国际学术交流英语课文翻译(课堂PPT)

unwaged work which is less "visible" in physical
and monetary than wage work outside the home.
译文：在家庭内，（这种观念）影响着家庭内部
的分配。如，一个人该得到什么通常是由他的
贡献或者需要来确定的。我们都知道，女性的贡
词汇：unambiguously [ˌʌnæm‘bɪɡjʊrslɪ] adv. 明确地，毫不
含糊地。 ILO 国际劳动组织
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I have also had a longstanding formal association with the ILO. Many of my early pieces on women and technological change and on land rights were published by the ILO, as well as was the work of many other scholars. It is therefore a pleasure for me to be here on this important symposium.
译文：社会准则如同意识形态一样充斥在我们生活的 每一个领域。在南亚，他们明确了合法的财产索求者。 规定了室内外工作各个方面劳工的性别区分，甚至还 规定女性是否应该外出工作，例如，女性隔离标准。 词汇：seclusion [sɪˈkluʒən] n. 隔绝，隔离，隐居
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Social norms can thus severely restrict women's economic options by discouraging them from claiming their inheritance or from taking up jobs, limiting the range of tasks they may perform, defining child care as their duty, restricting their mobility, and so on. Therefore, gender inequality is embedded in social norms and perceptions. Then, how can change be brought about?
this opportunity to be here today, with an organization
which in many ways belongs to all of us workers. I
can think of, in fact, no other international body that
译文： 因此，女性成员通常所得到的较少，因 为她们对家庭的贡献被认为比男性的贡献价值 低。
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Incorrect gender perceptions are also embedded in most public policies. That governments transfer land almost solely to men, has much to do with perception about, rather than the universal fact of, male responsibility and female dependency. Men are often seen as primary bread winners and women at best as helpers.
译文：有这样一种感觉：在一个人实际的能力、贡献 和需要与对这些（内容）的感知之间通常存在着一个 背离。在劳动力市场，性别，如同种族一般，常常决 定了对能力的感知，它会导致歧视性的雇佣和报酬。 词汇： divergence [daɪˈvə:dʒəns] n. 分叉；分歧；背离； 离题
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Within the family perceptions guide intra-family
译文：同样的性别歧视也存在于许许多多的社会保障体 系之中。例如，具有代表性的，在印度的寡妇只要她们 有一个成年的儿子，有时甚至是只要有成年的男性亲属， 即使再贫困也没有获得养老金的权利。在实践中，关于 男性主义的假设往往被证明是错误的。
词汇：destitute [ˈdestɪtu:t] adj. 极度缺乏的；穷困的； altruism n. 利他主义，无私；爱他主义；利人主义
译文：传统上，经济学家很少考虑观念偏见（的作 用），并假定社会规范是外成的。但是，证据表明社 会规范和观念能被群体对准则的质疑及取而代之的游 行所改变。 词汇： exogenous [ekˈsɑ:dʒənəs] adj. 外生的，外成的， 外因的
The canvass of the Symposium is very large. I will focus on one aspect of gender inequality that centrally affects millions of women as workers but perhaps have failed to receive the attention they deserve. That is the inequality about gender-biased social perceptions and social norms.
译文：不正确的性别观念也被嵌入到大多数的公共政策 中。政府转让土地几乎只给男性，对于那样的观念有太 多的（东西）需要去改变，而不是仅仅是男尊女卑的普 遍现实。男性通常被看作是原始的物质胜利者，而女性 只是最好的助手。
词汇：embed in 使牢牢嵌入
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The same is often true of many social security schemes. In India, for instance, typically widows even if destitute are not entitled to a pension if they have an adult son, and sometimes even an adult male relative. In practice, assumptions about male altruism are often proved wrong.
译文：我曾经与国际劳工组织有过长时间的正式联
系。我早期许多关于妇女、科技改变以及土地权利 的作品也是由国际劳工组织出版的，很多其他的学 者也是这样的。因此，我很乐意参加这个重要的学 术会议。 词汇：symposium [sɪmˈpoziəm] n. 专题讨论会，座谈 会，学术报告会；专题论文集；（古希腊）酒宴， 3
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Gender ideology is embedded in social perceptions and social norms. Although difficult to quantity, these can affect economic outcomes for women in virtually every sphere, be it property rights, employment or household allocation.
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Like perception, social norms enter almost every sphere of activity. In South Asia they define the legitimate claimants for property. Everywhere they define the gender division of labour within and outside the home. They may even define whether at all women should work outside the home, such as female seclusion norms.
译文：社会准则严格地限制妇女的经济选择权，通 过阻止女性继承财产的索求或阻止她们从事工作， 限定她们执行工作的范围，规定照顾孩子是她们的 责任，限制她们的流动性等等。因此，性别歧视在 社会准则和社会观念中已根深蒂固，那么这些变化
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Conventionally, economists have taken very little account of perception biases and assume that social norms are exogenous. But evidence suggests that social norms and perceptions can be changed by group challenges to norms, and by demonstrating alternatives.
译文：性别（差异）的意识形态牢牢的植根于社会观 念和社会准则之中。尽管难以计量，但这些实际上在 每一个方面都能影响到女性的经济成果，比如财产所 有权、应聘或者是住房分配。
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Take perceptions: there is often a divergence between a person's actual abilities, contributions and needs, and perceptions about these. In the labour market, gender, like race, often defines perceptions about abilities and can lead to discriminatory hiring and pay practices.
译文：这个会议讨论的（内容）很广泛。我将专注于