英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型

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(完整版)SCI写作高频词汇和常用句型

第一部分同义词替换1. about（大约）—approximately2. get —obtain3. finish —complete4. change —transform5. method —technique6. buy —purchase7. ask —inquire8. begin、start —commence9. cheap —inexpensive10. obtainable —avaible11. use —employ12. have —possess13. get —acquire14. extra —additional15. help —assistance16. about（关于）—concerning17. enlarge —magnify18. many —numerous19. best —optimum20. lively —vigorous第二部分连接词使用1.并列递进：moreover, in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise, also, then, additionally2.转折：not, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, meanwhile, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, paradoxically, by contrast, in spite of，rather than, instead of, unfortunately3.解释：in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms4.原因：because, because of, as, since, owing to, due to, thanks to, for this reason5.举例：for example, for instance, as such, such as, take ...for example, to illustrate, to name a few6.强调：surprisingly, interestingly,intriguingly, strikingly, unexpectedly, clearly, obviously, apparently,in fact, indeed, actually, as a matter of fact, undoubtedly7.可能：presumably, probably, perhaps8.让步：although, after all, in spite of..., despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, given that9.总结：overall, eventually, consequently, in summary, in a word, as a result, together, collectively, thus, hence, consequently, on the whole, in conclusion, to sum up, in brief, to conclude, to summarize, in short, briefly10.结果：therefore, as a result, then, consequently, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence11. 对比比较：likewise, similarly, in parallel to, while, whereas第三部分常用句式1. 说明选题的重要性：X is the main / leading / primary / major cause of ..Xs are a common / useful / critical part of...Xs are among the most widely used / commonly discussed / well-known / well-documented / widespread/commonly investigated types of ...X is recognized as being / believed to be / widely considered to be the most important ...It is well known / generally accepted / common knowledge that X is (X)is increasingly becoming / set to become a vital factor in …Xs are undergoing a revolution / generating considerable interest in terms of …Xs are attracting considerable / increasing / widespread interest due to …2. 概述前人做过的研究：Last century X was considered to be / viewed as / seen as the most …Initial / Preliminary / The first studies of X considered it tobe...Tradition ally X / In the history of X, the focus has always been …Scientists / Researchers / Experts have always seen X as …Until now / For many years / Since 1993 Xs have been considered as …X has received much attention in the last two years / in the past decade / over the last two decades …For the past five years / Since 2011 there has been a rapid rise in the use of XsThe last two years have witnessed / seen a huge growth in X …The past decade / last year has seen a renewed importance in X …Recent developments in / findings regarding X have led to …X has become a central / an important / a critical issue in …3. 展望未来：The next decade is likely to see / witness a considerable rise in XIn the next few years X will become / is likely to have becomeWithin the next few years, X is set / destined / likely to become an important component in …By 2025 / Within the next ten years, X will have become …X will soon / shortly / rapidly / inevitably be an issue that …4. 指出知识上的空缺：Few researchers have addressed the problem / issue / question of …Previous work has only focused on / been limited to / failed to address …The central / core problem ofA challenging / An intriguing / An important / A neglected area in the field of...The characteristics of X are not well understood / are misunderstood / have not been dealt with in depth.It is not yet known / has not yet been established whether X can do Y. X is still poorly / not widelyunderstood.Techniques to solve X are computationally demanding / subject to high overheads / time consuming / impractical / frequently unfeasible.A major defect / difficulty / drawback / disadvantage / flaw of X is …One of the main issues in our knowledge of / what we know about X is a lack of …This particular / specific area of X has been overlooked / has b een neglected / remains unclear …Despite this interest, no one to the best of our knowledge / as far as we know has studied …Although this approach is interesting, it suffers from / fails to take into account / does not allow for…However, there is still a need for / has been little discussion on …Moreover, other solutions / research programs / approaches have failed to provide...There is stillsome / much / considerable controversy surrounding …Concerns have arisen / been raised which question / call into q uestion the validity of …In the light of recent events in x, there is now some / much / considerable concern about …5. 论述论文目标和贡献：In this report / paper / review / study we …This paper outlines / proposes / describes / presents a new approach to …This pape r examines / seeks to address / focuses on / discusses / investigates how to solve …This paper is an overview of / a review of / a report on / a preliminary attempt to ...The present paper aims to validate / call into question / refute Peng’s findings regarding …X is presented / described / analyzed / computed / investigated / examined / introduced / discussed in order to …The aim of our work / research / study / analysis was to further / extend / widen / broaden current knowledge of …The aim of this study is to study / evaluate / validate / determine / examine / analyze / calculate / estimate / formulate …This paper calls into question / takes a new look at / re-examines / revisits / sheds new light on …We undertook this study / initiated this research / de veloped this methodology to...We believe that we have found / developed / discovered / designed an innovative solution to …We describe / present / consider / analyze a novel / simple / radical / interesting solution for …。

