初一升初二语法讲义

初二语法知识点讲义
任课老师：学生姓名：
（一）
过去进行时
过去进行时表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或者过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作。

1. 构成
was /were + doing，例如：
I was watching TV at 9 o’clock last night.
at 9 o’clock last night是时间点
They were playing football all afternoon.
all afternoon是时间段
2. 过去进行时的标志词
at 8 o’clock last night, this time yesterday等。

例如：
I was having lunch at home this time yesterday.
昨天的这个时候我正在吃午饭。

At that time she was writing a book.
那阵子她在写一本书。

（表示她在那段时间里一直在做那件事情。

）
用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. This time yesterday I ____ ______（read）books.
2. At 9 o’clock last Sunday they ______ ______（have）a party.
3. When I _____（come）into the classroom, she ________ ______（read）a storybook.
4. She _____ ______（play）computer games while her mother ____ ______（cook）yesterday afternoon.
5. I _____ ______（have）a shower when you _______（call）me yesterday.
（二）
一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。

通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。

be going to do（动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。

如：It is going to rain.
will do结构表示将来的用法：
1. 表示预见
Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest.
2. 表示意图
I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.
What will she do tomorrow?
基本构成如下：
一般疑问句构成：
（1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?
（2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …?
Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t
否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do
Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.
特殊疑问句构成：
特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday?
根据例句，用will改写下列各句
例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow）
I’ll be better tomorrow.
1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight）
_____________________________
2. I’m tired now. （sleep later）
_____________________________
3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon）
_____________________________
4. We can’t le ave right now. （leave a little later）
_____________________________
5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow）
_____________________________
（三）should 和can的用法：
should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not.
例如：I think you should eat less junk food.
我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。

She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot.
她经常开车，很少走路。

所以我认为她应该多走路。

Students shouldn’t spend too much time playing computer games.
学生们不应当花太多的时间玩计算机游戏。

学习向别人提建议的几种句式：
（1）I think you should…
（2）Well, you could…
（3）Maybe you should …
（4）Why don’t you…?
（5）What about doing sth.?
（6）You’d better do sth.
用should或shouldn’t填空
1. I can’t sleep the night b efore exams.
You ______ take a warm shower before you go to bed.
2. Good friends ______ argue each other.
3. There is little milk in the glass. We _______ buy some.
4. They didn’t invite you? Maybe you ______ be friendlier.
5. I am a little bit overweight. So I think I _______ do exercises every day.
Can 用来表示能力，允许，请求，与动词原形连用。

有过去时态，为could.否定式为can’t 例如：I can speak English. 我会说英语。

You can watch TV. 你可以看电视。

Can you wait a moment? 你可以等一下么？
间接引语
形成步骤：
（1）不要逗号，冒号，引号
（2）要考虑到人称的变化（人称的变化与汉语是一致的）（3）要考虑时态的变化
（4）要考虑时间状语、地点状语和语示代词的变化。

用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。

1. She said I _____（be）hard-working.
2. Peter told me he _____（be）bored yesterday.
3. She said she _____（go）swimming last Sunday.
4. Bobby said he _____（may）call me later.
5. Antonio told me he _____（read）a book then.
请转述他人说的话：
1. I go to the beach every Saturday. （Tom）
2. I can speak three languages. （Lucy）
3. I will call you tomorrow. （Mike）
4. I’m having a surprise party for Lana. （she）
if引导的条件状语从句结构：if＋一般现在时，主语＋将来时
含义：如果……，将要……
例如：If you ask him, he will help you.
如果你请求他，他会帮助你。

If need be, we’ll work all night.
如果需要，我们就干个通宵。

根据中文提示，完成句子。

1. 如果你参加聚会，你将会过得很开心。

If you ________ the party, you __________.
2. 如果明天下雨，我们将不去野餐。

If it __________ tomorrow, we ___________.
3. 如果你经常听英文歌，你将会喜欢英语的。

If you often ________, you _________________.
思考：条件状语从句只有if引导的一种句子类型么？
笔记：
（六）形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
1．比较级：句子表示两者之间的比较时用比较级，其标志词是than, much, a little , even和still等。

e.g. ① Her hair is much longer than mine. 她的头发比我的长多了。

② I’m a little older than you.我比你大一点儿。

2．最高级：句子表示三者或多者的比较时用最高级，其标志词是表示范围的in…或of …介词短语。

在句子中，形容词最高级前必须加the。

e.g. ① The boy is the tallest in our class. 这个男孩是我们班最高的。

② Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?
★形容词的比较级和最高级：
形容词有三种等级：原级、比较级、最高级。

