美国文学史第二讲--浪漫主义时期
美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学
美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学美国文学之二：美国浪漫主义文学在殖民地时期，美国文学基本上扮演着欧洲文学附庸的角色。
经过1775至1783年的战争，美国摆脱了英国的殖民统治而宣告独立。
独立的国家在呼唤着独立的民族文学。
因此，进入19世纪之后，伴随着整个社会政治、经济、文化的全面发展，美国民族文学破土而出，并很快就达到了繁荣发展的第一个高峰期。
这一阶段的美国民族文学，从新大陆蓬勃向上的资本主义社会现实中汲取了充沛的热情和理想，与浪漫主义的基本精神正相吻合，故而十分自然地汇入了席卷西方的浪漫主义文学潮流之中。
30年代以前，是美国浪漫主义文学发展的前期。
从这时开始，美国形成了比较成熟的民族文学，并逐渐产生了世界性的影响。
散文作家欧文和小说家库珀，同被视为美国民族文学的奠基者。
他们以生动的民族语言表现地道的民族题材，显示了鲜明的民族风格。
欧文的散文故事集《见闻札纪》使一贯自大的欧洲人对美国文学不得不刮目相看。
库珀的长篇小说更是" 纯粹美国式" 的。
他的" 皮袜子故事" 五部曲和《舵手》、《间谍》等作品，分别为美国文学开创了边疆生活小说、航海冒险小说、革命历史小说三种类型。
此外，诗人威廉.柯伦.布莱恩特(1794-1878)也为美国民族诗歌的诞生，作出了积极的贡献。
他在1821年出版了《诗选》，将美国乡土的自然景色融入优美的诗句，并借此表达了对美好、和谐生活的由衷向往。
30年代以后，美国浪漫主义文学转入了发展的后期。
与前期相比，其理论上更为成熟，创作上的成就也更为卓著。
由散文作家爱默生等人倡导的超验主义学说，构成了后期浪漫主义的重要理论基石。
超验主义在当时集中代表了文化领域中思想解放的时代要求。
它充分肯定人的自我价值，肯定人与真理沟通的直接性，从而具有反对宗教、反对权威、反对传统的特殊意义。
爱默生在《论自然》等著作中，对超验主义做了精辟的阐发。
超验主义以其强大的思想魅力，将散文作家梭罗(1817-1862)以及杰出的小说家霍桑和麦尔维尔都吸引到了自己的旗帜之下。
美国文学史2RomanticismandEmerson.ppt
Lecture 3
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803—1882):
-- denoting “whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought”
-- பைடு நூலகம்merson said, Transcendentalism means idealism.
Lecture 3
What is Transcendentalism?
Lecture 3
a period of the discussion of social issues: a. the woman’s issue b. slavery
Lecture 3
American Romanticism: “… romanticism remained one of the glories of
American Romanticism (1800—1850s)
Lecture 3
Historical Background:
• 1812, war with Britain • 1830s, a series of wars against native Americans • 1846—1848, war against Mexico • 1848, discovery of gold in California, thus the Gold Rush • 1859, first oil well drilled in Pennsylvania • 1861—1865, Civil War • 1869, the first transcontinental railway constructed
TheRomanticPeriodLecture美国文学浪漫主义时期
TheRomanticPeriodLecture美国文学浪漫主义时期Lecture 2 The Romantic Period (1800-1865)1. What is Puritanism?2 What is “original sin”?Original sin: the tendency to evil supposedly innate in all human beings, held to be inherited from Adam in consequence of the Fall. The concept of original sin was established by the writings of St. Augustine.3 What are major works by Franklin?(1)Poor Richard’s Almanac(2)Autobiography（1）Franklin's Poor Richard's Almanack, begun in 1732 and published for many years, made Franklin prosperous and well-known throughout the colonies. In this annual book of useful encouragement, advice, and factual information, amusing characters such as old Father Abraham and Poor Richard exhort 劝告the reader in pithy精练的, memorable sayings.In "The Way to Wealth," which originally appeared in the Almanack, Father Abraham,"a plain clean old Man, with white Locks," quotes Poor Richard at length."A Word to the Wise is enough,"he says. "God helps them that help themselves.""Early to Bed, and early to rise, makes a Man healthy, wealthy, and wise." Poor Richard is a psychologist ("Industry pays Debts, while Despair encreaseth them"),and he always counsels hard work ("Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck").Do not be lazy, he advises, for "One To-day is worth two tomorrow." Sometimes he creates anecdotes to illustrate hispoints: "A little Neglect may breed great Mischief....For want of a Nail the Shoe was lost; for want of a Shoe the Horse was lost; and for want of a Horse the Rider was lost, being overtaken and slain by the Enemy, all for want of Care about a Horse-shoe Nail." Franklin was a genius at compressing a moral point: "What maintains one Vice, would bring up two Children." "A small leak will sink a great Ship." "Fools make Feasts, and wise Men eat them."（2）Franklin's Autobiography is, in part, another self-help book. Written to advise his son, it covers only the early years. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-improvement. Franklin lists 13 virtues: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and humility. He elaborates on each with a maxim; for example, the temperance maxim is "Eat not to Dullness. Drink not to Elevation."A pragmatic实用主义的scientist, Franklin put the idea of perfectibility to the test, using himself as the experimental subject.Romantic Period1． Brief Introduction 2. Early Romantic Period3 .Summit of Romanticism – American Transcendentalism超自然论，超越主义4. Late Romanticism5. Romantic PoetsDuring the Revolutionary Age,1765-1790, some of the greatest documents of American history wereauthored.In 1776, Thomas Paine authored Common Sense and Thomas Jefferson wrote The Declaration of Independence.In 1781, The Articles of Confederation were ratified.Between 1787 and 1788, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote The Federalist Papers. Finally, in 1787, The Constitution of the United States was drafted and in 1789 it was ratified.