英语作文高端词汇

英语作文高端词汇在英语作文中，使用高端词汇可以提升文章的表达力和学术性。

以下是一些可以用于英语作文的高端词汇，以及它们在句子中的应用示例：1. Inevitable - 必然的- The rise of technology has made it inevitable that our daily lives will become more interconnected.2. Eloquent - 雄辩的- His eloquent speech captivated the audience, leavingthem in awe of his oratory skills.3. Intricate - 复杂的- The intricate dance of the ballet requires years of practice to master.4. Cataclysmic - 灾难性的- The cataclysmic event that occurred centuries ago reshaped the landscape of the region.5. Ephemeral - 短暂的- The beauty of a sunset is ephemeral, a fleeting momentof splendor that vanishes with the setting sun.6. Paradoxical - 矛盾的- It is paradoxical that in a world of abundance, thereare still those who suffer from scarcity.7. Ubiquitous - 无处不在的- The internet has become ubiquitous, connecting people across the globe in real-time.8. Aesthetic - 美学的- The museum's collection is a testament to the aesthetic sensibilities of its curators.9. Conundrum - 难题- The conundrum of climate change requires innovative solutions and global cooperation.10. Ethereal - 空灵的- The ethereal beauty of the moonlit night cast a spell on the tranquil landscape.11. Pernicious - 有害的- The pernicious effects of pollution are evident in the declining health of urban populations.12. Ameliorate - 改善- Efforts to ameliorate the living conditions in the slums have been met with mixed success.13. Intrinsic - 内在的- The intrinsic value of education lies in its ability to empower individuals and communities.14. Prolific - 多产的- The prolific author has written numerous bestsellers throughout his career.15. Subjugate - 征服- The empire sought to subjugate its neighboring territories to expand its influence.使用这些词汇时，确保它们与上下文相关，并且你理解它们的确切含义，以避免使用不当。

英语作文好词好句高级句型

英语作文好词好句高级句型Certainly! Here are some advanced vocabulary, phrases, and sentence structures you can use to enhance your English composition:1. Sophisticated Vocabulary:Eloquent: Fluent or persuasive in speaking or writing.Exemplary: Outstanding, serving as a model.Proficient: Skilled, competent.Astute: Sharp-minded, clever.Sagacious: Wise, showing good judgment.Efficacious: Effective, producing the desired result.Prolific: Producing abundant works or results.Intricate: Complex, having many interrelated parts.Magnanimous: Generous and noble in spirit.Conducive: Tending to promote or assist.2. Phrases:In light of: Considering, taking into account.By virtue of: Because of, due to.Invariably: Always, without exception.On the contrary: In contrast, opposite to what has been said.Notwithstanding: Despite, nevertheless.In the final analysis: Ultimately, when all thingsare considered.To a certain extent: Partially, to some degree.With regard to: Concerning, in relation to.Under the auspices of: With the support orprotection of.In the realm of: Within the scope or domain of.3. Advanced Sentence Structures:Not only [clause 1], but also [clause 2]: e.g., Not only does exercise improve physical health, but it also enhances mental well-being.Inasmuch as [clause]: e.g., Inasmuch as technology has advanced, our lives have become more convenient.It is imperative that [clause]: e.g., It is imperative that measures be taken to address climate change.Given that [clause]: e.g., Given that the economy is unstable, prudent financial planning is crucial.In the event that [clause]: e.g., In the event that the project is delayed, alternative arrangements should be made.With a view to [noun/verb-ing]: e.g., With a view to fostering innovation, the company encourages employees to think creatively.Underlying [noun/verb] is [clause]: e.g., Underlying this decision is the need for cost reduction.It stands to reason that [clause]: e.g., It stands to reason that education is key to societal progress.By incorporating these elements into your writing, you can elevate the sophistication and clarity of your English compositions. Remember to use them judiciously and appropriately according to the context of your essay.。

英语学术论文常用句型总结版

英语学术论文常用句型总结版1. According to previous studies, ...根据之前的研究，...2. The purpose of this study is to...本研究的目的是...3. The results indicate that...结果表明...4. Furthermore, it should be noted that...此外，值得注意的是...5. This study provides valuable insights into...本研究为...提供了有价值的见解。

6. The findings of this study have important implications for...本研究的发现对...有重要的意义。

7. It is worth mentioning that...值得一提的是...8. The limitations of this study should be acknowledged.应该承认本研究的局限性。

9. Future research should focus on...未来的研究应该关注...10. In conclusion, ...总之，...11. It can be concluded that...可以得出结论...12. This paper aims to explore...本文旨在探讨...13. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that...这一现象的可能解释是...14. The results are consistent with previous research, indicating...结果与之前的研究一致，表明...15. The present study contributes to the literature by...本研究通过...对文献做出了贡献。

英语作文高级术语大全

英语作文高级术语大全1. "In layman's terms, the crux of the matter boils down to this: without sufficient funding, the project is dead in the water."2. "The sheer magnitude of the problem is mind-boggling; it's like trying to empty the ocean with a teaspoon."3. "The exponential growth of technology in recentyears has left many industries scrambling to keep up."4. "Let's cut to the chase: time is of the essence, and we can't afford to dilly-dally any longer."5. "The elephant in the room is our lack of communication; until we address it head-on, progress will remain elusive."6. "The devil is in the details, and overlooking even the smallest aspect can have dire consequences."7. "We're at a crossroads here, folks; the decision we make today will shape our future for years to come."8. "The ball's in your court now; it's up to you to take the initiative and make things happen."9. "The bottom line is this: if we don't adapt to changing circumstances, we risk becoming obsolete."10. "Let's not beat around the bush; we need to tackle this issue head-on and find a solution, pronto."11. "The writing's on the wall; if we don't act fast, we're headed for disaster."12. "At the end of the day, it all comes down to teamwork; together, we can overcome any obstacle."13. "We're playing a game of cat and mouse with our competitors, and staying ahead requires constant innovation."14. "In the grand scheme of things, our individual efforts may seem insignificant, but together, they can move mountains."15. "The domino effect of our actions cannot be underestimated; one wrong move could set off a chain reaction of consequences."16. "It's time to think outside the box and explore new avenues for growth and development."17. "The elephantine bureaucracy within our organization stifles creativity and hampers progress."18. "The butterfly effect is in full swing; a seemingly minor decision now could have far-reaching implications later."19. "We're navigating uncharted waters here, but with courage and determination, we'll find our way."20. "The dog-eat-dog world of business requires us to stay sharp and constantly adapt to survive."。

