拟押密卷5含答案解析

2022年考博英语-厦门大学考试题库及模拟押密卷（含答案解析）1. 单选题Merrilee Miller,merchants association marketing director,called the festivities a (n)_______for the sickening feelings left by the shootings at Westroads Mall on Wednesday.问题1选项A.antifebrileB.antidoteC.counteractD.neutralization【答案】B【解析】antifebrile退热剂; antidote解毒剂, 矫正方法; counteract抵消, 中和; neutralization中和, 中立。

句意：美国商人协会市场总监Merrilee Miller称, 周三发生在西街购物中心的枪击事件给人们留下了一种令人厌恶的情绪, 而庆祝活动则是一剂良药。

选项B符合句意。

2. 单选题You could refuse to_______your Social Security number except for Social Security purposes,which is all that the law requires.问题1选项A.expoundB.divulgeC.apprehendD.unriddle【答案】B【解析】expound详细说明, 解释; divulge泄露, 暴露; apprehend领会, 理解; unriddle阐明。

句意：你可以拒绝透露你的社会保险号，除非是出于社会保障的目的，这是法律的规定。

选项B符合句意。

3. 单选题She is one of the few people here I can understand properly, she pronounces all her words so_______.问题1选项A.exactlyB.distinctlyC.distinctivelyD.distinguishably【答案】B【解析】exactly精确地；distinctly明显地，清晰地；distinctively特殊地；distinguishably可区别地，辨认得出。

(完整版)厦大高等教育学考博试题

厦门大学高等教育学考博试卷2000 年一、简述教育外部关系规律，并就高等教育举例说明这条规律如何运用。

二、高等学校有哪些主要的社会职能？那一项职能是基本职能？为什么？三、建树科学性与思想性相结合教案原则。

这条原则在高等学校、普通学校的运用，有什么不同？四、第三次全国教育工作会议，对中国高等教育的改革与发展，有哪些重要的决策？当前高等教育已发生哪些重大的变化？五、21 世纪已经来临，试展望本世纪世界高等教育六、解释：（任选四项。

每题 5 分；如超过四项，即得分最高的四项）1、学分制2、积点制3、高等教育毛入学率4、限制性选修课程5、网上课程6、隐性课程2001 年一、请你为高等教育下一个简明的定义，并简要解释大学、高等教育、第三集教育、中学后教育四个概念的异同。

二、试论美育在大学生人文素质教育中的重要性。

三、高等教育的教案过程有哪些不同于基础教育的特点？这些特点体现在哪些教案原则中？四、什么是案例教案法？如何运用？五、高等教育宏观结构主要指哪些结构？20 年来，中国高等教育宏观结构调整取得了哪些成果？还存在或出现了哪些问题？六、简要论述中国高等教育大众化的可行性及其需要解决的问题。

2002 年一、简介现行中国高等教育的学制结构。

学制结构改革如何体现统一性与多样性？二、如何培养大学生的创新精神与创造能力？三、试析美育过程同智育过程、德育过程的区别与联系。

四、如何利用加入WTO 的有利时机，加强中国高等教育的国际化？五、如果你攻读博士学位，你将选择什么研究客体（或研究领域）？为什么？六、辨析下列各组概念（任选四组）1、学年制学分制学年学分制积点制2、必修课、选修课、限制性选修课、非限制性选修课（任意选修课）3、素质教育、人文素质教育、文化素质教育、通识教育4、高等学校、大学、大学生5、学位、学历、学力2003年一、辨析下列概念的异同：（任选四题）1、大学教育、高等教育、第三者教育、中学后教育2、高等专科教育、高等职业教育、成人高等教育3、通识教育、素质教育、人文素质教育、文化素质教育4、高等教育的功能、高等学校的社会职能5、知识质量关、能力质量关、素质质量关二、简述高等教育的教案原则三、试从公平与效率的角度，评论中国统一高考制度的利弊得失四、大学生自我意识的发展有哪些特征？如何提高大学生自我意识的调节作用？五、简论当前发展高等职业技术教育的必要性极其困难，应当采取什么政策性措施？六、论述继续教育在终身教育体系构建中的地位与作用2004一、教育原则与教育规律的区别与联系，举例说明二、教育价值观教育质量观与教育发展观三、高等教育如何应对两个根本转变？（从计划向市场；从粗放型经营向集约型经营转变）四、论述信息化对大学教案过程的挑战五、名词解释（6选5）案例教案、合作教育产学研一体化继续教育高等教育国际化校园文化2005年一、试举例说明高等教育内外部关系规律之间的关系。

