国际财务报告准则第3号_企业合并
国际会计准则理事会《同一控制下的企业合并(讨论稿)》中文简介
二、讨论稿的主要内容 讨论稿提出如下建议:扩展同一控制下的企业合并的认 定、对同一控制下的企业合并的会计处理引入购买法、明确 购买法和账面价值法的具体要求、增加同一控制下的企业合 并的信息披露等。 (一)扩展同一控制下的企业合并的认定 《国际财务报告准则第 3 号》规定,同一控制下的企业 合并是指“所有参与合并的主体或业务在企业合并前和企业 合并后均受同一方或相同的多方最终控制,并且该控制并非 暂时性的”。讨论稿建议扩展同一控制下的企业合并的认定, 在上述定义的基础上增加其他相关交易:一是建议“同一控 制下的企业合并”项目应规范在同一控制下企业转移一项业 务的交易,即使其不满足《国际财务报告准则第 3 号》中“企
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业合并”的定义;二是建议该项目还应包括同一方最终控制 下所有合并参与方之间发生的业务转移,无论该交易的被合 并方是否在该合并发生之前从外部购买或者在合并发生之 后立即对外出售,以及无论该交易是否以未来对外出售为条 件,如首次公开发行股票。
(二)对同一控制下的企业合并的会计处理引入购买法 关于同一控制下的企业合并的会计处理,讨论稿建议: 第一,同一控制下的企业合并不采用单一的会计处理方 法,即既不要求所有交易采用购买法,也不要求所有交易采 用账面价值法。 第二,在满足成本效益原则和考虑其他实施条件的情况 下,同一控制下的企业合并影响合并方非控股股东的,原则 上采用购买法,并明确如果合并方为上市公司,该交易应当 采用购买法。 第三,所有其他同一控制下的企业合并采用账面价值法, 包括所有涉及全资子公司的合并。 另外,考虑成本效益原则和其他实施条件后,对于同一 控制下的企业合并影响合并方非控股股东、但合并方不是上 市公司的交易,讨论稿提供了一项选择性豁免和一项例外, 具体包括:一是如果合并方告知了所有非控股股东其采用账 面价值法的建议,并且非控股股东不反对采用该方法的,允 许合并方采用账面价值法(购买法的选择性豁免);二是如
第12章 企业合并
(3)两类合并的法律结果比较
无论是同一控制下的企业合并还是非同一控制下的企业合并, 从合并后主体的法律意义上分类,都有可能产生两种结果:
➢合并后主体仍为多个法律主体 ——形成母子公司关系(子公司)
➢合并主体成为一个法律主体 ——不形成母子公司关系(分公司)
(4)合并日与购买日的比较
实际取得控制权之日 “交易日”与“购买日”有何区别? •一次交换交易实现的合并,交易日与购买日一致 •多次交换交易实现的合并,交易日是各单项投资在购 买方财务报表中确认之日,购买日则是获得控制权之 日
由于不存在购买价格,没有计价基础,被合并方的资产、负 债按照原账面价值计价,不按公允价值进行调整。
合并方取得净资产或股权的入账价值按被并方净资产账面价 值的份额确定。
合并方在合并中取得的净资产的入账价值相对于为进行企业 合并支付的对价账面价值之间的差额,调整所有者权益相关 项目--资本公积,不形成商誉(不影响合并当期利润表)。
6、被合并企业可以保留法人资格,也可以不保留法人资格。 (取决于合并方式)
二、企业合并的类型
(一)按合并后主体的法律形式不同
1、控股合并(子母公司形成的企业集团--权益结合观)
合并方(或购买方)在企业合并中取得对被合并方(或被购买 方)的控制权(即取得或购进另一家企业有表决权的股份并 形成控制),被合并方(或被购买方)在合并后仍保持其独 立的法人资格并继续经营,合并方(或购买方)确认企业合 并形成的对被合并方(或被购买方)的投资。控股合并母公 司要编制合并报表。
3. “交易或事项”——企业合并的定性 企业合并如果是一项交易,将涉及到公允价值的使用;企业 合并如果仅仅是对参与合并各方资产、负债重新组合的经济 事项,则只能使用账面价值进行确认与计量。
同一控制下的企业合并–致同国际财务报告准则视点(第4期)
同一控制下的企业合并–致同国际财务报告准则视点(第4期)本期视点考虑的是如何对同一控制下企业合并进行会计处理。
主体应当如何对涉及同一控制下主体的企业合并进行会计处理?这是一个重要的问题,因为同一控制下企业合并经常发生但却被排除在《国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并》(以下简称“IFRS 3”)的范围之外。
国际财务报告准则中没有关于该主题的特定指引 [注1]。
管理层需要根据《国际会计准则第8号——会计政策、会计估计变更和差错》(以下简称“IAS 8”)运用判断制定能够提供相关可靠信息的会计政策。
我们认为,同一控制下企业合并,可以应用以下会计政策选择权:•账面价值法(predecessor value method);或•购买法(acquisition method,按照IFRS 3)。
不论选择何种会计政策,都应当一贯地运用于类似交易。
如果重大,还应当披露会计政策。
注1:根据国际会计准则理事会的工作计划,同一控制下企业合并项目目前处于分析阶段,预计6个月后发布讨论稿。
在国际会计准则理事会最近一次于2016年4月的讨论中,明确实务中支持账面价值法和购买法的观点同时存在,国际会计准则理事会将会进一步讨论账面价值法和购买法会计处理的利弊。
一、账面价值法账面价值法涉及使用现有的账面价值对所取得业务的资产和负债进行会计处理。
具体的应用有时不同,但该方法的基本特征是:•取得的资产及负债按其现有账面价值而不是公允价值计量•不确认商誉•有时要对比较期间进行重述,就如同企业合并在所列报最早比较期间的期初发生。
在某些司法管辖区使用“权益结合法(pooling of interests)”、“兼并会计(merger accounting)”及“账面基础(carryover basis)”等术语来描述账面价值法的具体应用。
二、购买法(按照IFRS 3)虽然同一控制下企业合并不在IFRS 3的范围之内,但我们认为可类比应用 IFRS 3的原则。
国际财务报告准则第3号_企业合并
国际财务报告准则第3号_企业合并国际财务报告准则第3号(International Financial Reporting Standard 3)是国际财务报告准则委员会(International Accounting Standards Board,IASB)颁布的一项标准,主要规定了有关企业合并的会计处理方法。
企业合并是指通过交换所有权益、共享控制或共同推动目标的方式将两个或多个独立报告实体合并成为一个报告实体的过程。
根据国际财务报告准则第3号,企业合并应当按照购买法(purchase method)进行会计处理。
购买法要求合并方按照合理的公允价值进行资产、负债和所有者权益的计量,并将合并交易的差额作为合并溢价(goodwill)或商誉(negative goodwill)进行报表披露。
合并溢价是指合并方支付的超过净公允价值的金额,而商誉则是指净公允价值超过合并方支付的金额。
国际财务报告准则第3号还规定了在企业合并中相关方往来交易的处理方法。
如果合并方之间有相关方往来交易,应当在合并前对这些交易进行调整,并在财务报表中披露调整金额。
相关方往来交易的调整在计算合并交易中的净公允价值时起着重要作用,可以避免因为内部交易导致的财务信息不准确和不可比。
此外,国际财务报告准则第3号还要求在合并后的财务报表中披露合并后的财务信息。
这些信息包括合并后的资产、负债、所有者权益和利润等项目,可以为利益相关方提供对合并实体的整体表现和财务状况的理解。
综上所述,国际财务报告准则第3号为企业合并提供了明确的会计处理方法和披露要求,确保在企业合并过程中提供准确、可比和有价值的财务信息。
这对于投资者、债权人和其他利益相关方来说都是非常重要的,可以帮助他们更好地理解企业合并对财务状况和业绩的影响,做出明智的决策。
因此,企业应遵守国际财务报告准则第3号的规定,并在财务报表中充分披露相关信息。
国际财务报告企业合并
国际财务报告企业合并引言企业合并是指两个或多个独立的企业合并为一个企业的过程。
在全球化的今天,企业合并成为了提高市场竞争力和可持续发展的重要手段。
然而,对于国际企业的合并过程和财务报告,却存在着一系列的挑战和问题。
本文将介绍国际财务报告企业合并的概念、原则和存在的问题。
国际财务报告企业合并的概念和原则企业合并的概念企业合并是指两个或多个独立的企业通过合并而成为一个整体的过程。
合并后的企业将共享资源和实力,并在市场上形成更加有竞争力的实体。
企业合并可以是两个国内企业的合并,也可以是国内企业与国际企业的跨国合并。
企业合并的财务报告原则在进行企业合并的财务报告时,需要遵循以下原则:1. 综合原则:合并后的财务报告应真实、公允地反映合并企业的财务状况、经营成果和现金流量。
2. 资产负债表日一致性原则:合并前后的财务报告应基于相同时间范围内的财务信息。
3. 一体化原则:合并后的财务报告应将合并前企业和合并后企业的财务信息进行整合。
4. 分类原则:合并后的财务报告应按照国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的规定,将各项财务信息进行分类。
国际财务报告企业合并的问题多种会计准则的差异在国际财务报告企业合并中,由于参与合并的企业可能来自不同的国家或地区,在会计处理和报告准则上存在较大差异。
这对于合并后的财务报告造成了困扰,往往需要进行复杂的调整和转换工作。
非统一的报告标准和需求与单一企业的财务报告不同,企业合并后的财务报告需要满足多个相关方的需求。
各国和地区的监管机构、股东和投资者可能对财务报告有不同的要求和期望。
因此,在合并后的财务报告中,需要平衡不同相关方的利益和要求。
对于合并溢价的处理在企业合并过程中,通常需要支付合并溢价。
合并溢价是指支付的超出被合并企业净资产公允价值的金额。
国际财务报告准则对于合并溢价的处理有一定的要求,要求将合并溢价分摊到被合并企业的资产和负债上。
然而,不同的国家和地区对于合并溢价的处理可能存在差异,对于合并后的财务报告带来了挑战。
国际会计准则理事会对企业合并会计处理进行重大修订【会计实务经验之谈】
国际会计准则理事会对企业合并会计处理进行重大修订【会计实务经验之谈】2008年1月10日,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)完成了企业合并项目第二阶段的全部工作,发布了修订后的《国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并》(IFRS 3)和修订后的《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》(IAS 27),并自2009年1月1日之后开始的年度财务报表开始生效。
企业合并是IASB与美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)通力合作的一个重要项目,历经多年研究,终以IASB修改IFRS 3和IAS 27、FASB修改《财务会计准则公告第141号——企业合并》(SFAS 141)、发布《财务会计准则公告第160号——合并财务报表中的非控制权益》(SFAS 160)而结束,消除了国际准则与美国准则在企业合并会计处理上的重大差异,标志着全球范围内企业合并会计处理基本实现趋同。
本文将简要介绍修改后的IFRS 3和IAS 27的主要变化及其与美国相关准则的主要差别。
一、企业合并项目的简要历史沿革2001年,通过对国际会计准则委员会(IASC)的改组,成立了国际会计准则理事会(IASB)。
IASB 成立之初,就把企业合并作为其最早运作的一个重要项目,原因是企业合并的会计实务在全球范围内差异颇大、备受关注。
尽管IASC以及相关国家会计准则制定者先前已进行了十几年的研究,但企业合并会计处理的多样性依然存在。
2001年IASB成立时,FASB已发布SFAS 141,取消了权益结合法,并将商誉由摊销改为减值测试。
SFAS 141发布后,IASB收到了来自欧盟、澳大利亚的大量请求,要求IASB改变对商誉的会计处理,因为与使用美国会计准则相比,使用国际财务报告准则的主体处于不利地位。
在这种情况下,IASB决定将企业合并项目分为两个阶段:第一阶段是短期的,主要解决权益结合法、商誉减值和摊销等问题,并取消原《国际会计准则第22号——企业合并》;第二阶段则全面考虑企业合并会计的相关问题。
财务管理-《国际财务报告准则第3号:企业合并》最新英