英语作文常用词组高级

英语作文常用词组高级在英语写作中，使用高级词组可以提升文章的表达质量和学术性。

以下是一些常用的高级英语词组，它们可以帮助你的文章听起来更加地道和专业：1. In the realm of... - 在...领域- *In the realm of biology, recent discoveries have shed new light on the evolution of species.*2. A plethora of... - 大量的...- *A plethora of research has been conducted on the effects of social media on mental health.*3. State-of-the-art... - 最先进的...- *The museum houses state-of-the-art technology to enhance the visitor experience.*4. Cutting-edge... - 前沿的...- *She is a pioneer in the field, always at the forefront with her cutting-edge ideas.*5. In the wake of... - 随着...之后- *In the wake of the financial crisis, many businesses had to adapt to new economic realities.*6. At the pinnacle of... - 在...的顶峰- *He reached the pinnacle of his career when he was awarded the prestigious prize.*7. A catalyst for... - ...的催化剂- *The invention of the Internet has been a catalyst for global communication and collaboration.*8. In the context of... - 在...的背景下- *In the context of environmental conservation, sustainable practices are essential.*9. With the advent of... - 随着...的出现- *With the advent of new medical technologies, many previously incurable diseases are now treatable.*10. In light of... - 鉴于...- *In light of recent events, the company has revised its security protocols.*11. A hallmark of... - ...的标志- *Resilience and innovation are hallmarks of successful entrepreneurs.*12. At the intersection of... - 在...的交汇处- *At the intersection of art and technology lies a new form of creative expression.*13. A byproduct of... - ...的副产品- *The rapid urbanization is a byproduct of economic development and population growth.*14. In tandem with... - 与...同时- *As the economy grows, so too does the demand forhigher education, growing in tandem with the job market.*15. A testament to... - ...的证明- *Her lifelong dedication to the cause is a testament to her passion and commitment.*使用这些词组时，确保它们与句子的其余部分流畅地结合，并且它们在上下文中是恰当的。

科技论文写作常用句型

科技论文写作常用句型1.摘要（1）文章内容与作者观点•常用词：deal with ,describe ,explain ,illustrate(vt) ,introduce ,present ,report等。

•例句：The basic concepts and data collected are presented.给出了基本概念和所采集的数据。

（2）文章研究课题：•常用词: analyze(vt),consider ,develop ,discuss ,investigate(调查研究) ,state ,study等。

•例句:The relationship between mass(质量) and energy in nature is discussed briefly.简要地讨论自然界中质量与能量的关系。

（3）文章涉及范围•常用词：consist of ,contain ,cover ,include 等。

•例句：This article consists of four parts : introduction，theory ,experimental method ,and conclusion.本文由引言、理论、实践方法与结论四部分组成。

（4）综述某一个领域的研究课题。

•常用词：abstract ,outline ,review ,summarize 等。

•例句: The theory based on materials science is summarized briefly.简单概述了基于材料科学的理论。

（5）文章重点：•常用句型： Attention i s concentrated on …T here is a focus on …A ttention is paid to …T he emphasis is on …•例句：Attention is concentrated on grasping the quantum theory.重点在掌握量子理论上。

写作文常用的高级词语英语

写作文常用的高级词语英语在撰写英语作文时，使用高级词汇可以提升文章的学术水平和表达的精确性。

以下是一些常用的高级英语词汇，以及它们在句子中的应用示例：1. Eloquent - 雄辩的，有口才的- *She delivered an eloquent speech that captivated the audience.*2. Discerning - 有辨识力的，挑剔的- *A discerning palate can distinguish the subtle flavors in this wine.*3. Inevitable - 不可避免的- *The rise in sea levels is an inevitable consequence of global warming.*4. Expedite - 加快，促进- *The new policy aims to expedite the process of economic recovery.*5. Plausible - 似乎合理的，貌似真实的- *While the story is plausible, it lacks concrete evidence to support it.*6. Conundrum - 难题，谜- *The paradox of the prisoner's dilemma remains a conundrum for many philosophers.*7. Aesthetic - 美学的，审美的- *The museum's collection is a testament to the aesthetic sensibilities of its curators.*8. Intrinsic - 固有的，内在的- *Curiosity is an intrinsic part of human nature.*9. Articulate - 表达清晰的- *He is an articulate speaker who can convey complex ideas with ease.*10. Ameliorate - 改善，减轻- *The new legislation is designed to ameliorate the conditions of the working class.*11. Catalyst - 催化剂，促进因素- *The invention of the internet has been a catalyst for global communication.*12. Discrepancy - 差异，矛盾- *There is a significant discrepancy between the two reports' findings.*13. Nuance - 细微差别- *Understanding the nuances of a foreign language takes time and practice.*14. Paradigm - 范例，典型- *The shift to renewable energy represents a new paradigm in power generation.*15. Substantiate - 证实，确证- *The researchers were able to substantiate their claims with extensive data.*使用这些高级词汇时，确保它们与你的文章内容和上下文相匹配，并且你完全理解它们的含义和用法。