博士考试试题及答案解析

博士考试试题及答案解析一、单项选择题（每题2分，共10题）1. 下列哪项是博士生应具备的基本素质？A. 创新能力B. 团队合作C. 批判性思维D. 所有选项答案：D解析：博士生作为学术研究的高级阶段，需要具备创新能力、团队合作和批判性思维等多方面的基本素质。

2. 博士论文的主要目的是什么？A. 展示个人学术成就B. 为学术界贡献新知识C. 获得学位D. 所有选项解析：博士论文的主要目的是为学术界贡献新知识，这是博士教育的核心目标。

3. 以下哪项不是博士生在研究过程中应遵循的伦理原则？A. 诚实守信B. 尊重他人成果C. 数据造假D. 保护研究对象隐私答案：C解析：数据造假是违反学术伦理的行为，博士生在研究过程中应遵循诚实守信、尊重他人成果和保护研究对象隐私等伦理原则。

4. 博士生在撰写论文时，以下哪项不是必要的？A. 明确研究问题B. 选择合适的研究方法C. 随意引用他人观点D. 确保论文结构合理解析：博士生在撰写论文时，应明确研究问题、选择合适的研究方法，并确保论文结构合理。

随意引用他人观点是不尊重他人知识产权的行为。

5. 以下哪项不是博士生在学术会议中应展现的行为？A. 积极发言B. 认真倾听C. 尊重他人观点D. 随意打断他人发言答案：D解析：博士生在学术会议中应积极发言、认真倾听并尊重他人观点，随意打断他人发言是不礼貌的行为。

6. 博士生在进行跨学科研究时，以下哪项不是必要的？A. 了解相关学科的基础知识B. 与不同学科的专家合作C. 忽视学科间的联系D. 运用跨学科的研究方法答案：C解析：博士生在进行跨学科研究时，应了解相关学科的基础知识、与不同学科的专家合作，并运用跨学科的研究方法。

忽视学科间的联系不利于跨学科研究的开展。

7. 以下哪项不是博士生在学术生涯中应培养的能力？A. 时间管理能力B. 独立研究能力C. 依赖他人解决问题D. 批判性思维能力答案：C解析：博士生在学术生涯中应培养时间管理能力、独立研究能力和批判性思维能力，依赖他人解决问题不利于个人能力的培养。

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厦门大学高等教育学考博试卷
2000 年
一、简述教育外部关系规律，并就高等教育举例说明这条规律如何运用。

二、高等学校有哪些主要的社会职能？那一项职能是基本职能？为什么？
三、建树科学性与思想性相结合教案原则。

这条原则在高等学校、普通学校的运用，有什么不同？
四、第三次全国教育工作会议，对中国高等教育的改革与发展，有哪些重要的决策？当前高等教育已发生哪些重大的变化？
五、21 世纪已经来临，试展望本世纪世界高等教育
六、解释：（任选四项。

每题 5 分；如超过四项，即得分最高的四项）
1、学分制
2、积点制
3、高等教育毛入学率
4、限制性选修课程
5、网上课程
6、隐性课程
2001 年
一、请你为高等教育下一个简明的定义，并简要解释大学、高等教育、第三集教育、中学后教育四个概念的异同。

二、试论美育在大学生人文素质教育中的重要性。

三、高等教育的教案过程有哪些不同于基础教育的特点？这些特点体现在哪些教案原则中？
四、什么是案例教案法？如何运用？
五、高等教育宏观结构主要指哪些结构？20 年来，中国高等教育宏观结构调整取得了哪些成果？还存在或出现了哪些问题？
六、简要论述中国高等教育大众化的可行性及其需要解决的问题。