（2）The Early National Period of American Literature saw the beginnings of literature that could be truly identified as "American". The writers of this new American literature wrote in the English style, but the settings, themes, and characters人物角色were authentically American. In addition, poets of this time wrote poetry that was relatively independent of English precursors先驱者. Three of the most recognized writers of this time areWashington Irving华盛顿·欧文, James Fenimore Cooper库柏, and Edgar Allan Poe.埃德加·爱伦·坡（女The period1828-1865in American Literature is commonly identified as the Romantic Period in America, but may also be referred to as the American Renaissance or the Age of Transcendentalism超自然论. The writers of this period produced works of originality and excellence that helped shape the ideas, ideals, and literary aims of many American writers. Writers of the American RomanticPeriod includeRalph Waldo Emerson,拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生Henry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗, Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·爱伦·坡, Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔, Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑, Harriet Beecher Stowe哈里特·比彻·斯托,Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹渥斯·朗费罗,Emily Dickinson艾米莉·迪金森, and Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼.Elements of Romanticism1. Frontier: vast expanse, freedom, no geographic limitations.2. Optimism: greater than in Europe because of the presence of frontier.3. Experimentation: in science, in institutions.4. Mingling of races: immigrants in large numbers arrive to the US.5. Growth of industrialization: polarization 两级分化of north and south; north becomes industrialized, south remains agricultural.Romantic Subject Matter主题1. The quest for beauty: non-didactic, "pure beauty."2. The use of the far-away and non-normal - antique and fanciful:a. In historical perspective历史展望: antiquarianism古物研究; antiquing or artificially aging; interest in the past.b. Characterization and mood: grotesque奇异风格, Gothicism 哥特式风格, sense of terror, fear; use of the odd and queer同性恋者3. Escapism空想；逃避主义 - from American problems.4. Interest in external nature - for itself, for beauty:a. Nature as source for the knowledge of the primitive.b. Nature as refuge. 避难所c. Nature as revelation of God to the individual.Romantic Attitudes态度，看法1. Appeals to imagination; use of the "willing suspension of disbelief."2. Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. 亲切，温暖舒适3. Subjectivity. 主观性，主观: in form and meaning.Romantic Techniques技术1. Remoteness of settings in time and space.2. Improbable plots.3. Inadequate不充分的，不适当的or unlikely characterization.4. Authorial subjectivity.5. Socially "harmful morality;" a world of "lies."(Compare the above with Realistic T echniques.)6. Organic principle in writing: form rises out of content, non-formal.7. Experimentation in new forms: picking up and using obsolete patterns. 废弃的；老式的8. Cultivation of the individualized, subjective formPhilosophical Patterns哲学的模式1.Nineteenth century marked by the influence of French revolution of 1789and its concepts of liberty自由, fraternity友爱, equality平等:a. Jacksonian democracy杰克逊民主 of the frontier. (Andrew Jackson on the Web)b. Intellectual and spiritual revolution - rise of Unitarianism 政府集权制.c. Middle colonies - utopian experiments like New Harmony, Nashoba,Fourierism傅立叶主义, and the Icarian community.2. America basically middle-class and English - practicing laissez-faire放任政策；不干涉主义(live and let live), modified because of geographical expansion and the need for subsidies forsetting up industries, building of railroads, and others.2.Institution of slavery in the South - myth of the master and slave - WilliamGilmore Simms' modified references to Greek democracy (Pericles' Athens which was based on a slave proletariat, but provided order, welfare and security for all) as a way of maintaing slavery1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?