最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！

最加分的英文学术论文常用句型，拿走不谢！开始写学期论文了吧，是不是写着写着就词穷了？数据不会描述，观点不会引用，各种问题层出不穷，需要帮助了吧！小编这么贴心，当然知道你的需求咯！下面献上的这份超全面的英文学术论文常用句型，还不快收藏了好好学习！想要高分论文，小编只能帮你到这了！英文学术论文常用句型引用数据（图表、表格）1. 常用的动词：show, present, illustrate, summarize, demonstrate, contain, provide,list, report, give, reveal, display, indicate, suggest, describe, …2. as从句：As shown in …/ As can be seen in …/ As revealed by …引用/简述他人的研究/观点：1. XXX + Verb. + n./that … 其中Verb可以为：state,claim, argue, maintain, suggest, assert, hypothesize, conclude, describe,develop, propose, find, show, report, use, study, demonstrate, note, discuss,observe, explain, expand, publish, give, examine, analyze, focus, presume,speculate, assume, support, theorize, contend, recommend2. 其它：Based on …/ In the view of …/ According to …表达可能性：It is certain that …It is almost certain that …It is very probable/ highly likely that …It is probable/likely that …It is possible that …It is unlikely that …It is very/highly unlikely that …用于表达可能性的另一种途径：There is a definite possibility that …There is a strong possibility that …There is a good possibility that …There is a slight possibility that …There is little possibility that …表示例外：With the exception o f …Apart from …Except for …表示原因/缘由：be due tobe attibuted tobe accounted forbe a consequence ofstem from表示定义/命名：be namedbe calledbe denoted bybe known asbe defined asbe referred to引出设问句（不能直接使用设问句）：It is uncertain/unclear …It has not been determined …It is necessary to consider …The question remains …Current studies provide little information on …We need to know/consider …There is some question as to …Another issue raised by this study is …指出问题所在：This system/process/idea has its problems. There remains the issue of reliability.This model has some serious liminations. Few solutions have been found to …Little progress has been made in …The problem remains as to how …Researchers still have to find a way to …引出解决方案：Solutions to this problem are now widely discussed. One remedy is to …One method to address this difficulty is to …There are two possible ways of handling this problem. The first … The second …Several options are available to address this obstacle. Howe ver, the best one seems to be …A radically different design/model is needed to overcome this limitation.Recently, researchers have made significant progress in overcoming this difficulty by …引出中心话题：Recently, there has been growing interest in …The p ossibility of … has generated wide interest in …The development of … is a classic problem in …The development of … has led to the hope that …The … has become a favorite topic foranalysis …Knowledge of … has great importance for …The study of … has become an important aspect of …A central issue in … is …(The) … has been extensively studied inrecent years.Many investigators have recently turned to …The relationship between … and … has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused on …表达相似之处：Similarly, …Likewise, …In the same fashion, …As in X, in Y …Like X, Y …The same …X is similar/comparable to YX resemble YX correspond to Y表达不同之处或比较/对照：In contrast, …Unlike X, Y …In contrast to …On the other hand, ……; however, ……, but …Whereas/While …, ……, whereas/while …X differ from YX is different from YX contrast with评价他人的研究/论著：1.正面：useful, important, interesting, clarity,accessibility,detailed, up-to-date, insightful, significant, comprehensive,practical, successful, remarkable, impressive, elegant, scholoarly, original,perceptive, rigorous, economical2.负面：inconsistent, restricted,misleading, thin, anecdotal, sloppy总结：Overall, …In general, …On the whole, …In the main, …With … exception(s), …The overall results indicate …The results indicate, overall, that …指出本研究的局限：It should be noted that this study has been primarily concerned with …This analysis has concentrated on …The findings of this study are restricted to …Th is study has addressed only the question of …The limination of this study are clear: …We would like to point out that we have not …指出研究结果的局限：However, the findings do not imply …The results of this study cannot be taken asevidence for …Unfortunately, we are unable to determine from this data …The lack of … means that we cannot be certain …指出本研究的意义：Notwithstanding its limitations, this study does suggest …Despite its preliminary character, the research reported here would seem to in dicate …However exploratory, this study may offer some insight into …。

SCI论文经典词和常用句型

SCI论文经典词和常用句型一、经典替换词1. individuals, characters, folks 替换people , persons.2. positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior 替换good.3. dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill 替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换。

）4. an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, a host of, if not most 替换many.5. a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6. harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that 替换think。

7. affair, business, matter 替换thing.8. shared 替换common .9. reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10. for my part ,from my own perspective 替换in my opinion.11. Increasing(ly), growing 替换more and more（注意没有growingly这种形式。

所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.）12. little if anything或little or nothing 替换hardly.13. beneficial, rewarding 替换helpful.14. shopper, client, consumer, purchaser 替换customer.15. overwhelmingly, exceedingly, extremely, intensely 替换very.16. hardly necessary, hardly inevitable…替换unnecessary, avoidable.17. indispensable 替换necessary.18. sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb. be interested in.19. capture one's attention 替换attract one's attention.20. facet, demension, sphere 替换aspet.21. be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of 替换indicate,suggest, fear.22. give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.23. There are several reasons behind sth 替换…reasons for sth.24. desire 替换want.25. pour attention into 替换pay attention to.26. bear in mind that 替换remember.27. enjoy, possess 替换have（注意process是过程的意思）。

