词汇学 复习资料
Keys to exercise II (P.81)
1.ad libitum随意,即兴(略作ad lib) Water can be given to the
patients ad lib.
2. ante meridiem上午(略作a.m. )
3. confer 参看(略作cf.)
4. bis in die 一日两次(略作b.i.d )
5. exempli gratia例如(略作e.g. )
6. et cetera 等等(略作etc. )
7. et alii 以及其他人等(=and others) (略作et al. )
8. ad valorem从价的，按价(略作ad val. )
9. Idem同上；同前(略作id. )
10.libra镑(英国货币单位), 磅(古罗马重量单位，约等于12盎司) (略作
lb. )
11. loco citato在上述引用文中(略作loc. cit.或l. c.)
12. post meridiem下午(略作p.m. )
13. secundum依照, 按照(略作sec. )
14. ter in die一日三次(略作t.i.d. )
15. quod vide 见该页(略作q.v. )
16. recipe 处方(略作Rx. )
17. sub voce 在……词下(略作s.v. )
18. ut infra 如下所述(略作u.i.)( as stated or shown below )
19. videlicet 即, 就是说(=namely) (略作viz.)
e.g.Three subjects must be taken, viz., English, mathematics
and history.
20. versus 对(略作vs)
Keys to exercise II (P.83)
1.screamager: screaming teenager
2.bus-napper: bus kidnapper
3.keytainer: key container钥匙夹套
4.sexploitation: sex exploitation(电影等大肆宣扬色情的)性泛滥
5.ballute: balloon-parachute
6.escalift: escalator-lift
7.ruddervator: rudder-elevator
8.transceiver: transmitter-receiver
9.cattalo: cattle-buffalo
10.liger: lion-tiger
11.plumcot:plum-apricot李杏(一种李和杏杂交培植的树及其果实
12.needcessity: need-necessity
13.shamateur: sham amateur冒牌业余选手
14.slanguage: slang language
15.automania: automobile mania恋车癖,对汽车的过分依赖
16.stimulighting: stimulating lighting
17.chunnel: channel tunnel水下隧道，特指英吉利海峡下的隧道
18.daymare: day nightmare
19.nightscaping: night landscaping
20.seavacuation: sea evacuation
21.telegogue: television demagogue
22.bomphlet: bomb pamphlet
23.plastinaut: plastic astronaut
24.bit: binary digit
25.permalloy:permeable alloy透磁合金, 坡莫合金, 镍铁导磁合金
26.positron: positive electron正电子, 阳电
27.privilegentsia: privileged intelligentsia特权阶级
28.spam: spiced ham兜售信息
29.Medicare: medical care
30.submarisle: submarine isle
31.clantastical: clandestine-fantastical
32.alphamerical: alphabetic-numerical
33.respectaburban: respectable-suburban
34.attractivating: attractive-captivating
35.boldacious: bold-audacious
36.fantabulous: fantastic-fabulous
37.solemncholy: solemn-melancholy
38.meld: melt-weld
39.smothercate: smother-suffocate
40.baffound: baffle-confound
词汇学的基本知识
词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。
传热学基本概念知识点
传热学基本概念知识点 1傅里叶定律：单位时间内通过单位截面积所传递的热量，正比例于当地垂直于截面方向上的温度变化率 2集总参数法：忽略物体内部导热热阻的简化分析方法 3临界热通量：又称为临界热流密度，是大容器饱和沸腾中的热流密度的峰值 5效能：表示换热器的实际换热效果与最大可能的换热效果之比 6对流换热是怎样的过程，热量如何传递的？对流：指流体各部分之间发生相对位移，冷热流体相互掺混所引起的热量传递方式。对流仅能发生在流体中，而且必然伴随有导热现象。对流两大类：自然对流与强制对流。 影响换热系数因素：流体的物性，换热表面的形状与布置，流速 7何谓膜状凝结过程，不凝结气体是如何影响凝结换热过程的？ 蒸汽与低于饱和温度的壁面接触时，如果凝结液体能很好的润湿壁面，它就在壁面上铺展成膜，这种凝结形式称为膜状凝结。 不凝结气体对凝结换热过程的影响：在靠近液膜表面的蒸气侧，随着蒸气的凝结，蒸气分压力减小而不凝结气体的分压力增大。蒸气在抵达液膜表面进行凝结前，必须以扩散方式穿过聚集在界面附近的不凝结气体层。因此，不凝结气体层的存在增加了传递过程的阻力。 8试以导热系数为定值，原来处于室温的无限大平壁因其一表面温度突然升高为某一定值而发生非稳态导热过程为例，说明过程中平壁内
