生化单词

ribonucleic acid (RNA) 核糖核酸protein 蛋白质
amino acid 氨基酸
genetic code 遗传密码
Eukarya 真核
Bacteria 细菌
Archaea 古生菌
Eukaryote 真核细胞
Prokaryote 原核生物
covalent bond 共价键
resonance structure共振结构
electrostatic interaction静电互作用hydrogen bond 氢键
van der Waals interaction范德瓦尔斯相互作用entropy熵
enthalpy焓
free energy自由能
hydrophobic effect疏水效应,疏水作用sterochemistry立体化学
Fischer projection费歇尔投影式
space-filling model空间结构模型
ball-and stick-model
skeletal model
ribbon diagram连续剖面图
surface presentation表观
prebiotic world生命起源以前的世界reproduction复制,
variation 变异
competition 竞争
selective pressure选择压力
catalyst 催化剂,触媒
enzyme酶
ribozyme核酶，核糖核酸拟酶
RNA world RNA世界
genetic code遗传密码
translation 翻译
gene 基因
mutation 突变, 变异
gene duplication 基因复制
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)三磷酸腺甙membrane 细胞膜
ion pump 离子泵
phenyl isothiocyanate异硫氰酸盐;异硫氰酸酯cyanogen bromide (CNBr)溴化氰
overlap peptides
diagonal electrophoresis斜线电泳疗法antibody抗体
antigen抗原
antigenic determinant (epitope)
抗原决定部位,抗原决定基
monoclonal antibodies单克隆抗体
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 酶联免疫吸附测定
Western blotting蛋白[质]印迹法fluorescence microscopy荧光显微法
green fluorescent protein (GFP)
solid-phase method固体阶段方法
核磁共振图谱
x-ray crystallography X光结晶deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Deoxyribose 脱氧核糖
Ribose 核糖
ribonucleic acid 核糖核酸
purine 嘌呤
pyrimidine 嘧啶
nucleoside核苷
nucleotide 核苷酸
semiconservative replication
半保留复制
DNA polymerase DNA多聚酶
Template 模板
Primer 底料底物
reverse transcriptase 转录酶翻转messenger RNA (mRNA)信使RNA
transfer RNA (tRNA) 转移核糖核酸ribosomal RNA (rRNA)核糖体RNA
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)核小RNA transcription
RNA polymerase核糖核酸聚合酶
promoter site启动子部位
codon密码子
Ribosome核糖体
intron基因内区
combinatorial chemistry组合化学
enzyme酶
substrate 底物
cofactor
apoenzyme脱辅基酶蛋白
holoenzyme全酶
coenzyme辅酶
prosthetic group辅基
transition state过渡态
free energy of activation激活的自由能active site 活性部位
induced fit诱导契合
K M (the Michaelis constant)
V max
Michaelis-Menten equation
turnover number转换数,周转率
k cat/K M
sequential displacement reaction
double-displacement (Ping-Pong) reaction allosteric enzyme 异构酶变构酶competitive inhibition 竞争抑制noncompetitive inhibition非竞争性抑制group-specific reagent基团特殊性的试剂affinity label亲和标记
mechanism-based (suicide) inhibition transition-state analog 过渡态类似物catalytic antibody (abzyme)催化抗体vitamin维生素
binding energy结合能
covalent catalysis 共价催化
general acid-base catalysis一般酸基地催化metal ion catalysis金属离子催化
catalysis by approximation
chemical modification reaction化学缓和反应
catalytic triad催化三分子
oxyanion hole
protease inhibitor蛋白酶抑制剂
proton shuttle
recognition sequence识别顺序
restriction-modification system制约修改系统
in-line displacement线内取代(反应)
horizontal gene transfer
P-loop
glycoprotein糖蛋白类,醣蛋白
endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
Golgi complex高尔基氏体
dolichol phosphate多萜醇磷酸
lectin外源凝集素,植物(种子)血凝素
selectin选择蛋白
fatty acid脂肪酸
phospholipid磷脂
sphingosine (神经)鞘氨醇
phosphoglyceride磷酸甘油酯
glycolipid糖脂类
ganglioside神经节苷脂
cholesterol胆固醇
amphipathic molecule亲水脂分子
lipid bilayer脂双层
liposome脂质体
integral membrane protein完整膜蛋白peripheral membrane protein
hydropathy plot亲水性图
lateral diffusion径向扩散
fluid mosaic model流动镶嵌模型
targeting sequence定向序列,前导序列
facilitated diffusion (passive transport)被促进的扩散
active transport主动运输
Na+-K+ pump (Na+-K+-ATPase)
multidrug resistance
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) domain
secondary transporter (cotransporter)
antiporter反向转运体
symporter共输送体
ion channel离子通道
neurotransmitter神经传递素
action potential动作电位
selectivity filter选择性滤波器
gap junction缝管隙连接;缝隙连接
phototroph光能利用菌
chemotroph化学营养生物
metabolism or intermediary metabolism
新陈代谢或中介新陈代谢
catabolism异化作用,分解代谢
anabolism合成代谢
mutase变位酶
enol phosphate烯醇磷酸酯
pyruvate kinase丙酮酸激酶
pyruvate carboxylase丙酮酸羧化酶
biotin生物素, 维生素
glucose 6-phosphatase
substrate cycle底物循环
Cori cycle柯里氏循环
citric acid (tricarboxylic acid, TCA; Krebs) cycle
柠檬酸（三羧酸）循环
oxidative phosphorylation氧化的磷酸酯化作用
acetyl CoA乙酰辅酶A水解酶β-
pyruvate dehydrogenase complex丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体
flavoprotein黄素蛋白