英文学术论文常用词句

英语学术论文常用词句1. 常用词汇与短语差别：gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference 存在，出现：occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present多数，少数：the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful方法：approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools发生率：Incidence, frequency, prevalence发现，阐明，报道，证实：verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation改变：change, alteration,高，增加：high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced各种，多种：in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of关系，相关，参与：closely involved in, associated,广泛的：in an extensive survey执行：perform, carry out降，少，缺：decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective,negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost ordown-expressed角色，起作用：role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role）可能性：feasibility密切地：intimately难理解的，似谜的：enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)潜在假定的：potential, candidate, putative,缩写：abbreviations识别，辨别：discernment提供，帮助：provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in调节（失调，上调，下调）：dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,推测：presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction显著,优先的：prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,相同，同等并列：with a similar pattern to协同，加强：synergize with研究：analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,一致：which is in accord with the results，which corroborated the resultswhich supported the results优缺点：merits and drawbacks，beneficial and detrimental异常：aberration, abnormality重要：crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance相反：On the contrary, In contrary,but quite on the contrary，in sharp contrast, contrary to what would be expected，Contrary to the expectation that，与一起：in combination with, coupled with由于、鉴于：In light of，In view that2. 常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective methodhas yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex3. 常用专业词汇数据挖掘Data Mining（DM）语义semantics时间序列分析time series analysis知识发现Knowledge Discovery in Database（KDD）方差分析Analysis of Variance,（ANOV A）回归分析Regression Analysis生存分析Survival Analysis纵向数据分析longitudinal data analysis人工神经网络Artificial Neural Network灰色系统理论gray system theory支持向量机Support Vector Machine(SVM)（专业词汇主要为咱们实验室常用的专业词汇，目前还没有全面概括，在今后的学习中，我会继续往里面补充新的专业名词）摘要有规范可循，写某句从那些句中摘，摘要细化，补充图表，完善摘要，类似八股文，能想到的句子：比如，与。

英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型

英文学术论文常用高级词汇和精美句型1.与时间相关的①no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days②at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)③for a given exposure time④…increased with age.⑤for different time span.⑥After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.⑦…throughout the entire test period.⑧It will decrease as time passes.2. 表示增加或下降的①An increase in the FA content decreased the…②…decrease with increase in…③…deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.④As …is lowered.⑤augment⑥The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …⑦…develop at an increasing rate with time3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定①probably due to…② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is③This might be attributed to…④…depends on the two main mechanisms⑤…is a common cause of⑥…is the essential parameter governing the…⑦…, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.⑧the cause of this resides in …⑨Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.4. 表示展示。

英语作文高级词汇

1.Inevitable不可避免的例句：The rise of technology has made certain job displacements inevitable.2.Ephemeral短暂的，昙花一现的例句：The beauty of a sunset is ephemeral,yet it captivates us every time.3.Cataclysmic灾难性的例句：The cataclysmic event changed the landscape of the region forever.4.Intrinsic固有的，内在的例句：Curiosity is an intrinsic part of human nature that drives us to explore.5.Erudite博学的，有学问的例句：The erudite professor shared his vast knowledge with his eager students.6.Aesthetic美学的，审美的例句：The citys architecture is a blend of modern and traditional aesthetics.7.Pernicious有害的，恶性的例句：The pernicious effects of pollution are evident in the declining health of the population.8.Conundrum难题，谜例句：The mystery of the missing artifact remains a conundrum for the investigators.9.Egregious过分的，惊人的例句：The companys egregious disregard for safety regulations led to a series of accidents.10.Serendipity意外的好运例句：Her discovery of the rare book was pure serendipity.11.Paradoxical矛盾的，似非而是的例句：It is paradoxical that the more we communicate,the more disconnected we feel.12.Ameliorate改善，减轻例句：The new policy aims to ameliorate the living conditions of the urban poor.13.Ingenious巧妙的，有独创性的例句：The ingenious design of the bridge made it both functional and beautiful.14.Abridge删节，缩减例句：The abridgement of the novel made it more accessible to younger readers.15.Eloquent雄辩的，有口才的例句：The eloquent speaker moved the audience with her powerful words.16.Emanate发出，散发例句：A sense of calm emanated from the serene garden.17.Exacerbate加剧，使恶化例句：The drought exacerbated the already dire water shortage.18.Evocative唤起的，引起回忆的例句：The old photographs were evocative of a bygone era.19.Adept熟练的，擅长的例句：She was an adept pianist,playing with grace and precision.20.Ethereal缥缈的，超凡的例句：The ethereal beauty of the moonlit landscape captivated the artist.。

SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇汇总

SCI论文准备写作投稿技巧常用英文词汇汇总1. Introduction:- Abstract: 摘要- Literature review: 文献综述- Research question: 研究问题- Objectives: 目标- Significance: 重要性- Hypothesis: 假设2. Methodology:- Experimental design: 实验设计- Variables: 变量- Data collection: 数据收集- Sampling method: 抽样方法- Statistical analysis: 统计分析- Ethical considerations: 道德考虑3. Results:- Findings: 结果- Statistical significance: 统计显著性- Data interpretation: 数据解释- Figures and tables: 图表- Correlation analysis: 相关分析4. Discussion:- Interpretation: 解释- Limitations: 限制- Implications: 含义- Future research: 未来研究5. Conclusion:- Summary: 总结- Contributions: 贡献- Closing remarks: 结束语6. References:- In-text citations: 文中引用- Peer-reviewed journal: 同行评审的期刊7. Formatting:- Font size: 字体大小- Line spacing: 行间距- Margins: 边距- Title page: 标题页- Abstract word count: 摘要字数注：本回答主要列举了一些在科学论文写作中常用的词汇，但具体使用词汇还需根据文章的主题和内容进行选择。