《国际财务报告准则第3号:企业合并》(最新英文版)《国际财务报告准则第3号:企业合并》(最新英文版)IFRS 3International Financial Reporting Standard 3 :Business binationsThis version includes amendments resulting from IFRSs issued up to 31 Dece mber 20XX.IAS 22 Business binations was issued by the International Accounting Standard s mittee in October 1998. It was a revision of IAS 22 Business binations (issu ed in December 1993), which replaced IAS 22 Accounting for Business binatio ns (issued in November 1983).In April 20XX the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) resolved t hat all Standards and Interpretations issued under previous Constitutions continu ed to be applicable unless and until they were amended or withdrawn.In March 20XX the IASB issued IFRS 3 Business binations. It replaced IAS 2 2 and three Interpretations:IFRS 3International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business binations (IFRS 3) is set out in paragraphs 1–87 and Appendices A–C. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time they appear in the Standard. Definition s of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS 3 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basi s for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards an d the Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provid es a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of exp licitguidance.IFRS 3IntroductionIN1International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business binations (IFRS 3) replac es IAS 22 Business binations. The IFRS also replaces the following Interpretations: .SIC-9 Business binations—Classification either as Acquisitions or Unitings of I nterests.SIC-22 Business binations—Subsequent Adjustment of Fair Values and Goodwil l Initially Reported.SIC-28 Business binations—“Date of Exchange”and Fair Value of Equity Instr uments.Reasons for issuing the IFRSIN2 IAS 22 permitted business binations to be accounted for using one of two methods: the pooling of interests method or the purchase method. Although IAS 22 restricted the use of the pooling of interests method to business binatio ns classified as unitings of interests, analysts and other users of financial state ments indicated that permitting two methods of accounting for substantially sim ilar transactions impaired the parability of financial statements. Others argued t hat requiring more than one method of accounting for such transactions created incentives for structuring those transactions to achieve a desired accounting re sult, particularly given that the two methods produce quite different results.IN3 These factors, bined with the prohibition of the pooling of interests metho d in Australia, Canada and the United States, prompted the International Accou nting Standards Board to examine whether, given that few binations were unde rstood to be accounted for in accordance with IAS 22 using the poolingof interests method, it would be advantageous for international standards to con verge with those in Australia and North America by also prohibiting the method.IN4 Accounting for business binations varied across jurisdictions in other respe cts as well. These included the accounting for goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business bination, the treatment of any excess of the acquirer’s i nterest in the fair values of identifiable net assets acquired over the cost of th ebusiness bination, and the recognition of liabilities for terminating or reducing t he activities of an acquiree.IN5 Furthermore, IAS 22 contained an option in respect of how the purchase method could be applied: the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed could be measured initially using either a benchmark treatment or an allowedalternative treatment. The benchmark treatment resulted in the identifiable asse ts acquired and liabilities assumed being measured initially at a bination of fair values (to the extent of the acquirer’s ownership interest) and pre-acquisition carrying amounts (to the extent of any minority interest). The allowed alternati ve treatment resulted in the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed IFRS 3being measured initially at their fair values as at the date of acquisition. The Board believes that permitting similar transactions to be accounted for in dissi milar ways impairs the usefulness of the information provided to users of finan cial statements, because both parability and reliability are diminished.IN6Therefore, this IFRS has been issued to improve the quality of, and seek inter national convergence on, the accounting for business binations,including: (a) the method of accounting for business binations; (b) the initial m easurement of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabi lities assumed in a business bination; (c) the recognition of liabilities for termi nating or reducing the activities of an acquiree; (d) the treatment of any exces s of the acquirer’s interest in the fair values of identifiable net assets acquired in a business bination over the cost of the bination; and (e) the accounting fo r goodwill and intangible assets acquired in a business bination. Main features of the IFRSIN7 This IFRS:(a) requires all business binations within its scope to be accounted for by appl ying the purchase method.(b) requires an acquirer to be identified for every business bination within its s cope. The acquirer is the bining entity that obtains control of theother bining entities or businesses.(c) requires an acquirer to measure the cost of a business bination as the aggr egate of: the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets given,liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by the acquirer, i n exchange for control of the acquiree; plus any costs directly attributable to t he bination.