2002 年
一、简介现行中国高等教育的学制结构。

学制结构改革如何体现统一性与多样性？
二、如何培养大学生的创新精神与创造能力？
三、试析美育过程同智育过程、德育过程的区别与联系。

四、如何利用加入WTO 的有利时机，加强中国高等教育的国际化？
五、如果你攻读博士学位，你将选择什么研究客体（或研究领域）？为什么？
六、辨析下列各组概念（任选四组）
1、学年制学分制学年学分制积点制
2、必修课、选修课、限制性选修课、非限制性选修课（任意选修课）
3、素质教育、人文素质教育、文化素质教育、通识教育
4、高等学校、大学、大学生
5、学位、学历、学力
2003年
一、辨析下列概念的异同：（任选四题）
1、大学教育、高等教育、第三者教育、中学后教育
2、高等专科教育、高等职业教育、成人高等教育
3、通识教育、素质教育、人文素质教育、文化素质教育
4、高等教育的功能、高等学校的社会职能
5、知识质量关、能力质量关、素质质量关
二、简述高等教育的教案原则
三、试从公平与效率的角度，评论中国统一高考制度的利弊得失
四、大学生自我意识的发展有哪些特征？如何提高大学生自我意识的调节作
用？
五、简论当前发展高等职业技术教育的必要性极其困难，应当采取什么政策性
措施？
六、论述继续教育在终身教育体系构建中的地位与作用
2004
一、教育原则与教育规律的区别与联系，举例说明
二、教育价值观教育质量观与教育发展观
三、高等教育如何应对两个根本转变？（从计划向市场；从粗放型经营向集约
型经营转变）
四、论述信息化对大学教案过程的挑战
五、名词解释（6选5）
案例教案、合作教育
产学研一体化继续教育
高等教育国际化校园文化
2005年
一、试举例说明高等教育内外部关系规律之间的关系。

二、你对高等教育国际化如何理解？我国应如何应对高等教育国际化？
三、你认为中国高等教育当前急需解决的重大问题有哪些？试列举3－5个
五、名词解释：
学分制绩点制
大学、高等教育、中学后教育、第三级教育
学科、专业、课程
选修课、限制性选修课
2006年
一、名词解释：
1、专业和学科；
2、远程教育课程和网络课程；
3、学位和学衔；
4、产学研合作和合作教育；
5、学分制和绩点制6.大学理念与大学理想；
二、试述西方科学主义和人文主义的彼此消长，及在高等教育发展史上的影响。

三、如何构建高等教育质量保障体系？
四、大众化时代高等教育如何分类？
五、谈谈大学科技园的作用。

与工业园区有何区别？大学、企业、政府在大学科技园区建设中各起什么作用？
2007年
一、高等教育学作为一门独立的学科，它与普通高等教育学有何不同？有人认为，高等教育研究就是以普通高等教育学的理论来解释高等教育现象、解决高等教育问题。

你是否同意这种看法？请阐述你的见解并举例说明。

二、简述高等教育的社会功能和高等学校的社会职能。

三、简述现代建构主义关于课程与教案的理论要点。

四、高等教育改革的目标之一是“结构更加合理”。

你认为合理的高等教育结构应
当符合哪些要求？
五、从社会需求的数量来说，高等教育大众化应当着重发展高职教育，但许多高职院校却“以专升本”为自己的发展方向，致力于办成理论性的本科。

你认为产生这一矛盾现象的原因何在？应当如何解决这一矛盾？
六、请分别简介下列有关高等教育发展战略的重大工程的内容要点及其意义：（1）211工程（2）985工程（3）国家示范性高等职业院校建设计划（4）本科“质量工程”
2008 年考题》《》
1. 论述高等学校三大职能及其相互关系。

2. 简述知识积累与智能发展的教案原则的理论依据与应用。

3. 分别谈你读过得中、外专著，写出简介或者读后感，每个不超过两百字。

4. 假如你是新建本科院校的大学校长，如何制定发展战略。

5. 就本科任何一个专业制定教案计划。

2008 年考题《高等教育经管学》年考题《高等教育经管学》
1. 谈谈你对高等教育经管学是一门应用性学科的看法。

2. 教育部明确提出我国高等教育经管体制改革已经基本完成，你是否同意？
3. 举例说明目前高等学校内部经管体制改革的价值取向。

4. 如果你是个大学校长，试论如何办好大学？
5. 中小学经管与大学经管有何区别与联系。

》2009 年《》
1、金融危机对我国高等教育已经产生了什么影响？以后还将产生什么影响？高校如何应对？
2、为什么说教育公平在社会公平中占有基础性地位和作用？我国高等教育中存在
哪些不公平现象？如何解决？
3、试析普通本科与高职的差异（可从教育目标、师资队伍以及课程设置等方面论述。

4、论德育中的情理交融原则。

5、高校学生学业考核的方式有哪些？
2009 年《高等教育评估》高等教育评估》
1、精英高等教育阶段与大众化高等教育阶段的质量观有何不同？
2、本科教育质量与高职教育质量的共同之处与差别之处？
3、试论述高校分类评估指标体系构建的基本原则。

4、你认为中介评估在我国高教评估中可行吗？说出理由。