英语议论文写作重点单词

英语议论文写作重点单词，短语，句型1: in brief （总之）2：for one thing …，for another （从两方面阐述某个问题） 3：exert a dramatic impact on （产生很大影响）4：broaden one ’s horizons （开阔眼界）5：behave oneself （检点自己的行为）6：raise public awareness （提高公共意识）7：what ’s more impotant （更重要的是）8：account for9： 10：admittedly （应当承认的是…）11：attach more importance to （重视…）12：thinktwice （三思）14：TV commercials （电视广告）15：in a word (简而言之)16：to sum up / in summary (总结词)17：in conclusion /on the whole /in all /altogether (总之)18：lie in （在于）分析原因13：在我看来19：bring about （使发生）21：be confront with （面对（一般只不好的））22：faced with （面对问题（一般用于一句话的开头））24：go through (熬过)25：not …an inch (一点也不…)=not …at all26: throw a party (请客吃饭)经典句型：1：when it comes to …，people ’s opinion differ , some peoplebelieve … , while others claim that …(当谈到…时，人们的观点往往不同，有的人认为…，而其他人则认为…)2：it is no doubt that …(毋庸置疑)3：there is a general discussion today about the problem/ issueof …,those who criticize …argue that …they believe that …But people who adovate …on the other hand, argue that …(如今有个关于…问题的很普遍的讨论，那些持批判意见的人…，他们认为…，但是那些支持的人…，另外一方面又声称…)4：most people are of the opinion that …,but I personally believe that …与…对比In/by in comparison with As compare with Contrast with Striking contrast(鲜明对比)23：有关对比词（大多数人认为…，但是我认为…）5：the number is6:It accounts for /takes up …percent of the total7:the number was …less than /more than a 8:In 1990,it increased/ decreased from …to …(在1990年，数据由…增长/下降到…)9：By comparison with 1998 ,it decreased /increased by …10:A number of factors can account for the change in …is alsoresponsible for the rise/decrease in …11:It is widely accepted that (被广泛接受的是…)12：It is no use doing sth (做某事没用)13：It is often the case that (事实是这样的)14:There is/are reasons for us to believe/accept/resist/reject that …15:Where there is a will , there is a way (有志者事竟成)16:God help those who help themselfs17:It is the … that …(强调句)强调句的用法：eg: It is the A that B强调句即为把“It is that ”去掉，这个句子还能说的通，没有任何错误，此为强调句。

精选英文作文高级词汇

精选英文作文高级词汇1. It's undeniable that the rapid development of technology has greatly facilitated our daily lives, making everything more convenient and efficient.2. The issue of climate change has become increasingly urgent, and it's crucial for us to take immediate action to mitigate its impact on the environment.3. The significance of education cannot be overstated, as it plays a pivotal role in shaping individuals and societies, fostering critical thinking and creativity.4. The prevalence of social media has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with others, blurring the boundaries between the virtual and real world.5. The pursuit of happiness is a universal aspiration, yet its definition and attainment vary greatly among different cultures and individuals.6. The concept of diversity is not only about embracing differences in race, ethnicity, and gender, but also about valuing various perspectives and experiences in a globalized world.7. The phenomenon of globalization has interconnected economies and cultures across the world, leading to both opportunities and challenges for nations and individuals.8. The quest for sustainable development requires collective efforts from governments, businesses, and individuals, aiming to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social equity.9. The impact of artificial intelligence on the labor market is a contentious issue, with some arguing that it will create new job opportunities while others fear widespread unemployment.10. The concept of democracy is deeply ingrained in many societies, yet its implementation and effectivenessvary significantly due to historical, cultural, and institutional factors.。

英语作文高级词汇句型

英语作文高级词汇句型Certainly! Here's a compilation of advanced vocabulary and sentence structures that can be used to elevate an English essay:Advanced Vocabulary for English Essays1. Eloquence - the ability to express things clearly and convincingly.2. Ineffable - too great or extreme to be expressed in words.3. Pernicious - causing severe harm or ruin.4. Paradigm - an example or pattern that is followed or imitated.5. Discerning - having good judgment and the ability toidentify and understand the differences between things.6. Aesthetic - relating to the appreciation of beauty or good taste.7. Conundrum - a puzzle or a problem with no obvious solution.8. Inevitable - certain to happen and impossible to prevent.9. Ameliorate - make something bad or unsatisfactory betteror more bearable.10. Catalyst - a person or thing that precipitates an eventor change.Sentence Structures for English Essays1. Complex Sentences - Combine multiple ideas with a varietyof conjunctions and subordinating clauses.- "Although the task was daunting, she approached it with unwavering determination."2. Passive Voice - Use when the action is more important than the doer.- "The painting, believed to be from the Renaissance period, was recently discovered in an attic."3. Balanced Sentences - Create a sense of equilibrium and formality.- "The novel is not only a gripping tale of adventure but also a profound exploration of the human spirit."4. Parallel Structure - Use similar grammatical forms to express related ideas.- "She enjoys reading, writing, and painting, all of which provide her with a sense of fulfillment."5. Emphasis with Cleft Sentences - Highlight a particular part of the sentence.- "It was not the storm, but the calm after it, that brought out the beauty of the landscape."6. Noun Clauses - Use to embed a clause as the subject or object within a sentence.- "What surprised us was the sudden change in the weather."7. Absolute Constructions - Use participles to add detail without a main verb.- "The room filled with laughter, the children playingwith uncontained joy."8. Ellipsis - Omit words that are implied or understood from the context.- "If you can dream it, you can do it."9. Attributive Clauses - Use to modify a noun with a clause. - "The theory, which was proposed by Einstein, has been widely accepted."10. Inversion - Reverse the normal subject-verb order for emphasis or stylistic effect.- "Never before have we witnessed such a dramatic shift in public opinion."Incorporating these advanced vocabulary and sentence structures into your essays can help you express complex ideas more effectively and with greater sophistication. Remember to use them appropriately and in context to ensure your writing remains clear and coherent.。