(d) requires an acquirer to recognise separately, at the acquisition date, the acq uiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisfy the fol lowing recognition criteria at that date, regardless of whether they had been pr eviously recognised in the acquiree’s financial statements:(i) in the case of an asset other than an intangible asset, it is probable that an y associated future economic benefits will flow to the acquirer, and its fair val ue can be measured reliably;(ii) in the case of a liability other than a contingent liability, it is probable tha t an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to sett le the obligation, and its fair value can be measured reliably; and(iii) in the case of an intangible asset or a contingent liability, its fair value c an be measured reliably.(e) requires the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisf y the above recognition criteria to be measured initially by the acquirer at thei r fair values at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any minority interest.(f) requires goodwill acquired in a business bination to be recognised by the a cquirer as an asset from the acquisition date, initially measured as the excess of the cost of the business bination over the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities re cognised in accordance with (d) above.(g) prohibits the amortisation of goodwill acquired in a business bination and i nstead requires the goodwill to be tested for impairment annually, ormore frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset m ight be impaired, in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.(h) requires the acquirer to reassess the identification and measurement of the acquiree’s ide ntifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities and the measurement of the cost of the business bination if the acquirer’s interest in th e net fair value of the items recognised in accordance with (d) above exceeds the cost of the bination. Any excess remaining after that reassessment must be recognised by the acquirer immediately in profit or loss.(i) requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effect of:(i) business binations that were effected during the period; (ii) business binatio ns that were effected after the balance sheet date but before the financial state ments are authorised for issue; and (iii) some business binations that were effe cted in previous periods.(j) requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financial statements to evaluate changes in the carrying amount ofgoodwill during the period. Changes from previous requirementsIN8 The main changes from IAS 22 are described below. Method of accountin gIN9 This IFRS requires all business binations within its scope to be accounted for using the purchase method. IAS 22 permitted business binations to be accounted for using one of two methods: the pooling of interests method for b inations classified as unitings of interests and the purchase method for binations classified as acquisitions.ies assumedIN10This IFRS changes the requirements in IAS 22 for separately recognising as pa rt of allocating the cost of a business bination:(a) liabilities for terminating or reducing the activities of the acquiree; and (b) contingent liabilities of the acquiree.This IFRS also clarifies the criteria for separately recognising intangible assets of the acquiree as part of allocating the cost of a bination.IN11This IFRS requires an acquirer to recognise liabilities for terminating or reduci ng the activities of the acquiree as part of allocating the cost of the bination o nlywhen the acquiree has, at the acquisition date, an existing liability for restructu ring recognised in accordance with IAS 37 Provisions, Contingent Liabilities an d Contingent Assets. IAS 22 required an acquirer to recognise as part of alloc ating the cost of a business bination a provision for terminating or reducing th eactivities of the acquiree that was not a liability of the acquiree at the acquisit ion date, provided the acquirer satisfied specified criteria.IN12This IFRS requires an acquirer to recognise separately the acquiree’s contingent liabilities (as defined in IAS 37) at the acquisition date as part of allocating t hecost of a business bination, provided their fair values can be measured reliably. Such contingent liabilities were, in accordance with IAS 22, subsumedwithin the amount recognised as goodwill or negative goodwill.IN13IAS 22 required an intangible asset to be recognised if, and only if, it was pr obable that the future economic benefits attributable to the asset would flow to theentity, and its cost could be measured reliably. The probability recognition crite rion is not included in this IFRS because it is always considered to be satisfie dfor intangible assets acquired in business binations. Additionally, this IFRS incl udes guidance clarifying that the fair value of an intangible asset acquired in a business bination can normally be measured with sufficient reliability to quali fy for recognition separately from goodwill. If an intangible asset acquiredin a business bination has a finite useful life, there is a rebuttable presumption that its fair value can be measured reliably.s assumedIN14IAS 22 included a benchmark and an allowed alternative treatment for the initi al measurement of the