(1) An approach from ancient Greek: Plato 柏拉图(2) A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)Characteristics of romanticism1. Subjectivity 主观性，主观(1) Feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) Emphasis on imagination(3) Emphasis on individualism – personal freedom, no hero worship,Natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules 自然的，无限制的，放纵的(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language通俗语(4) Freedom of imagination(5) Genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau卢梭)American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement浪漫主义运动 in European countriesDerivative衍生物，派生物– foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of“a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1. Several names attached to Irving(1) First American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus 克里斯多弗·哥伦布（意大利航海家）(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada 格拉纳达（西班牙格拉纳达省会）(5) The Alhambra 阿罕布拉（美国加利福尼亚州的一个城市）；阿尔罕布拉宫（西班牙格拉纳达的摩尔人王宫）Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US2. style – beautiful(1) gentility文雅, urbanity都市风格；雅致, pleasantness 愉快(2) avoiding moralizing 说教– amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true characters(5) humour – smiling while reading(6) musical languageJames Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲(his masterpiece, a series of five novels) The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫希干人, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of view 观点立场the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat贵族vs. democrat民主主义者, natural rights vs. legal rights法定权利4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales 故事(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative 保守派，守旧者(5) characterization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5 .literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, then Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales皮袜子五部曲effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into the West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to American literature.2. Summit of Romanticism – American TranscendentalismI. Background: four sources1. Unitarianism 政府集权制(1) Fatherhood of God(2) Brotherhood of men(3) Leadership of Jesus(4) Salvation by character (perfection of one’s character)(5) Continued progress of mankind(6) Divinity of mankind(7) Depravity 神；神性；神学of mankind2. Romantic IdealismCenter of the world is spirit, absolute spirit (Kant)3. Oriental mysticismCenter of the world is “oversoul”超灵 ,上帝4. PuritanismEloquent expression in transcendentalismI. Appearance1836, “Nature” by Emerson ,爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson 美国思想家，诗人）II. Features1. spirit/oversoul 超灵；大灵2. importance of individualism3. nature – symbol of spirit/Godgarment of the oversoul4. focus in intuition直觉(irrationalism非理性主义and subconsciousness潜意识) III. Influence1. It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2. It advocated提倡idealism唯心主义，理想主义t hat was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.3. It helped to create the first American renaissance复兴–one of the most prolific period in American literature.Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生（美国作家）1. life2. works(1) Nature(2) Two essays: The American Scholar, The Poet3. point of view(1) One major element of his philosophy哲学；哲理；人生is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”超灵.(2) He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying moralinfluence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual andimmanent God in nature.(3) If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become betterand even perfect. This iswhat Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.(4) Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.aesthetic ideas 美的；美学的(1) He is a complete man, an eternal man.(2) True poetry and true art should ennoble授予爵位.(3) The poet should express his thought in symbols.(4) As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America which was to him a lone poem in itself.2. his influenceHenry David Thoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗（美国作家及自然主义者）1. life2. works(1) A Week on the Concord and Merrimack River(2) Walden 瓦尔登湖(3) A Plea for John Brown (an essay)3. point of view(1) He did not like the way a materialistic 唯物主义的；唯物论的America was developing and was vehemently 激烈地outspoken on the point.(2) He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system. ?(3) Like Emerson, but more than him, Thoreau saw nature as a genuine restorative, healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.(4) He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.(5) He was very critical of modern civilization.(6) “Simplicity…simplify!”(7) He was sorely disgusted with厌恶“the inundations of thedirty institutions of men’s odd-fe llow society”.(8) He has calm trust in the future and his ardent belief in a new generation of men.3 Late RomanticismI. Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1. life2. works(1) Two collections of short stories: Twice-told Tales, Mosses from and Old Manse(2) The Scarlet Letter 红字，红色禁恋(3) The House of the Seven Gables(4) The Marble Faun3. point of view(1) Evil is at the core of human life, “that blackness in Hawthorne”(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation (causality).(3) He is of the opinion that evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science.aesthetic ideas美的；美学的；审美的(1) He took a great interest in history and antiquity. To him these furnish the soil on which his mind grows to fruition.(2) He was convinced that romance was the predestined注定的form of American narrative. T o tell the truth说实话and satirize 写讽刺作品and yet not to offend冒犯: That was what Hawthorne had in mind to achieve.2. style – typical romantic writer(1) the use of symbols(2) revelation启示of characters’ psychology(3) the use of supernatural mixed with the actual(4) his stories are parable寓言 (parable inform) – to teach a lesson(5) use of ambiguity to keep the reader in the world of uncertainty –multiple point of viewHerman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔（美国作家1. life2. works(1) Typee(2) Omio(3) Mardi(4) Redburn(5) White Jacket(6) Moby Dick 白鲸记(7) Pierre(8) Billy Budd3. point of view(1) He never seems able to say an affirmative肯定的，积极的yes to life: His is the attitude of “Everlasting Nay不”(negative attitude towards life).(2) One of the major themes of his is alienation异化；疏远(far away from each other). Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism (individualism causing disaster and death), rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19c idea of progress. 4 .h style(1) Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.(2) He tends to write periodic定期 chapters.(3) His rich rhythmical有韵律的prose and his poetic powerhave been profusely commented upon and praised.(4) His works are symbolic and metaphorical.(5) He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)Romantic PoetsI. Walt Whitman惠特曼1. life2. work: Leaves of Grass草叶集 (9 editions)(1) Song of Myself(2) There Was a Child Went Forth(3) Crossing Brooklyn Ferry(4) Democratic Vistas(5) Passage to India(6) Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking1. themes –“Catalogue of American and European thought”He had been influenced by many American and European thoughts: enlightenment启蒙运动, idealism唯心主义，理想主义, transcendentalism超越论, science, evolution ideas, western frontier spirits, Jefferson’s individualism, Civil War Unionism, Orientalism.Major themes in his poems (almost everything):equality of things and beingsdivinity of everythingimmanence of Goddemocracy民主evolution of cosmos 大波斯菊？multiplicity of natureself-reliant spirit自力更生death, beauty of deathexpansion of Americabrotherhood and social solidarity (unity of nations in the world)pursuit of love and happiness4 style: “free verse”(1) no fixed rhyme or scheme(2) parallelism, a rhythm节奏；韵律of thought(3) phonetic recurrence(4) the habit of using snapshots(5) the use of a certain pronoun “I”(6) a looser and more open-ended syntactic structure(7) use of conventional image(8) strong tendency to use oral English(9) vocabulary –powerful, colourful, rarely used words of foreign origins,some even wrong(10) sentences –catalogue technique: long list of names, long poem linesinfluence(1) His best work has become part of the common property of Western culture.(2) He took over Whitman’s vision of the poet-prophet and poet-teacher and recast it in a more sophisticated and Europeanized mood. 使具有欧洲风味(3) He has been compared to a mountain in American literary history.(4) Contemporary American poetry, whatever school or form, bears witness to his great influence.。
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学
美国文学史浪漫主义时期文学摘要：浪漫主义时期是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一。
当美国人在大刀阔斧地建设自己的国家时，也开始逐渐意识到逐渐与欧洲的不同。
随着不断增强的民族主义意识及民族自豪感，美国人开始希望见到自己的不同与欧洲模式，能表达他们字的美国风情的文学。
这个时代伟大的作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。
随后美国文学进入了超验主义时代。
超验主义十分强调个人主义、自立、拒绝传统权威思想。
它实际上是对浪漫主义的发展。
然后，美国的国家自信心受到了内战的动摇。
内战过后，美国处在迷茫中。
在1900年前后这段时期的文学由于美国国内环境的变化而由浪漫主义和超验主义乐观精神转向对社会和人类本质更直接的探讨。
从某种角度，现实主义反对浪漫主义的理想主义和怀旧情绪。
它主要关注中下层人民的日常生活，而在这种情况下人物性格是社会因素作用的结果，环境是整个事件发展不可分割的部分。
