国外知名大学有机化学课件

Chapter 2
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
Common name - Name the alkyl group first, followed by the name of the halogen expressed as an -ide name
Chapter 2
Common name - Name of the Alkyl group(s) (in alphabetical order) followed by the syllable “amine” The whole name is a single word
methylamine
methylpropylamine
Chapter 2
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IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
• Number in the direction that gives the lower number for the lowest-numbered substituent. Substituents are listed in alphabetical order – neglecting prefixes such as di- tri- tert- etc.
Chapter 2
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Substituents
There are four alkyl groups that contain four carbons
Chapter 2
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Substituents
The prefix sec- occurs only in sec-butyl
Chapter 2
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Nomenclature of Amines
IUPAC name - The NH2 group is a site of reactivity (a functional group) Functional group is denoted by the suffix, “amine” Final “e” of longest alkane group replaced by suffix “amine” (don’t run vowels together)
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
• If there is more than one substituent, list in alphabetical order; one substituent is given the position number 1; number either clockwise or counterclockwise - lowest numbers
Chapter 2
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IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
• • • Names such as sec-butyl and tert-butyl are acceptable, but systematic substituent names are preferable Numbering of the substituent begins with the carbon attached to the parent hydrocarbon This number together with the substituent name is placed inside parentheses
Chapter 2
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IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
• When both directions yield the same lower number for the lowest numbered substituent, select the direction that yields the lower number for the next lowest numbered substituent
• • Determine longest continuous chain (i.e. parent hydrocarbon) Cite the name of substituent before the name of the parent hydrocarbon along with the number of the carbon to which it is attached
CH3OH
methanol
CH3CH2OH
ethanol
Chapter 2 24
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols
• • • Parent Hydrocarbon is the longest continuous chain that contains the OH Number the chain in direction that gives functional group the lowest number If both a substituent and a functional group are present, the functional group gets the lower number
Chapter 2 2
Counting to Ten in Organic
01 = meth 02 = eth 03 = prop 04 = but 05 = pent 06 = hex 07 = hept 08 = oct 09 = non 10 = dec Mother Enjoys Peanut BUTter PENTagon HEXagon or HEX nut HEPTember (Roman sept is Greek hept) OCTober NONember (Roman nov is Greek non) DECember
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IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols
System is summarized as [Substituent] [Parent Hydrocarbon] [Functional Group]
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Nomenclature of Amines
Chapter 2 11
IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
• If same substituent numbers are obtained in either direction, number in direction giving lowest number to the first named substituent
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Alkanes
Chapter 2
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Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
A primary carbon has one other C directly bonded to it. A secondary carbon is directly bonded to two other C’s. A tertiary carbon is directly bonded to three other C’s. Multivalent atoms are 1º, 2º, or 3º by bonding to C’s. Univalent atom or group not really 1º, 2º, or 3º on its own - ID depends on type of carbon it is bonded to.
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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes generally are shown as skeletal structures
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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
• Ring is the parent hydrocarbon unless the alkyl substituent has more carbons; in that case the substituent becomes the parent hydrocarbon If only one substituent, no need to give it a number
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
IUPAC name - The halogen is treated as a substituent
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Nomenclature of Ethers
Common name Name(s) of alkyl group(s) listed first followed by the word “ether”
Common name Name of the Alkyl group followed by the word “alcohol”
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Nomenclature of Alcohols
IUPAC name - The OH group is a site of reactivity (a functional group) Functional group is denoted by the suffix, “ol”
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IUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
• If compound has two or more chains of the same length, parent hydrocarbon is chain with greatest number of substituents
Chapter 2
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Nomenclature of Alkyl Substituents
The prefix tert- can be used with butyl or pentyl (also known as amyl) but not with hexyl
Chapter 2
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱUPAC Systematic Nomenclature - Alkanes
Chapter 2 25
IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols
• If the functional group gets the same number when counted from both directions, use direction which gives the substituent the lower number If there is more than one substituent, cite substituents in alphabetical order
An Introduction to Organic Compounds:
Chapter 2
Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Representation of Structure
Chapter 2
1
Contents of Chapter 2
Nomenclature Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines Physical Properties Conformations of Alkanes Cycloalkanes
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Nomenclature of Ethers
IUPAC name - The smaller alkyl group is converted to an “alkoxy” name and used as a substituent
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Nomenclature of Alcohols
•
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Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
• If the ring has 2 substituents, list in alphabetical order and give number 1 to first named group
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