identifiable net assets acquired in a business bination, and therefore for the initial measurement of any minority interests. This IFRS requires the acquiree’s identifiabl e assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities recognised as part of allocating the cost of the bination to be measured initiall y by the acquirer at their fair values at the acquisition date. Therefore, any minority interest in the acquiree is stated a t the minority’s proportion of the ne t fair values of those items. This is consistent with IAS 22’s allowed alternativ etreatment.Subsequent accounting for goodwillIN15This IFRS requires goodwill acquired in a business bination to be measured aft er initial recognition at cost less any accumulated impairment losses. Therefore, the goodwill is not amortised and instead must be tested for impair ment annually, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that it might be impaired. IAS 22 required acquired goodwill to be sy stematically amortised over its useful life, and included a rebuttable presumption that its useful life could not exceed twenty years from initial reco gnition.Excess of acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of acquiree’s identifiable asse ts, liabilities and contingent liabilities over costIN16This IFRS requires the acquirer to reassess the identification and measurement of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities and the measurement of the cost of the bination if, at the acquisition date, the acquire r’s interest in the net fair value of those items exceeds the cost of the mbinati on. Any excess remaining after that reassessment must be recognised by the ac quirer immediately in profit or loss. In accordance with IAS 22, any excess of the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the identifiable assets and liabil ities acquired over the cost of the acquisition was accounted for as negative goodwill as follows:(a) to the extent that it related to expectations of future losses and expenses id entified in the acquirer’s acquisition plan, it was required to be carried forward and recognised as ine in the same period in which the future losses a nd expenses were recognised.(b) to the extent that it did not relate to expectations of future losses and exp enses identified in the acquirer’s acquisition plan, it was required to be recognised as ine as follows:(i) for the amount of negative goodwill not exceeding the aggregate fair value of acquired identifiable non-monetary assets, on a systematicbasis over the remaining weighted average useful life of the identifiable deprec iable assets.(ii) for any remaining excess, immediately.International Financial Reporting Standard 3Business binationsObjectiveThe objective of this IFRS is to specify the financial reporting by an entity w hen it undertakes a business bination. In particular, it specifies that all business binations should be accounted for by applying the purchase method. Therefore, the acquirer recognises the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and conting ent liabilities at their fair values at the acquisition date, and also recognises go odwill, which is subsequently tested for impairment rather than amortised.Scope2 Except as described in paragraph 3, entities shall apply this IFRS when acco unting for business binations.3 This IFRS does not apply to:(a) business binations in which separate entities or businesses are brought toget her to form a joint venture.(b) business binations involving entities or businesses under mon control.(c) business binations involving two or more mutual entities.(d) business binations in which separate entities or businesses are brought toget her to form a reporting entity by contract alone without the obtaining ofan ownership interest (for example, binations in which separate entities are bro ught together by contract alone to form a dual listedcorporation). Identifying a business bination4 A business bination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity. The result of nearly all business binations is that one entity, the acquirer, obtains control of one or more other businesses, the a cquiree. If an entity obtains control of one or more other entities that are not businesses, the bringing together of those entities is not a business bination. When an entity acquires a group of assets or net assets that does not constitute abusiness, it shall allocate the cost of the group between the individual identifia ble assets and liabilities in the group based on their relative fair values at the acquisition date.5A business bination may be structured in a variety of ways for legal, taxation or other reasons. It may involve the purchase by an entity of the equity of an otherentity, the purchase of all the net assets of another entity, the assumption of t he liabilities of another entity, or the purchase of some of the net assets of an otherentity that together form one or more businesses. It may be effected by the iss ue of equity instruments, the transfer of cash, cash equivalents or other assets, or abination thereof. The transaction may be between the shareholders of the binin g entities or between one entity and the shareholders of another entity.It may involve the establishment of a new entity to control the bining entities or net assets transferred, or the restructuring of one or more of the bining entities.6A business bination may result in a parent-subsidiary relationship in which the acquirer is the parent and the