3．原级：句中只有一者时用原级，其标志词是very, so, too, quite等。

e.g. His handwriting is very good.他的书法很好。

（一个人不作比较。

）
★形容词比较级和最高级的构成：
1.一般在原级后加er 构成比较级，加est构成最高级。

e.g. small smaller smallest
young younger youngest
2.以不发音的字母e 结尾的形容词，直接加r 或st 构成比较级和最高级。

e.g. nice nicer nicest
late later latest
3.以辅音字母+y 结尾的形容词，变y为i ，再加er 或est, 构成比较级和最高级。

e.g. busy busier busiest
heavy heavier heaviest
4.在重读闭音节中，末尾只有一个辅音字母的形容词，要先双写这个辅音字母，再加er或est，构成比较级和最高级。

e.g. hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
5.个别形容词的比较级和最高级是不规则变化，需个别记忆。

e.g. good (well) better best
bad (badly, ill) worse worst
many (much) more most
little less least
far farther farthest
或further furthest
★副词的比较级和最高级：
1.以ly 结尾的副词，除early 变为earlier 和earliest 外，其余一律在其前加more 和most。

如：carefully – more carefully – most carefully
2.规则变化直接加er 和est 。

如：fast – faster—fastest
3.个别词是不规则变化，需要特别记忆。

4.句子中，副词最高级前的the 可省略也可以不省略，但形容词最高级前面的the 绝对不能去掉。

e.g. Who runs (the) fastest, Tom, Jim or Mike?
（七）非谓语动词
在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。

非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，动名词和分词（分词包括现在分词和过去分词）。

1）不定式to do
2）动名词doing
3）分词doing/done
否定形式：not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词
一、不定式
1. 不定式做状语----目的
He goes to the playground to play basketball with his friends.
2. 不定式充当名词功能To see is to believe.
3.常用结构
want (sb.) to do sth. 想要(某人)做某事
would like (sb) to do sth 想要(某人)做某事
wish (sb.) to do sth. 希望(某人)做某事
agree sb to do sth 同意(某人)做某事
can`t wait to do sth. 迫不及待地干某事
can`t afford to do sth 承受不了做某事
It takes\took sb.+时间、金钱to do sth.某人花费时间、金钱去干某事
It’s +adj. for sb. to do sth.
It’s better /best to do sth. 最好做某事
be afraid to do sth 害怕...干...
4.注意以下句型的互换:
1). too…to do sth. 太…而不能…
2). so +adj. /adv + that(从句) 如此…以致…
3).such +（a/an +adj.）+n.+ that(从句) 如此…以致…
4).(not) enough (for sb.) to do sth. (对某人来说)做某事(不)够
二. _ing分词：
1.动名词做主语，谓语动词为单数.Eating apples is good for your health.
2.做为介词的宾语是动名词Thanks for helping me.
3.在进行时态中。