关键词：美国文学史；浪漫主义；文学特点The Romantic Period Literature in the history of AmericanLiteratureAbstract: Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Later，American literature came to Transcendentalism Period which emphasized individualism, self-reliance, and rejection of tradition authority. It was actually greatly influenced by romanticism. However, the country’s confidence was waved by the Civil War. After the war, Americans got lost. At about 1900s, American literature came to another entirely different age—the age of Realism. Realists searched for the social and human nature more directly. In part, Realism was a reaction against the Romantic emphasis on the strange, idealistic, and long-ago and far-away. It has been chiefly concerned with the commonplaces of everyday life among the middle and lower classes where character is a product of social factors and environment is the integral element in the dramatic complications.Keywords: American Literature History; Romanticism; Literary characteristics1、American RomanticismRomanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil.1.1The unique characteristics of American RomanticismAlthough greatly influenced by their English counterparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams.and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesserwriters.historical reasonsWith the independence of the United States of America, political autonomy, the rise of the economy, and cultural independence, the largest land expansion in American history began during the Romantic period of the United States. As of 1860, the Civil War began, the territory of the United States extended to the western coast of the Pacific Ocean. No one could have predicted the middle of 19th century. The United States expanded from just 13 states in her early days to 21, with a nearly eightfold increase in the number of citizens from 4 million in 1790 to 1860. The total population of the country reached 30 million. At that time, the European bourgeois revolution and technological revolutionThe influence of life, this young country has experienced the rapid industrialization of baptism, the affected area in addition to the United States at each city area, including the vast rural areas. Whether industrial or agricultural development are the extensive use of the steam engine, in the vast continent of the United States, many factories such as a large number of factories set up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain, the establishment of the inevitable with the demand for labor force increase, at the same time, when the United States appeared a lot of new inventions, these results quickly applied to the life, the production efficiency is greatly improved. In the romantic period, along with the rapid development of American politics, economy, culture, more and more around the worldImmigrants come to the United States, provide good human resources the arrival of immigrants to the industrial and agricultural development.epilogueThe peak period of Romanticism in American literature was the transcendentalism which appeared later.The concept of transcendentalism was first put forward by the New England Transcendentalism Club in 1830s.For the people of the New World,the idea was gradually accepted by American culture,the two most important writers were Emerson and Thoreau.They are regarded as the archetypal figures of American transcendentalism.Their works play an important role in thespiritual independence of American literature.Transcendentalism emphasizes the help of heaven to help the self-help.Strive to achieve the goal of self-improvement.Two other important writers,Hawthorne and Melvil,insisted on the original sin in the period of the moralism.They believed that only through moral constraints could human nature be promoted.reference documentation[1]Leslie A Fiedler. Love and Death in the merican Novel [M]. Harmondswort: Penguin Books, 1984.[2]Zhang Deming . Huckleberry. Adventures > and adult ceremony [J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 1999. (4):91-97.[3]Jung .C.G.Conception of Collective unconsciousness [A] .trans by Wang Ai, selected by Ye Shuxian. Myth-archetypal criticism [C] .Xi 'an: Shaanxi normal University Press, 1987.101.[4]Bakhtin. Theory of novels [M] .translated by Bai Chunren, Xiao he .Shijiazhuang: Hebei Education Press, 1998.。
美国文学第二章浪漫主义PPT课件
2) Vivid and true characters 3) Finished and musical language 4) Strong sense of humor 5) Never shocking but a bit sentimental at
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>> Irving’s Writing style:
Vivid, memorable characters,
Detailed, insightful description of American scenery, traditions and cultures,
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To sum up:
As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. However, it was in essence the expression of “ a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “ the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
>>At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England”.