acquiree a subsidiary of the acquirer. In such circumstances, the acquirer applies this IFRS in its consolidated financial state ments. It includes its interest in the acquiree in any separate financial statemen ts it issues as an investment in a subsidiary (see IAS 27 Consolidated and Sep arate Financial Statements).7A business bination may involve the purchase of the net assets, including any goodwill, of another entity rather than the purchase of the equity of the other entity. Such a bination does not result in a parent-subsidiary relationship.8Included within the definition of a business bination, and therefore the scope o f this IFRS, are business binations in which one entity obtains control of another entity but for which the date of obtaining control (ie the acquisition da te) does not coincide with the date or dates of acquiring an ownership interest (ie thedate or dates of exchange). This situation may arise, for example, when an inv estee enters into share buy-back arrangements with some of its investors and, a s aresult, control of the investee changes.9This IFRS does not specify the accounting by venturers for interests in joint v entures (see IAS 31 Interests in Joint Ventures).Business binations involving entities under mon control10A business bination involving entities or businesses under mon control is a bus iness bination in which all of the bining entities or businesses areultimately controlled by the same party or parties both before and after the bu siness bination, and that control is not transitory.11A group of individuals shall be regarded as controlling an entity when, as a re sult of contractual arrangements, they collectively have the power to govern its financial and operating policies so as to obtain benefits from its activities. The refore, a business bination is outside the scope of this IFRS when the same group of individuals has, as a result of contractual arrangements, ultimate colle ctive power to govern the financial and operating policies of each of the bining entities so as to obtain benefits from their activities, and that ultimate c ollective power is not transitory.12An entity can be controlled by an individual, or by a group of individuals acti ng together under a contractual arrangement, and that individual or group of individuals may not be subject to the financial reporting requirements of IFRSs. Therefore, it is not necessary for bining entities to be included as part of the same consolidated financial statements for a business bination to be regarded a s one involving entities under mon control.312. IASCFIFRS 3The extent of minority interests in each of the bining entities before and after the business bination is not relevant to determining whether thebination involves entities under mon control. Similarly, the fact that one of the bining entities is a subsidiary that has been excluded from theconsolidated financial statements of the group in accordance with IAS 27 is no t relevant to determining whether a bination involves entities under mon control.Method of accounting14All business binations shall be accounted for by applying the purchase method.15The purchase method views a business bination from the perspective of the bin ing entity that is identified as the acquirer. The acquirer purchases netassets and recognises the assets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed, including those not previously recognised by the acquiree.The measurement of the acquirer’s assets and liabilities is not affected by the t ransaction, nor are any additional assets or liabilities of the acquirer recognised as a result of the transaction, because they are not the subjects of the transacti on.Application of the purchase method16Applying the purchase method involves the following steps:(a) identifying an acquirer;(b) measuring the cost of the business bination; and(c) allocating, at the acquisition date, the cost of the business bination to the a ssets acquired and liabilities and contingent liabilities assumed.Identifying the acquirer17An acquirer shall be identified for all business binations. The acquirer is the b ining entity that obtains control of the other bining entitiesor businesses.18Because the purchase method views a business bination from the acquirer’s per spective, it assumes that one of the parties to the transaction can be identified as the acquirer.19Control is the power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity or business so as to obtain benefits from its activities. A bining entity shall b epresumed to have obtained control of another bining entity when it acquires m ore than one-half of that other entity’s voting rights, unless it can bedemonstrated that such ownership does not constitute control. Even if one of t he bining entities does not acquire more than one-half of the voting rights of another bining entity, it might have obtained control of that other entity if, as a result of the bination, it obtains:(a) power over more than one-half of the voting rights of the other entity by virtue of an agreement with other investors; or(b) power to govern the financial and operating policies of the other entity un der a statute or an agreement; or(c) power to appoint or remove the majority of the members of the board of directors or equivalent governing body of the other entity; or(d) power to cast the majority of votes at meetings of the board of directors o r equivalent governing body of the other entity.20Although sometimes it may be difficult