He is watching TV in the room.
4在there be结构中。

There is a boy swimming in the river.
5.常用结构
keep sb doing sth 使某人一直做某事
mind doing sth 介意做某事
miss doing sth 错过做某事
practice doing sth 练习做某事
spend money/time (in)doing sth 花费……做某事
give up doing sth 放弃做某事
be busy doing sth 忙于做某事
can't help doing sth 禁不住做某事
look forward to doing sth 期望做某事
be used to doing sth 习惯于做某事
作宾补
buy sb sth = buy sth for sb给某人买某物
give sb sth= give sth to sb把某物给某人
borrow sb sth= borrow sth from sb从某人那里借某物
lend sb sth= lend sth to sb把某物借给某人
send sb sth = send sth to sb 把某物送给某人
show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb. 出示某物给某人看pass sb sth = pass sth to sb 把某物递给某人,
sell sb sth = sell sth to sb 把某物卖给某人
make sb sth = make sth for sb 给某人做某物
有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别
1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）
forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）
2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事
3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）
remember doing记得做过某事(已做)
4) regret to do对要做的事遗憾
regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔
5）try to do努力、企图做某事
try doing试验、试一试某种办法
6) mean to do打算，有意要…
mean doing意味着
7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）
go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）
非谓语动词专练
1. Colors can make us happy or sad.
A. to feel
B. feeling
C. felt
D. feel
2. All of them want sth. for you.
A. do
B. to do
C. doing
D. did
3. Let’s stop . I know a great restaurant near here.
A. to have a meal
B. to have a rest
C. having a rest
D. having a meal
4. Remember the book in time when you finish .
A. to return, reading
B. to return, to read
C. returning, reading
D. returning, to read
5. Although he was a child, he tries to find ways people life.
A. to help, enjoy
B. help, enjoy
C. to help, enjoying
D. help, enjoying
6. My aunt enjoys in the countryside.
A. lives
B. to live
C. living
D. live
7. —Nancy, you may listen to the radio. But would you mind ? Your father is sleeping.
—I’m sorry. I’ll do it right now.
A. turning it down
B. turning it up
C. turn it on
D. turn it off
8. We often see him the old man with the housework.
A. help
B. helps
C. helped
D. to help
9. It’s very nice pictures for me.
A. of you to draw
B. for you to draw
C. for you drawing
D. of you drawing
10. Our teacher often told us in this river.
A. don’t swim
B. don’t to swim
C. not swim
D. not to swim
11. It’s important the piano well.
A. of him to play
B. for him to play
C. of him playing
D. for him playing
12. Smoking is bad for your health, you’d better .
A. give it up
B. take it out
C. giving it up
D. look it up
13. Yesterday he was busy for the math test.
A. studied
B. studies
C. study
D. studying
14. I’m too tired. Let’s stop a rest.
A. have
B. will have
C. having
D. to have
15. Our teacher made Tom the text after school.
A. write
B. writes
C. wrote
D. would write
16. There are so many kinds of MP4 players in the shop.
I can’t decide .
A. what to buy
B. which to buy
C. how to buy
D. when to buy
17. At school our teachers do all they can us with our lessons.
A. help
B. helping
C. to help
D. helped
18. —Could you please such a thing again?
—I’m sorry, I wont.
A. not to do
B. not do
C. don’t do
D. not doing
19. come and join us?
A. Why don’t
B. Would you like
C. Why not
D. What about
20. —What about going to the store some fruit?
—That sounds good.
A. buying
B. buy
C. to buy
D. is buying
21. —Would you please the window? It’s too cold outside.
—OK. I’ll do it right away.
A. to close
B. will close
C. close
D. not open
22. —I can’t play the computer. Will you please show me ?
—No problem.
A. what to use
B. how to use
C. how to use it
D. how can I use it
23. Have you finished the book? If so, please give it back to me.
A. read
B. readed
C. to read
D. reading
24. It’s bad for your health so much junk food.
A. eat
B. to eat
C. eating
D. eats
25. On her way home Lucy saw a thief in a shop.
She stopped 110 at once.
A. steal, call
B. to steal, call
C. stealing, calling
D. stealing, to call
26. I don’t like to sit here nothing.
A. doing
B. to do
C. do
D. did
27. Look! There is a boy in the river.
A. is swimming
B. swimming
C. swims
D. to swim
28. If you get a chance to college, take it.
A. go
B. will go
C. to go
D. gone
29. We stopped , but there was no sound.
A. listening
B. listened
C. to hear
D. to listen
30. Thanks for my house when I was away.
A. looked after
B. looked over
C. looking after
D. looking for
31. The boy was too busy his parents.
A. to hear from
B. to write to
C. writing to
D. writing a letter
32. The box is too heavy . Can you help me?
A. for me to carry
B. for me to carry it
C. that I can’t carry
D. I can’t carry it
33. The house isn’t big enough for us .
A. living
B. living in
C. to live in
D. live in
34. You’d better out and at home.
A. not to go, stay
B. not to go, to stay
C. not go, stay
D. don’t go , stay
35. He said he spent all the afternoon a model plane.
A. made
B. to make
C. making
D. on making
36. I don’t know the way to the hospital.
A. go
B. to go
C. going
D. goes
37. We students must to the teacher when class begins.
A. to stop to listen
B. stop to listen
C. stop listening
D. to stop listening
38. We had great fun in the water.
A. played
B. play
C. playing
D. to play
1~5: DBAAA 6~10: CAAAD 11~15: BADDA
16~20: BCBCC 21~25: CCDBD 26~30: ABCDC
31~35: BACCC 36~38: BBC。