部温度变化的情况，着重指出几个典型阶段。 首先是平壁中紧挨高温表面部分的温度很快上升，而其余部分则仍保持原来的温度，随着时间的推移，温度上升所波及的范围不断扩大，经历了一段时间后，平壁的其他部分的温度也缓慢上升。 主要分为两个阶段：非正规状况阶段和正规状况阶段 9灰体有什么主要特征？灰体的吸收率与哪些因素有关？ 灰体的主要特征是光谱吸收比与波长无关。灰体的吸收率恒等于同温度下的发射率，影响因素有：物体种类、表面温度和表面状况。 10气体与一般固体比较其辐射特性有什么主要差别？ 气体辐射的主要特点是：（1）气体辐射对波长有选择性（2）气体辐射和吸收是在整个容积中进行的 11说明平均传热温压得意义，在纯逆流或顺流时计算方法上有什么差别？ 平均传热温压就是在利用传热传热方程式来计算整个传热面上的热流量时，需要用到的整个传热面积上的平均温差。 纯顺流和纯逆流时都可按对数平均温差计算式计算，只是取值有所不同。 12边界层，边界层理论 边界层理论：（1）流场可划分为主流区和边界层区。只有在边界层区考虑粘性对流动的影响，在主流区可视作理想流体流动。（2）边界层厚度远小于壁面尺寸（3）边界层内流动状态分为层流与湍流，湍流边界层内紧靠壁面处仍有层流底层。
词汇学复习重点
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
2011同等学力英语词汇班英语讲义
2011年同等学力英语词汇班讲义一、英语核心词汇 A absence access account achievement absorb accept accident amuse argue accompany accurate acquire abuse accomplish accuse aspect academic accordingly accustomed adapt addition adjust adopt advantage advance advisable affect afford annual announce alike allowance alter amaze amount annoy anxiety apparent appeal appear apply appointment appreciate approach appropriate approve arise arouse arrest artificial assemble asset assess assert assume assure athlete atmosphere attach attack alarm attend attitude attract attribute audience authority available avoid award aware awful awkward arrange associate astonish approximate analyze ancient ambition apology average attempt ashamed B bacteria baggage balance bankrupt bare barely bargain barrier beam behalf benefit besides bitter blank blast boast bold boom boost boring bound breed brilliant budget bump bunch bundle burden burst bachelor battle bear beyond blame band block blast bother brand brief bulk C campaign cancel capable capacity capital cash casual cause capture calculate central challenge
传热学考研知识点总结 (1)
传热学考研知识点总结 对流换热是怎样的过程,热量如何传递的?如下是小编整理的传 热学考研知识点总结，希望对你有所帮助。 传热学考研知识点总结§1-1 “三个W” §1-2 热量传递的三种基本方式§1-3 传热过程和传热系数 要求：通过本章的学习，读者应对热量传递的三种基本方式、传热过程及热阻的概念有所了解，并能进行简单的计算，能对工程实际中简单的传热问题进行分析。作为绪论，本章对全书的主要内容作了初步概括但没有深化，具体更深入的讨论在随后的章节中体现。本 章重点： 1.传热学研究的基本问题物体内部温度分布的计算方法热量 的传递速率增强或削弱热传递速率的方法 2.热量传递的三种基本方 式 (1).导热：依靠微观粒子的热运动而产生的热量传递。传热学重点研究的是在宏观温差作用下所发生的热量传递。傅立叶导热公式： (2).对流换热：当流体流过物体表面时所发生的热量传递过程。牛顿冷却公式： (3).辐射换热：任何一个处于绝对零度以上的物体都具有发射热辐射和吸收热辐射的能力，辐射换热就是这两个过程共同作用的结果。由于电磁波只能直线传播，所以只有两个物体相互看得见的部分才能发生辐射换热。黑体热辐射公式：实际物体热辐射：
传热过程及传热系数：热量从固壁一侧的流体通过固壁传向另一侧流体的过程。最简单的传热过程由三个环节串联组成。 传热学研究的基础 傅立叶定律 能量守恒定律+ 牛顿冷却公式 + 质量动量守恒定律四次方定律本章难点 1.对三种传热形式关系的理解各种方式热量传递的机理不同，但却可以同时存在于一个传热现象中。 2.热阻概念的理解严格讲热阻只适用于一维热量传递过程，且在传递过程中热量不能有任何形式的损耗。 思考题： 1.冬天经太阳晒过的棉被盖起来很暖和，经过拍打以后，效果更加明显。为什么？ 2.试分析室内暖气片的散热过程。 3.冬天住在新建的居民楼比住旧楼房感觉更冷。试用传热学观点解释原因。 4.从教材表1-1给出的几种h数值，你可以得到什么结论？ 5.夏天，有两个完全相同的液氮贮存容器放在一起，一个表面已结霜，另一个则没有。请问哪个容器的隔热性能更好，为什么? §2-1 导热的基本概念和定律§2-2 导热微分方程§2-3 一维稳态导热 §2-4伸展体的一维稳态导热
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
词汇学复习整理