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美国文学历史简析
美国文学历史简析【摘要】浪漫主义时期是美国文学历史上最重要的时期，当美国人建设他们的国家，他们也从欧洲同行们开始意识到他们之间的分歧。
他们希望看到一个完全不同的文学模型，表达了那个时代的美国文化。
之后，美国文学来到先验论的时期，强调个人主义，自力更生，拒绝传统权威。
它实际上是受到浪漫主义的影响。
然而，美国的信心被内战打乱。
战争结束后，美国人陷入了迷茫。
在20世纪90年代，美国文学的时代来到了另一个完全不同的时代——现实主义时代。
在某种程度上，现实主义是一种反对浪漫主义的论调。
它主要关心的是日常生活中的小角色，角色是社会因素和环境的产物。
1910年和1930年之间的时期被称为现代主义的时代，现代机械改变了日常生活。
在20世纪初，很多艺术家和作家，改造传统的艺术形式，并试图找到全新的审美。
在此期间，大量的艺术家和文学运动完全不同于19世纪的，风格、形式和内容。
【关键词】美国文学浪漫主义新英格兰先验论现实主义现代主义一、美国浪漫主义浪漫主义指的是一种艺术和文化运动，起源于欧洲的18世纪晚期，以提高对自然的兴趣，强调个人的情感和想象力，远离形式的古典主义，反抗社会规则和约定。
浪漫主义时期的美国文学从18世纪末延伸至内战爆发，这是一个向西扩张的时代，越来越多的人关注奴隶制问题，南北方产生了巨大的分歧。
在文学上，它是美国第一个伟大的创造性的时期，全面开花的浪漫主义浮现在美国本土之上。
（一）美国浪漫主义的特点虽然受到英国的极大影响，美国浪漫主义作家说他们在作品方面却有自己的特点。
例如：渴望逃离社会，回归自然成为美国文学的一个永久的主题。
这种欲望在库珀的皮袜子故事集尤其明显，在梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》，马克·吐温的《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》都有表现。
与美国民族意识的增长，美国的地方语言出现在诗歌和小说越来越频繁。
（二）代表作家和他们的作品华盛顿·欧文（1783 - 1859）是美国第一个讲故事的人，是世界公认的美国浪漫主义的第一个伟大的散文大师，他的风格注定会成为一个未来的主流叙事散文的典范。
美国文学史浪漫主义二
the Puritan Past – The Scarlet Letter (1850) – raises the question of whether Hester and her lover Dimmesdale were really sinful
the psychology of his characters, secret guilt, problem, pride, envy, or the desire for revenge
Nathaniel Hawthorne (18041864)
Mad Scientist story -- “The Birthmark” (1843), “Rappaccini’s Daughter” (1844)
--- Ann Hibbins
Major Works
The Scarlet Letter The House of the Seven Gables The Blithedale Romance The Marble Faun
“Young Goodman Brown” “The Minister’s Black Veil” “The Birth Mark”
Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress (1678) and the medieval morality play Everyman.
Salem Witch Trial(1692)
"Examination of a Witch"
“I am no witch. I am innocent. I know nothing of it.”