to identify an acquirer, there are usuall y indications that one exists. For example:(a) if the fair value of one of the bining entities is significantly greater than t hat of the other bining entity, the entity with the greater fairvalue is likely to be the acquirer;(b) if the business bination is effected through an exchange of voting ordinary equity instruments for cash or other assets, the entity giving upcash or other assets is likely to be the acquirer; and(c) if the business bination results in the management of one of the bining ent ities being able to dominate the selection of themanagement team of the resulting bined entity, the entity whose management i s able so to dominate is likely to be the acquirer.21In a business bination effected through an exchange of equity interests, the entity that issues the equity interests is normally the acquirer. However, all pertinent facts and circumstances shall be considered to determine which of the bining entities has the power to govern the financial and operating policiesof the other entity (or entities) so as to obtain benefits from its (or their) activ ities.In some business binations, monly referred to as reverse acquisitions, the acquirer is the entity whose equity interests have been acquired and the issuing entity is the acquiree. This might be the case when, for example, a private ent ityarranges to have itself ‘acquired’ by a smaller public entity as a means of obtaining a stock exchange listing. Although legally the issuing public entity isregarded as the parent and the private entity is regarded as the subsidiary, the legal subsidiary is the acquirer if it has the power to govern the financial and operating policies of the legal parent so as to obtain benefits from its activities. monly the acquirer is the larger entity; however, the facts and circumstances surrounding a bination sometimes indicate that a smaller entity acquires a larger entity. Guidance on the accounting for reverse acquisitions is provided i nparagraphs B1–B15 of Appendix B.22When a new entity is formed to issue equity instruments to effect a business bination, one of the bining entities that existed before the binationshall be identified as the acquirer on the basis of the evidence available.23Similarly, when a business bination involves more than two biningentities, one of the bining entities that existed before the bination shallbe identified as the acquirer on the basis of the evidence available. Determinin gthe acquirer in such cases shall include a consideration of, amongst other thing s,which of the bining entities initiated the bination and whether the assetsor revenues of one of the bining entities significantly exceed those ofthe others.314. IASCFIFRS 3Cost of a business bination24The acquirer shall measure the cost of a business bination as the aggregate of: (a)the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets given, liabilities incurredor assumed, and equity instruments issued by the acquirer, in exchange for control of the acquiree; plus(b)any costs directly attributable to the business bination.25The acquisition date is the date on which the acquirer effectively obtains contr olof the acquiree. When this is achieved through a single exchange transaction, t hedate of exchange coincides with the acquisition date. However, a business bination may involve more than one exchange transaction, for examplewhen it is achieved in stages by successive share purchases. When this occurs: (a)the cost of the bination is the aggregate cost of the individual transactions; and(b)the date of exchange is the date of each exchange transaction (ie the date that each individual investment is recognised in the financial statementsof the acquirer), whereas the acquisition date is the date on which the acquirer obtains control of the acquiree.26Assets given and liabilities incurred or assumed by the acquirer in exchange fo rcontrol of the acquiree are required by paragraph 24 to be measured at their f airvalues at the date of exchange. Therefore, when settlement of all or any part ofthe cost of a business bination is deferred, the fair value of that deferred ponent shall be determined by discounting the amounts payable to their present value at the date of exchange, taking into account any premium or discount likely to be incurred in settlement.27The published price at the date of exchange of a quoted equity instrument provides the best evidence of the instrument’s fair value and shall be used, ex ceptin rare circumstances. Other evidence and valuation methods shall be considere donly in the rare circumstances when the acquirer can demonstrate that the published price at the date of exchange is an unreliable indicator of fair value, and that the other evidence and valuation methods provide a more reliable measure of the equity instrument’s fair value. The published price at the date ofexchange is an unreliable indicator only when it has been affected by the thin nessof the market. If the published price at the date of exchange is an unreliable。
国际财务报告准则第3号-企业合并
41–42 43–44
Measurement period
45–50
Determining what is part of the business combination transaction
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AcquisitionEASUREMENT AND ACCOUNTING
© IFRS Foundation
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IFRS 3