citrate synthase柠檬酸合成酶
iron-sulfur (nonheme iron) protein非血红素铁蛋白
isocitrate dehydrogenase异柠檬酸脱氢酶
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase α-酮戊二酸脱氢酶anaplerotic reaction补给反应
glyoxylate cycle乙醛酸循环
isocitrate lyase异柠檬酸(裂合)酶
malate synthase苹果酸合酶
glyoxysome乙醛酸循环体
oxidative phosphorylation氧化磷酸化
proton-motive force
cellular respiration细胞呼吸作用
electron-transport chain电子运输链子
reduction (redox, oxidation-reduction, E´0) potential 还原电势
inverted region翻转地区
coenzyme Q (Q, ubiquinone)辅酶Q
NADH-Q oxidoreductase (Complex I)
NADH-Q氧化还原酶
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) flavin单核甘酸
succinate-Q reductase (Complex II)丁二酸盐Q还原酶
Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase (Complex III)
cytochrome c (cyt c)细胞色素C
Q cycle
cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV)细胞色素c氧化酶
superoxide dismutase超氧(化)物歧化酶
catalase过氧化氢酶
ATP synthase (Complex V, F1F0 ATPase)ATP合酶glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle3-磷酸甘油穿梭
glucagon胰高血糖素,胰增血糖素
uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPglucose)尿甘二磷酸葡萄糖
glycogen synthase糖原合成酶
glycogenin
protein phosphatase 1蛋白质磷酸酶1 insulin胰岛素
triacylglycerol (neutral fat, triacylglyceride)三酰甘油
bile salt胆汁盐
acyl adenylate酰基腺苷酸
carnitine肉(毒)碱
-oxidation pathway
vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
peroxisome过氧物酶体
ketone body酮体
acyl carrier protein (ACP)酰基载体蛋白fatty acid synthase脂肪酸合酶
malonyl CoA丙二酸单酰辅酶A
acetyl CoA carboxylase乙酰辅酶A羧化酶megasynthase
polyketide聚酮化合物
AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK) 一磷酸腺苷活化的蛋白激酶
protein phosphatase 2A蛋白质磷酸酶2A prostaglandin前列腺素
proteasome蛋白酶体
aminotransferase (transaminase)转氨酶glutamate dehydrogenase谷氨酸脱氢酶pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)吡哆醛磷酸盐pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP)
吡哆胺,维生素B 6
alanine cycle丙胺酸循环
urea cycle尿素循环
N-acetylglutamate N-乙酰谷氨酸ketogenic amino acid生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid生糖氨基酸biopterin生物蝶呤
phenylketonuria苯丙酮尿
nitrogen fixation固氮(作用)
nitrogenase complex固氮酶复合体tetrahydrofolate四氢叶酸酯
activated methyl cycle被激活的甲醇周期substrate channeling
committed step关键步骤[反应]
enzyme multiplicity酶的多样性
cumulative feedback inhibition渐增反馈抑制nucleoside核苷
nucleotide核苷酸
pyrimidine嘧啶
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CSP)氨基甲酰磷酸化合成酶
ATP-grasp fold
5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)
5-磷酸核糖-1-焦磷酸盐
purine嘌呤
salvage pathway补救途径
hypoxanthine次黄嘌呤
glutamine phosphoribosyl amidotransferase ribonucleotide reductase核苷酸还原酶thymidylate synthase胸[腺嘧啶]核苷酸合酶dihydrofolate reductase二氢叶酸'还原酶phosphatidate磷脂酸; 磷脂酸盐triacylglycerol三酰甘油
phospholipid磷脂
cytidine diphosphodiacylglycerol
(CDP-diacylglycerol)
glyceryl ether phospholipid甘油基以太磷脂sphingolipid (神经)鞘脂类
ceramide (N-acyl sphingosine)神经酰胺cerebroside脑苷脂
ganglioside神经节苷脂
cholesterol胆固醇
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase)
sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP)固醇调节元件结合蛋白
lipoprotein particles脂蛋白微粒
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)低密度脂蛋白high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
receptor-mediated endocytosis
bile salts胆汁盐
steroid hormones类固醇激素
cytochrome P450 monooxygenase pregnenolone孕烯醇酮
essential amino acids必须氨基酸nonessential amino acids非必须氨基酸pyridoxal phosphate吡哆醛磷酸盐
A-DNA helix
major groove大沟
minor groove小沟
Z-DNA helix
DNA polymerase DNA多聚酶Template模板
Primer 底物
exonuclease核酸外切酶
helicase解螺旋酶,螺旋酶
supercoil超螺旋
linking number (Lk)环绕数topoisomer环绕数
twist (Tw)
writhe (Wr)
topoisomerase局部异构酶
origin of replication复制的起源primase引发酶
replication fork复制叉
lagging strand后随链
leading stand主导链
DNA ligase DNA 连接酶
cell cycle细胞周期
telomere端粒
telomerase端粒酶
recombinase重组酶
Holliday junction霍利迪连结体recombination synapse再结合突触transition过渡
transversion转换,颠换
mutagen诱导有机体突变的物质
direct repair直接修复
base-excision repair基地切除修理nucleotide-excision repair核苷酸切除修理trinucleotide repeat三核苷酸串联重复transcription
RNA polymerase核糖核酸聚合酶transcription factor翻译因素footprinting足迹法
consensus sequence共有序列
transcription bubble
rho ( ) protein。