美国文学浪漫主义时期
美国文学浪漫主义时期美国文学浪漫主义时期浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末,到内战爆发为止,是美国文学史上最重要的时期。
华盛顿·欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端,惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
浪漫主义时期的文学是美国文学的繁荣时期,所以也称为"美国的文艺复兴。
"美国社会的发展哺育了"一个伟大民族的文学"。
年轻的美国没有历史的沉重包袱,很快在政治、经济和文化方面成长为一个独立的国家。
这一时期也是美国历史上西部扩张时期,到1860年领土已开拓到太平洋西岸。
到十九世纪中叶,美国已由原来的十三个州扩大到二十一个州,人口从1790年的四百万增至1860年的三千万。
在经济上,年轻的美国经历向工业的转化,影响所及不仅仅是城市,而且也包括农村。
蒸汽动力在工、农业生产上的运用、工厂的建立、劳动力的大量需求以及科技上的发明创造使经济生活得到了重组。
另外,大量移民促进了工业更加蓬勃的发展。
政治上,民主与平等成为这个年轻国家的理想,产生了两党制。
值得一提的是这个国家的文学和文化生活。
随着独立的美国政府的成立,美国人民已感到需要有美国文学,表达美国人民所特有的经历:早期清教徒的殖民,与印第安人的遭遇,边疆开发者的生活以及西部荒原等。
这个年轻国家的文学富有想象,已产生了一种文学环境。
报刊杂志如雨后春笋,出现了一大批文学读者,形成了十九世纪上半叶蓬勃的浪漫主义的文学思潮。
外国的,尤其是英国的文学大师对美国作家产生了重大影响。
美国作家由于秉承了与英国一样的文化传统,形成了同英国一样的浪漫主义风格。
欧文(Irving)、库柏(Cooper),坡(Poe),弗伦诺(Freneau)和布雷恩特(Bryant)一一反古典主义时期的文学样式和文学思潮,开创了较新的小说和诗歌形式。
这一时期大多数美国文学作品中,普遍强调文学的想象力和情感因素,注重生动的描写、异国情调的表达、感官的体会和对超自然力的描述。
概述美国浪漫主义文学
概述美国浪漫主义文学经历了独立战争、南北战争的美国，到19世纪末，已完成了向帝国主义的过渡。
1．浪漫主义文学19世纪初，美国希望通过浪漫主义文学的努力建立民族文学，开始了约半个多世纪的浪漫主义运动，一般以1829年为界分为前后两期。
（1）前期浪漫主义①欧文有“美国文学之父”之称，他的代表作是一部包括散文、随感、故事等在内的《见闻札记》，其中最著名的是《隔普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷的传说》等短篇小说。
②詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀因创作了一批“纯粹美国式”的长篇小说而在文学史上占据重要地位。
他开创了美国文学史上三种不同的小说形式，即以《间谍》为代表的革命历史小说，以《开拓者》为代表的边疆题材小说和以《水手》为代表的航海生活小说。
（2）后期浪漫主义①以超验主义为思想基础的后期浪漫主义文学的出现，标志着美国文学逐步进入了成熟阶段。
宣扬人的本性、人的智慧和创造力、人的个人意志和绝对自由，是后期浪漫主义的基本内容。
②后期浪漫主义在理论和创作上的最早代表是拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生，影响最大的浪漫主义小说家是纳撒尼尔·霍桑。
霍桑的思想偏于保守，常以抽象的善恶观点来观察分析社会现象，长篇小说《红字》被认为是他的代表作。
③朗费罗，是浪漫主义诗歌的代表。
19世纪最杰出的民主诗人惠特曼的诗作的出现，代表着浪漫主义文学的最高成就，也使美国文学真正获得了世界性的声誉。
2．现实主义文学现实主义文学在反对南方蓄奴制的斗争中形成的废奴文学，对残酷反动的蓄奴制进行了深刻的揭露和批判，表现了强烈的民主倾向，这方面的重要作品有理查·希尔德烈斯的《白奴》和哈里叶特·比彻·斯托夫人的《汤姆大伯的小屋》。
3．象征主义文学（1）南方作家艾德加·爱伦·坡是象征主义文学的鼻祖。
（2）他把创作视为脱离现实和超感觉的纯粹主观思维的过程，提倡“纯艺术”、“纯诗歌”。
American Romanticism.ppt
1.背景 2.时期 3.特点 4.代表作家及其作品 5.对中国文人的影响
1.浪漫主义的背景
内因
1.政治 2.经济 3.教育
外因
1.起源于18 世纪末的欧洲浪漫主义文学的影 响
2. 19 世纪初了英美之间的 “文学之争”
2.浪漫主义的时期
• 开端：18世纪末，标志 华盛顿·欧文出版 的《见闻札记》
• 詹姆斯·费尼莫·库珀（JAMES FENIMORE COOPER，1789—1851）
• 代表作：《间谍》、《拓荒者》、《舵手》
5.对中国当代作家的影响
梭罗与当代作家 •徐迟，评价他说过“这本《瓦尔登湖》是本静静 的书，极静极静的书，并不是一本热热闹闹的书。 它是一本寂寞的书，一本孤独的书。它只是一本 一个人的书。如果你的心没有安静下来。恐怕你 很难进入到这本书里去……在你的心静下来以后， 你就会思考一些什么……思考一下自己，更思考 一下更高的原则。”这本书对于“分析生活，批 判习俗，有独到处”。
• 顾城，他也十分推崇惠特曼。在他看来， 惠特曼“是开放型的，是广大博爱的诗人， 他无所不在，所以不会在狭窄的道路上与 人决斗。他留给人类的不是一本诗，而是 一个燃烧着无尽核能的爱的太阳。”他甚 至在读了惠特曼以后，有了自卑的感觉： “在诗的世界里，有许多不同的种族，许 多伟大的行星和恒星，有不同的波，有不 同的火焰。因为宿命，我们不能接近他 们。”
• 海子在1986年读到了梭罗的名著《瓦尔登 湖》，十分推崇，称之为“1986年读的最 好的书”、“闪耀着人类自古不熄的英雄 主义之光的书”。他为此写了《梭罗这人 有脑子》一诗，其中有这样的句子：“梭 罗这人就是／我的云彩，四方／邻国的云 彩，安静／在豆田之西／我的草帽上”。
专八人文知识：美国文学简史(二)
专八人文知识：美国文学简史(二)Chapter 2 American RomanticismSection 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?l An approach from ancient Greek: Platol A literary trend: 18c in Britain (1798~1832)l Schlegel Bros.I. Preview: Characteristics of romanticism1. subjectivity(1) feeling and emotions, finding truth(2) emphasis on imagination(3) emphasis on individualism –personal freedom, no hero worship, natural goodness of human beings2. back to medieval, esp medieval folk literature(1) unrestrained by classical rules(2) full of imagination(3) colloquial language(4) freedom of imagination(5) genuine in feelings: answer their call for classics3. back to naturenature is “breathing living thing” (Rousseau)II. American Romanticism1. Background(1) Political background and economic development(2) Romantic movement in European countriesDerivative –foreign influence2. features(1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.