International Financial Reporting Standard 3 Business Combinations (IFRS 3) is set out in paragraphs 1–68 and Appendices A–C. All the paragraphs have equal authority. Paragraphs in bold type state the main principles. Terms defined in Appendix A are in italics the first time they appear in the IFRS. Definitions of other terms are given in the Glossary for International Financial Reporting Standards. IFRS 3 should be read in the context of its objective and the Basis for Conclusions, the Preface to International Financial Reporting Standards and the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors provides a basis for selecting and applying accounting policies in the absence of explicit guidance.
国际财务报告准则第3号_企业合并
国际财务报告准则第3号—企业合并财政部会计司组织翻译 目的1.本国际财务报告准则的目的是对主体进行企业合并的财务报告进行规定。
特别是本准则规定所有的企业合并都应该采用购买法进行会计处理。
因此,购买方在购买日应对被购方的可辨认资产、负债及或有负债按照其公允价值进行确认,并同时确认商誉,商誉随后进行减值测试而非摊销。
范围2.除第3段所述的情况外,主体在对企业合并进行会计处理时应该采用本国际财务报告准则。
3.本国际财务报告准则不适用于:(1)由单独的主体或业务集合而形成合营的企业合并;(2)涉及同一控制下主体或业务的企业合并;(3)涉及两个或两个以上共同主体的企业合并;(4)单独的主体或业务仅通过合同而不是获得所有者权益份额集合而形成一个报告主体的企业合并(例如,单独主体仅通过合同集合而形成双重上市公司的合并)。
认定企业合并4.企业合并是将单独的主体或业务集合为一个报告主体。
几乎所有企业合并的结果都是一个主体(即购买方)获得一个或多个其他业务(即被购方)的控制权。
如果一个主体获得一个或多个其他非业务的主体的控制权,则这些主体的集合不是企业合并。
当一个主体取得未构成业务的一组资产或净资产时,应该将这组资产或净资产的成本在组内单个可辨认资产和负债之间按照其在购买日的相对公允价值进行分配。
5.企业合并可能出于法律、税收或其他原因而由多种方式而构成。
可能涉及一个主体购买另一主体的权益,购买另一主体的所有净资产,承担另一主体的负债或者购买另一主体的部分净资产以形成一个或多个业务。
企业合并可能通过发行权益工具,转移现金、现金等价物或其他资产,或者是这些方式的结合而实现。
这些交易可能发生在参与合并主体的股东之间或者是一个主体与另一主体的股东之间。
企业合并可能涉及成立一个新主体来控制参与合并主体或所转移的净资产,或者涉及一个或多个参与合并主体的重组。
6.企业合并可能导致母子公司关系,即购买方是母公司,被购方是购买方的子公司。
高级财务会计理论与实务之企业合并会计
2.新设合并
新设合并(consolidation),或称创立合并,是指两家或 两家以上企业合并组成一个新的企业,参与合并的原各 企业均不复存在的合并类型。
新设合并的方法是参与合并的各家企业以其净资产换取 新设企业的股份。
新设合并的结果是:新设企业作为保留下来的单一经济 主体和法律主体处理其会计事务,拥有丧失法人地位的 各被并企业的资产并承担其债务。
– 由于参与合并各方在合并前均是独立的经济主体,合 并过程中不会受到参与合并以外的其他主体的控制和 影响,合并是企业间自愿的市场交易行为,因此非同 一控制下的企业合并属于“交易”而不属于“事项”。
非同一控制下企业合并类似于整体企业的买卖业务,在 购买日取得对其他参与合并企业控制权的一方为购买方, 参与合并的其他企业为被购买方。
– 参与合并的各方称为“合并方”、“被合并方”。
参与合并各方在合并前、后均受同一方或相同多方的最 终控制,因此不属于企业间的交易,而只是对参与合并 各方的资产、负债进行重新组合;这种重组是在受到同 一控制的企业间进行而不是通过市场交易完成,因此同 一控制下的企业合并属于“事项”,而不属于“交易”。
二、企业合并的类型
(一)按合并双方合并前、后最终控制方是否变化分类 1.同一控制下的企业合并:
– 参与合并的企业在合并前后均受同一方或相同的多方 最终控制且该控制并非暂时性的(一年以上,含一 年),为同一控制下的企业合并。 同一方:母公司或有关主管单位 相同的多方:根据投资者的合同或协议
高级财务会计理论与实务之企业合并会计
路漫漫其悠远
少壮不努力,老大徒悲伤
第一节 企业合并的含义与分类
一、企业合并的含义
中国企业会计准则第20号《企业合并》(CAS No.20) 规定:企业合并,是指将两个或者两个以上单独的企业 合并形成一个报告主体的交易或事项。
我国企业合并准则与最新国际财务报告准则比较
我国企业合并准则与最新国际财务报告准则比较[摘要]国际会计准则理事会(IASB)于2008年1月10日发布了修订后的《国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并》(IFILS 3)和《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》(IAS 27),对合并术语、分步合并、合并费用等内容进行了重大修订。
本文将重点比较我国现行企业合并准则和企业合并报表准则与修订后的国际财务报告准则的不同,并提出相应的建议。
[关键词]企业合并准则;国际财务报告准则;权益结合法;建议[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1673-0194(2009)19-0023-03国际会计准则理事会(IASB)于2008年1月10日发布了进行重大修订后的《国际财务报告准则第3号一企业合并》(IFRS 3)和《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》(IAS 27),并于2008年7月1日生效。
本文将重点比较我国现行企业合并准则和企业合并报表准则与修订后的国际财务报告准则的不同,并提出相应的建议。
一、我国企业合并准则制定的背景和现实意义随着我国市场经济的逐步建立,国际竞争力不断增强,企业合并作为一种重要的企业产权交易形式,已成为企业从资产经营向资本经营转化的有效扩张手段。
1995年我国财政部发布了《合并会计报表暂行规定》,1996年财政部发布了《企业兼并有关财务问题的暂行规定》和《企业合并准则》的征求意见稿,1997年发布了《企业兼并有关会计处理问题暂行规定》。
近年来企业并购日趋复杂,在企业合并会计政策方面不断提出新的问题,使得企业会计行为缺乏完善的会计准则指导,在这种现实下,要求制定相关会计准则来规范企业合并业务的呼声日益高涨,企业合并准则应运而生。
财政部从我国会计准则与国际接轨的前提出发,在借鉴国际财务报告准则的基础上,为了规范企业合并的确认、计量和相关信息的披露,于2006年2月发布了《企业会计准则第20号——企业合并》(以下简称企业合并准则)和《企业会计准则第33号——合并财务报表》(以下简称合并财务报表准则),对企业合并行为进行了规范。
财政部关于征求《实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并(IFRS3)》意见的函
财政部关于征求《实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并(IFRS3)》意见的函文章属性•【公布机关】财政部•【公布日期】2014.02.19•【分类】征求意见稿正文关于征求《实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并(IFRS3)》意见的函财会便〔2014〕5号各有关单位:2014年1月,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)发布了《实施后审议:国际财务报告准则——第3号企业合并(IFRS3)》(以下简称征询稿),向全球征询审议信息。
为深入参与国际财务报告准则的制定,推动我国会计准则持续国际趋同,请你单位对征询稿中所列问题作出答复,并于2014年3月15日前书面反馈我司。
我司将在整理、汇总和分析各方意见的基础上,代表财政部向IASB反馈中国的意见。
同时,我们也鼓励以你单位名义直接向IASB反馈意见。
征询稿的英文全文和主要内容简介(中文)可在财政部会计准则委员会()或者财政部网站(/kjs“工作通知”栏目)下载。
主要内容简介仅供参考,与英文不一致之处请以英文为准。
反馈意见不限于文中所提问题,并请注意结合我国具体情况,最好能有案例支持。
感谢你单位对国际财务报告准则反馈意见工作的支持!联系人:财政部会计司制度二处王虹电话:************地址:北京市西城区三里河南三巷3号财政部会计司,100820传真:************电子邮箱:****************.cn附件:1、实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号(IFRS3)企业合并(英文)2、实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号(IFRS3)企业合并主要内容简介(中文)财政部会计司2014年2月19日。
企业合并准则CAS20与IFRS3的比较
企业合并准则CAS20与IFRS3的比较
企业合并准则CAS20与IFRS3的比较
摘要:全球金融危机的爆发引起了财务会计的改革,本文分析ifrs3和cas20修订背景及意义,将《国际财务报告准则第三号- 企业合并》(international financial reporting standards 3,简称ifrs3)和《企业会计准则第20号-企业合并》(china accounting standards20,简称cas20)在商誉、合并方法的选择、分次购并、合并成本这些方面的区别和联系进行阐述,并且在分次合并商誉的处理以及同一控制下企业合并的条件两方面通过对比ifrs3对我国企业会计准则提出建议。
关键词:cas20 ifrs3 企业合并
一、cas20与ifrs3修订背景
(一)cas20的修订背景
改革开放以来,我国经济迅猛发展,国际贸易频繁,国际竞争力也不断加强,海外并购、企业合并的案例层出不穷,这种企业交易模式也成为了企业转向资本化经营的重要途径。
财政部在1996年发布了《企业兼并有关财务问题的暂行规定》分别对母子公司会计报表合并进行了规定,但是在购并行为中缺乏完善的行动指导。
由于企业并购变得越来越复杂,合并问题不断出现,因此要求制定合并准则规范的呼声越来越高。
财政部基于与国际会计准则趋同的形式,在2006年2月发布cas20,规范企业在购并业务中的行为。
(二)ifrs3的修订背景
在随着iasb2001年改组完成后,恰逢fasb废除权益结合法和商。
实施后审议:国际财务报告准则第3号——企业合并(IFRS3)各国反馈意见总结的中文翻译
每个问题的意见反馈二、业务的定义问题2(1)您认为,企业合并和资产购买,采用不同的会计处理,有无好处?有何好处?理事会认为正是由于将两项交易区分开,采用不同的会计处理方式,才有了商誉的确认。
总体意见:有好处。
主要有以下几点好处:A:管理层必须呈现企业合并形成的会计账户,并且呈现合并的价值。
B:业务和资产购买区分开来十分有必要,因为一项业务的价值应该大于其各部分价值之和。
这也是商誉确认的原因。
C:因为两项交易的商业性质不同。
D:资产购买在现实中更为普遍发生,它需要一种相对简单、理解性较强的会计处理方法,历史成本法更适合这种频繁且常规的交易;而企业合并通常不经常发生,而且更加复杂,所以它需要一种包含很多考虑因素的会计处理方法。
比如需要考虑:资产的确认和价值的计量,商誉的存在等。
E:企业合并会计准则明确的给出了被并购企业价值的评估方法,通过编制财务报告,使使用者能够明确的了解合并后形成的新主体的价值。
F:这样使得管理层更加关注并购的价格,因为并购的目的就是获得两个合并主体间的协同效应,而为了获得这种协同效应所支付的溢价就是商誉。
所以管理层需要仔细审视并购所获得的资产、所要承担的负债,以及并购以后能够获得的商誉。
但是还有人提出异议:他们希望IASB能够重新审视将两种交易的会计处理区分开来,因此造成的递延所得税、或有支出、合并/购买成本上的不同是否真的恰当。
而且有时候实务中难以区分到底是资产购买还是企业合并。