Chapter 1 LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words. Chapter 2 1.The history of English language History of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present). 2.Classification of English words English words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion. By origin Native words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English) Loan words (borrowed) By level of usage: 5 categories Standard/ popular word/ common words Literary words Colloquial words Slang words Technical words By notion Content words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb. Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers. Pick up the slang words and explain. 1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no) 2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars) 3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense) 4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb. repeatedly) 5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country) 6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense) Chapter 3 Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy. Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine. Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.
词汇学知识点总结
Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构 Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义) Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world. Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n.认识；知识；认识能力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference) Motivation (词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning. Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises. Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined. 很多合成词和派生词都是这类， Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.( 由字面义派生出来的引申 义) Etymological motivation (词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word. associative meaning 关联意义 Lexical meaning 词汇意义 Types of Meaning conceptual /denotative meaning 词义的分类概念意义 Grammatical meaning 语法意义directly to their origins. In other connotative meaning 内涵意义 stylistic meaning 文体意义 affective meaning 感情意义 collocative meaning 搭配意义 Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships. Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning( 外延意义 ), is the meaning given in the dictionary and
中考英语一轮复习A开头词汇一讲义
中考一轮复习A 开头词汇（一）（讲义）??以字母 A 开头的单词 a (an) /?/ /?n/ art.一(个、件……) big mouth half hour a 用在前, an 用在前 a pair of… a set of… a symbol of… a waste of… 6:45： 玩得愉快： 结果： able /'eibl/ adj. 能够；有能力的 be able to I haven’t been able to speak Japanese. 名词形式： be able to do sth. = ：有能力做某事 -able: comfortable knowledgeable believable loveable washable about /?'ba?t/ prep. 对于，关于；在……周围；围绕 adv. / adj.大约；到处；四处 动词+about： hear about worry about be serious about How/What+about（）： How/What about (have) a drink with me after class?be about to do sth. Sit down everyone, the film is about to start. above /?'b?v/ prep. 在……之上；超过 adv. 在上面 Raise your arms above your head. The temperature above 37℃… Children above 10… For the above reasons,… 尤其是；最重要的是 Max is fair, hardworking and above all honest.
英语词汇学基本概念汇总
《英语词汇学》重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has