英语论文常用学术高级词汇

.增补(Addition)in addition另外, furthermore此外, again, also, besides, moreover此外, similarly, finally最后2.比较(Comparison)in the same way, likewise同样地, similarly, equally, in comparison比较起来, just as同样地3.对照(Contrast)whereas然而, in contrast与此相反, on the other hand, instead同样, however然而, nevertheless 然而, unlike, even though即使, on the contrary, while4.因果(Cause and effect)because, because of, for, since, due to, owing to, thanks to, as a result(of), accordingly, hence, so, thus5.强调(Emphasis)certainly, above all, indeed, of course, surely, actually, as a matter of fact, chiefly, especially, pr imarily, in particular, undoubtedly, absolutely, most imprtant6.让步(Concession)although, though, after all, in spite of, nevertheless, still, provided, while it is true....7.例证(Exemplification)for example, for instance, that is, namely, such as, in other words, in this case, by way of illust ration.8.总结(Conclusion)to sum up, to conclude, in a word, in short, in brief, all in all, in all, to put it in a nutshell, in summary9.推断(Inference)therefore, as a result(of), consequently, accordingly, so, otherwise10.时间和空间(Time and space)afterward, after, first, later, then, soon, outside, near, beyound, above, below, on the right(left), in the middle, opposite, in front of11.启承转合1)、启A proverb says...... At present.......As the proverb says.... Currently.....Generally speaking, .... Now,....In general, ..... On the Whole....It is clear that.... Recently.....It is often said that.... Without doubt, .......2)、承First(of all), ...... Moreover, .........Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....In the first place, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, .........Also, ....... Similarly,.........At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize that.....Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......In addition,..... What`s more, ..........In fact........ It can be easily proved that...Meanwhile......3)、转But... Still, ......But the problem is not so simple...There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to....... However,....... To our surprise,..........Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......On the other hand, .......Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel that........Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I think.....4)、合Above all, In brief, ........Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion that........As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......1.individuals,characters替换(people ,persons)2.positive, favorable, rosy (美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstan ding, superior替换good3。

英文学术论文写作常用句型

一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)~~~ the most + 形容词+ 名词+ (that) + 主词+ have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc)Lack of interpersonal skills is one of the most serious defects that we have ever kn own about today’s college stude nts.缺乏人际交往技能是我们迄今所知的当今大学生的最大缺陷。

二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + VNothing is + more + 形容词+ than to + V例句：For parents, nothing is more important than to educate children in a proper way.没有比以一种正确方式教育孩子更重要的事情了。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。

）例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting celebrities’ privacy too much.我们再怎么强调保护名人隐私的也不为过。

四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...）例句：There is no denying that the practical ity of our higher education has gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们高等教育的实用性已经每况愈下。

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①exhibit②illustrate③present④reflect⑤depict⑥…is plot in…⑦describe⑧5. 表示某种掺量。