还有些人认为毫无益处,因为商誉的本质是不变的,确认不确认只是与业务的定义有关,按照目前准则中对业务的定义,在资产购买中确实不太可能存在商誉,但是如果你不这么定义业务,那么资产购买中产生了商誉,也没有理由不去确认。
所以他们认为你区分开来没啥意义。
还增加了报表编制者的成本。
(2)您在判断某一交易是否构成业务时,有何实际困难?您进行相关判断时主要考虑哪些因素?面临的主要困难是:A:并购得到的工艺流程在总体流程中的重要性和相对价值的评估很困难。
辨析权益结合法和同一控制下的企业合并
资本公积 100000
贷:有关负债类账户 2000000
股本 800000
留存收益 300000
按照同一控制下的企业合并,上述差额20万元调整资本公积,然后将被并方在合并日以前实现的留存收益中归属于合并方的部分,自资本公积转入留存收益,则:
甲乙两公司是同一控制下的两个企业,表1、表2分别是甲乙两公司20×8年12月31日的资产负债表(简表),20×9年1月初,假设甲公司发行面值为10元的普通股80000股对乙公司实施吸收合并。
按照权益结合法,甲公司为进行吸收合并,发行面值为10元的普通股80000股,换出股份的面值是80万元,与乙公司股本60万元相比,差额20万元,该差额首先冲减被并方乙公司的资本公积10万元,然后再冲减主并方甲公司的资本公积10万元,则账务处理如下:
四、二者的发展趋势不同
美国早在1950年发布的第40号会计研究公报中就提出控股合并的方法有购买法和权益结合法两种。权益结合法的诸多优势导致在70年代以前的美国会计实务中,企业合并运用权益结合法现象十分普遍,甚至达到了滥用的地步。针对这一情况,美国会计原则委员会(APB)于1970年发布第16号意见书《企业合并》,对权益结合法的应用规定了十分苛刻的必须同时满足的12项条件,然而,这些严格而具体的限制,并没有有效地制止权益结合法的滥用。2001年,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)发布了第141号会计准则,规定所有企业合并都必须采用购买法核算,禁止使用权益结合法。2004年,国际会计准则理事会(IASB)发布了第3号国际财务报告准则,同样取消了权益结合法,规定准则范围内的企业合并都应采用购买法进行会计处理。国际上其他国家也或是禁止使用权益结合法,或是严格限制其使用。
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国际财务报告准则第3号—企业合并财政部会计司组织翻译 目的1.本国际财务报告准则的目的是对主体进行企业合并的财务报告进行规定。
特别是本准则规定所有的企业合并都应该采用购买法进行会计处理。
因此,购买方在购买日应对被购方的可辨认资产、负债及或有负债按照其公允价值进行确认,并同时确认商誉,商誉随后进行减值测试而非摊销。
范围2.除第3段所述的情况外,主体在对企业合并进行会计处理时应该采用本国际财务报告准则。
3.本国际财务报告准则不适用于:(1)由单独的主体或业务集合而形成合营的企业合并;(2)涉及同一控制下主体或业务的企业合并;(3)涉及两个或两个以上共同主体的企业合并;(4)单独的主体或业务仅通过合同而不是获得所有者权益份额集合而形成一个报告主体的企业合并(例如,单独主体仅通过合同集合而形成双重上市公司的合并)。
认定企业合并4.企业合并是将单独的主体或业务集合为一个报告主体。
几乎所有企业合并的结果都是一个主体(即购买方)获得一个或多个其他业务(即被购方)的控制权。
如果一个主体获得一个或多个其他非业务的主体的控制权,则这些主体的集合不是企业合并。
当一个主体取得未构成业务的一组资产或净资产时,应该将这组资产或净资产的成本在组内单个可辨认资产和负债之间按照其在购买日的相对公允价值进行分配。
5.企业合并可能出于法律、税收或其他原因而由多种方式而构成。
可能涉及一个主体购买另一主体的权益,购买另一主体的所有净资产,承担另一主体的负债或者购买另一主体的部分净资产以形成一个或多个业务。
企业合并可能通过发行权益工具,转移现金、现金等价物或其他资产,或者是这些方式的结合而实现。
这些交易可能发生在参与合并主体的股东之间或者是一个主体与另一主体的股东之间。
企业合并可能涉及成立一个新主体来控制参与合并主体或所转移的净资产,或者涉及一个或多个参与合并主体的重组。
6.企业合并可能导致母子公司关系,即购买方是母公司,被购方是购买方的子公司。
在这种情况下,购买方在其合并财务报表中采用本国际财务报告准则。
购买方将其在被购方的权益份额作为对子公司投资纳入其所发布的单独财务报表(参见《国际会计准则第27号———合并和单独财务报表》)。
7.企业合并可能涉及购买另一主体包括商誉在内的净资产,而不是购买其他主体的权益。
这样的合并并不导致母子公司关系。
8.如果一个主体获得另一主体的控制权,但是获得控制权的日期(即购买日)与取得所有者权益份额的日期(即交易日)并不一致,这种企业合并也包括在企业合并定义之内并由此属于本国际财务报告准则范围之内。
例如,被投资方与部分投资方签订了股份回购协议,因而导致对被投资方的控制权改变这种情况。
9.本国际财务报告准则对于合营方在合营中的权益的会计处理未作规定(参见《国际财务报告准则第31号———合营中的权益》)。
涉及同一控制下主体的企业合并10.涉及同一控制下主体或业务的企业合并,是指所有参与合并主体或业务在企业合并前和企业合并后都受同一方(或相同的数方)最终控制,并且该控制不是暂时的。
11.作为契约性协议的结果,一组个体集体拥有统驭一个主体的财务和经营政策、并藉此从其活动中获取利益的权力,此时应将该组个体视为控制主体。
因此,如果作为契约性协议的结果,这组个体拥有最终统驭每个参与合并主体的财务和经营政策、并藉此从其活动中获取利益的集体性权力,并且该最终集体性权力不是暂时的,则该企业合并在本国际财务报告准则范围之外。
12.在一个个体或契约性协议下一组共同行动的个体控制一个主体的情况下,该个体或该组个体可能不必遵循国际财务报告准则的财务报告规定。
因此,不必将由于企业合并而纳入合并财务报表的参与合并主体视为共同控制下的主体。
13.企业合并前后各参与合并主体的少数股权范围与确定合并是否涉及共同控制下的主体并不相关。
类似地,某个参与合并主体根据《国际会计准则第27号》是被排除在合并财务报表之外的子公司,这一事实也与确定合并是否涉及共同控制下的主体不相关。
会计方法14.所有的企业合并都应该采用购买法进行会计处理。
15.购买法从被认定为购买方的参与合并主体的角度看待企业合并。
购买方购买净资产并确认取得的资产和承担的负债及或有负债,包括那些被购方以前未予确认的部分。
购买方的资产和负债的计量、以及购买方由于交易而确认的追加资产或负债的计量都不受交易的影响,因为它们不是交易的对象。
购买法的应用16.应用购买法包括以下步骤:(1)认定购买方;(2)计量企业合并成本;(3)在购买日将企业合并成本分配到取得的资产和承担的负债及或有负债。
认定购买方17.所有企业合并都应认定一个购买方。
购买方是获得其他参与合并主体或业务的控制权的参与合并主体。
18.因为购买法从购买方的角度看待企业合并,所以购买法假定交易的一方可以被认定为购买方。
19.控制是指统驭一个主体或业务的财务和经营政策,并藉此从其活动中获取利益的权力。
一个参与合并主体在获得其他参与合并主体一半以上的表决权时,便可认为其获得了另一参与合并主体的控制权,除非能证明这种所有权不构成控制。
即使一个参与合并主体未获得另一参与合并主体一半以上的表决权,它也仍有可能获得了其他主体的控制权,条件是企业合并的结果使得一个参与合并主体:(1)通过与其他投资者之间的协议,获得对另一主体一半以上的表决权的权力;(2)通过法律或协议,获得统驭另一主体的财务和经营政策的权力;(3)获得任命或解除另一主体董事会或类似治理机构大多数成员的权力;(4)获得在另一主体董事会会议或类似治理机构会议中投多数票的权力。
20.虽然有时难以认定购买方,但常常有迹象表明购买方的存在。
例如:(1)若一个参与合并主体的公允价值大大超过另一参与合并主体的公允价值,则公允价值较大的主体可能是购买方;(2)若企业合并通过以现金或其他资产换取有表决权的普通权益工具来实现,则放弃现金或其他资产的主体可能是购买方;(3)若企业合并使得一个参与合并主体的管理层能控制合并后主体管理团队的选配,则处于控制地位的主体是购买方。
21.在通过权益交换而实现的企业合并中,发行权益的主体通常是购买方。
然而,应该考虑所有相关的事实和情况,以确定哪一个参与合并主体拥有统驭其他一个或多个主体的财务和经营政策,并藉此从其活动中获取利益的权力。
在某些企业合并(一般指反向购买)中,购买方是已取得权益份额的主体,被购方是发行权益的主体。
例如,一个私营主体计划被一个更小的上市主体“购买”,以此作为在证券交易所上市的手段,这种情况就出现了。
虽然法律上将公开发行主体视为母公司,且将私营主体视为子公司,但是,如果法律上的子公司拥有统驭法律上的母公司的财务和经营政策,并藉此从其活动中获取利益的权力,则该法律上的子公司是购买方。
一般而言,购买方是较大的主体;然而,围绕合并的事实和情况有时表明,较小的主体购买了较大的主体。
附录二第1段至15段提供了关于反向购买会计处理的指南。
22.在形成一个新主体发行权益工具以实现企业合并的情况下,合并前就存在的一个参与合并主体应该依据可获得的证据被认定为购买方。
23.类似地,当企业合并涉及两个以上参与合并主体时,合并前就存在的一个参与合并主体应该依据可获得的证据被认定为购买方。
在这种情况下确定购买方还应该考虑,哪一个参与合并主体发起了合并,以及一个参与合并主体的资产或收入是否显著地超过其他方。
企业合并的成本24.购买方应以下列的总计数来计量企业合并成本:(1)购买方在交易日为换取被购方的控制权而放弃的资产、发生或承担的负债、以及发行的权益工具的公允价值;(2)任何可直接归属于企业合并的成本。
25.购买日是购买方实际获得对被购方的控制的日期。
若企业合并通过单一交换交易实现,则交易日与购买日一致。
然而,企业合并可能涉及一项以上交换交易,例如合并通过逐次购买股份而分阶段实现。
当出现这种情况时:(1)合并成本为单个交易成本的总和;(2)交易日是各交换交易的日期(即各单项投资在购买方的财务报表中被确认的日期),而购买日是购买方获得被购方控制权的日期。
26.第24段规定,购买方为换取被购方的控制权而放弃的资产和发生或承担的负债在交易日按其公允价值计量。
因此,当全部企业合并成本或部分企业合并成本的结算递延时,应该考虑结算中可能发生的溢价或折价,将应付金额折现为交易日的现值,以此来确定递延部分的公允价值。
27.除极少数例外情况外,有报价权益工具在交易日的牌价是该工具公允价值的最好证据,并应该予以采用。
只有在极少数情况下,当购买方能证实交易日的牌价不能可靠地代表公允价值,并且其他的证据和估价方法对权益工具的公允价值提供了更可靠的计量时,才应该考虑其他的证据和估价方法。
只有当交易日的牌价受市场萧条影响时,才是不可靠的指标。
如果交易日的牌价是不可靠的指标,或者购买方发行的权益工具不存在牌价,则该权益工具的公允价值可以参照其在购买方公允价值中所占权益份额、或者是参照在被购方公允价值中获得的权益份额,按二者之中有更为明显证据支持的一个进行估计。
代替权益工具支付给被购方权益持有者的货币性资产在交易日的公允价值,也可以提供购买方换取被购方控制权而放弃的总公允价值的证据。
在任何情况下,合并的所有方面,包括影响谈判的重要因素,都应予以考虑。
《国际会计准则第39号———金融工具:确认和计量》中规定了更多确定权益工具公允价值的指南。
28.企业合并的成本包括购买方换取被购方控制权而发生或承担的负债。
预期由于合并而发生的未来损失或其他成本不是购买方换取被购方控制权而发生或承担的负债,因此不包括在合并成本中。
29.企业合并成本包括所有可直接归属于合并的成本,比如支付给为实现合并而聘请的会计师、法律顾问、评估师及其他咨询人员的业务费用。
一般行政成本,包括收购部门的运营成本,以及其他不能直接归属于所核算的特定合并的成本,都不包括在合并成本中;而应在发生时确认为费用。
30.筹备与发行金融负债的成本是负债发行交易的组成部分,而不是可直接归属于合并的成本,甚至当发行负债是为了实现企业合并时也是如此。
因此,主体不应将这样的成本包括在企业合并成本中。
根据《国际会计准则第39号》,这样的成本应当包括在负债的初始计量中。
31.类似地,发行权益工具的成本是权益发行交易的组成部分,而不是可直接归属于合并的成本,甚至当发行权益工具是为了实现企业合并时也是如此。
因此,主体不应将这样的成本包括在企业合并成本中。
根据《国际会计准则第32号———金融工具:披露和列报》,这些成本减少权益发行取得的收入。
由于未来或有事项对企业合并成本的调整32.当企业合并协议规定了由于未来或有事项对企业合并成本进行调整时,如果调整很可能发生并能可靠地计量,则购买方应在购买日将调整额计入合并成本中。