①high volume fly ash②contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials) ③for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.④…increase the amount of fly ash in concrete⑤as partial cement replacement materials⑥with partial fly ash substitution are incestigated.⑦the dosage of fly ash⑧with a certain amount of fly ash added6. 性能的词汇①mechanical property②transport property③workability④flexibility⑤sustainability⑥serviceability7. 表示测试①examine②8. 表示超过①exceed9. 有关图片或表格的①As seen from Table 2,②The result of…are presented in Table 4.③ A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)④…was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.⑤Sketch of the experimental setup⑥△T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9⑦Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.10. 至于，对于…而言①As for②In the case of…11. 表示比较，对比①The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement.②As compared to…③A…is higher than when it substitutes…④in contrast to…⑤Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens.⑥…is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.⑦The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens.⑧ a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…12. 表示效果更明显①The effect was more pronounced with increas ed…②dominant③have determinant impact on…13. 表示结构或材料致密①matrix densification②pore structure densification③the pore system becomes finer and less connected14. 影响①Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…②…seemed to be insensitive to…③become decisive for the durability of the concrete④The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications. ⑤Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on15. 因此①Consequently,②As a result,16. 表示评价，评估①quantify②evaluate③assess④interpret17. 学科术语（阻抗谱）①impedance response②EIS spetra③electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)④Rct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.（孔特征）①pore structure distribution②total porosity③pore structure④pore network⑤pore walls⑥tortuous pathways（掺合料）①fly ash②slag③silica fume④supplementary cementing materials⑤mineral additives⑥low-and high-calcium fly ash（测试方法）①SEM：Scanning electron micrograph②pigmentation③X-ray diffraction analysis④microscopy observation\⑤ultrasonic speed measurement⑥acoustic emission technique⑦accelerated ageing test（土建工程）①civil infrastructures②wide use in Civil Engineering③historical heritage④masonry structures⑤concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks（测试仪器）①vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table②testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.③the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter（测试试剂）①coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface（操作工艺）①The molds were stripped after 24 hours②Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.③Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard. ④reference specimens⑤Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm⑥One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.⑦the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area of the CFRP sheets.⑧Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHz were mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.⑨Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like (7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).（环境类别）①high atmospheric humidity②sea water③rain water④acid rain⑤exposure to freeze-thaw cycles⑥deteriorating chemicals⑦alkaline environment⑧environmental variables⑨to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions⑩aggressive media/influencesChloride-laden environement（材料性能）①compressive strength-fcb (MPa)②flexural tensile strength-ftb (MPa)③tensile strength-ftf (MPa)④ultimate strain-ε(%)⑤elastic modulus-Ef (GPa)⑥Axial strain⑦lateral strain⑧Young’s modulus⑨Poission’s ratio(材料形状)①the outer concrete layer②“coverconcrete”18. 表示相同①…were nearly same.② A behave like B③ A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).19. 某种程度①the extent of the reduction20. 某些配比①water to binder ratios (W/B)②weight to strength ratio21. 表示抵制①high resistance to②resistance against carbonation22. 方程，公式①in Eq.(1).②Eqs.(2)-(7):23. 参考文献1①this was also confirmed by several studies […]②This result was also confirmed by previous research. ③…, which has been quantified in […].④Similar results were reported by other researchers […] ⑤This is consistent with other reports.⑥Based on the previous studies[…]⑦in the open literature/in previous publications⑧Numerous surveys have indicated that⑨In the study of research⑩from the review of the literature23. 参考文献2①…have been quoted in literature.②In particular there i s also published work about real time monitoring…③Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning the durability ofconcrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.④We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to [7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.⑤In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].⑥Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3]24. 缺陷，缺点，不足①Another explanation for…lies in…②there are certain limitations③they suffer from serious limitations of④When applied to…, limitations include the need to…25. 表示变化①modifications and variations②an altered matrix microstructure③transformations26. 根据…①based on the procedure outlined in […]②procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192③Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards[…]④…are based on the fundamental principle that…27. 情况不同，现象不同①…might have lead to different observations②In the study of research28. 研究意义①The understanding of… is a crucial step.②The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site healthmonitoring of strengthened masonry structures.③…have made FRPs an e fficient solution for strengthening purpose④it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime.⑤NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspection purposes.29. 关系密切，相关性①…is closely related to…②... is closely linked to…③…is connected to…④The correlation between…and…⑤…is correlated to…⑥…is intrinsically dependent on …30. 研究领域的缺乏①efforts in the direction of…are very limited.②Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…③there is no common understanding about the effect of…④Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.⑤Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer. ⑥Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…⑦Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.⑧However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that are inherent in applying the AE technique to the asse ssment of …31. 侵入，渗入①penetration②carbonation propagation③chloride diffusing/contamination32. 如前所述①As aforementioned,②As already specified (stated),33. 建立①establish②construct34. 与…结合①in conjunction with② A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of locating and measuring defects in matwrials.35. 破坏①environmental induced defects②matrix cracking③surface buckling④delamination⑤fibre shear-out⑥fibre rupture/fibre breakage⑦the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner⑧laminate separation⑨fiber pullout36. 期望,需要①It is anticipated that…②There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.37. 后面介绍，随后提及①…is further discussed in the following section.②…, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.③The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.38. 成为一种可能①…have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.39. 特殊混凝土，加固混凝土，特殊材料, 试件①Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)②glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-wrapped concrete column③artificially damaged GFRP-concrete specimens④FRP composite jacketing system⑤plain concrete beam⑥control specimen40. 文章目的①The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened with CFRP sheets using AE techniques.②this study aims to develop a ..41. 世界各地混凝土协会①American Concrete Institute (ACI)②American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)③American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)④Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE)⑤Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)42. 其他①…fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates②…due to both the fulfillment of…③systematic laboratory testing④It is always the case that…⑤service life design句型汇总：1. 分类叙述①The results indicate that: (i)…; (ii)…; (iii)…②The results in SRG-strengthened specimens were equal to 14.4% and 20% for reference and aged specimen, respectively.③It can be observed that the CoV of the reference GFRP-brick specimens is very low, while for the aged specimens this value is larger.④This paper is structured in the following order:2. 越..越…①The larger the size of the aggregate, the more segment the deflection of propagating and the greater the FRP can form.3. 举例子①Once inside, water may alter the properties of the polymer either in a reversible manner, for example by plasticization, or in an irreversible manner, for example by hydroxylation.4. 结合①FRP debonding from masonry substrate can be accompanied by failure of the bricks, debonding in the…, debonding in the…or a combination of these fracture processes.②In most studies mentioned therein, however, AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression.5. 公式含义①Ib=σ+μ （1）Withσ being the standard deviation andμbeing the mean value of the amplitudes of a group of AE hits.6. 观点分歧①With respect to…, the scientific community is divided into two main groups. One group is mainly interested in…The attention of the second group is instead driven towards the…7. 当, 某某条件时①the developed AE model is recommended in cases where matrix cracking is the dominant damage mode. ②The analysis is valid only when: (1)…;(2)…;(3)…; and (4)…8. 解决问题①…has limitations such as… To cover the limitation of…, acoustic emission was introduced to study…9. 应用①The external plating of RC structures with CFRP sheets is now a widely recognized repair and retrofit technique to prolong their service life.10. 鉴于①Standoff methods of damage detection have numerous advantages over contact measurement methods since they allow for measurement of damage in locations that are physically difficult to access, such as high above the ground or over water.精美句子：①Since the high probability of impact-damaging composite materials during manufacture, service and maintenance, it is of paramount importance the knowledge of the impact process and of the material response to such an event. ②Although the respective failure modes are distinguished in state-of-the-art failure criteria (Puck and Schurmann [9]) as being of different severity, model response seems to follow a universe trend, dominated by polymetric matrix failure.③High confinement level is often introduced for column strengthening purposes, should there be a change of functionality or a need to upgrade for seismic counter-measures.④Investigation done by Masuda (2001) on Indian granite and andesite samples employing various displacement rates and confining pressures both in wet and dry specimens indicated that the compressive strength increases in displacement rate and the effect of displacement rate on strength was more apparent on water saturated specimens than dry samples.⑤This technique has been used to assess microscopic damage that is internal to the concrete member and caused by various external loading conditions.⑥Concrete structures shall be designed, constructed and operated in such a way that, under the expected environmental influences, they maintain their safety, serviceability andacceptable appearance during an explicit or implicit period of time without requiring unforeseen high costs for maintenance and repair.⑦the chloride-induced corrosion begins when the chloride concentration at the steel bars exceeds critical chloride content or chloride threshold value thereby destroying the protective layer。