(2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained.(3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with American Romanticism.(4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent.III. Washington Irving1. several names attached to Irving(1) first American writer(2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3) father of American literature2. life3. works(1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty(2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publ ication of this.)(3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus(4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada(5) The Alhambra4. Literary career: two parts(1) 1809~1832a. Subjects are either English or Europeanb. Conservative love for the antique(2) 1832~1859: back to US5. style –beautiful(1) gentility, urbanity, pleasantness(2) avoiding moralizing –amusing and entertaining(3) enveloping stories in an atmosphere(4) vivid and true character s(5) humour –smiling while reading(6) musical languageIV. James Fenimore Cooper1. life2. works(1) Precaution (1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice)(2) The Spy (his second novel and great success)(3) Leatherstocking Tales (his masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, The Pathfinder, The Pioneer, The Prairie3. point of viewthe theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural ri ghts vs. legal rights4. style(1) highly imaginative(2) good at inventing tales(3) good at landscape description(4) conservative(5) character ization wooden and lacking in probability(6) language and use of dialect not authentic5. literary achievementsHe created a myth about the formative period of the American nation. If the history of the United States is, in a sense, the process of the American settlers exploring and pushing the American frontier forever westward, t hen Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales effectively approximates the American national experience of adventure into t he West. He turned the west and frontier as a useable past and he helped to introduce western tradition to Am erican literature.。
美国文学史第二讲--浪漫主义时期
• Harvard ostracized (排斥) him for many years, but his message attracted young disciples (信徒), who joined the informal Transcendental Club (established in 1836).
Biography
Born of a wealthy merchant in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly.
From 1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe.
Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers.
Major points
the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
• The theme:
• The author, through this novel, reveals his conservative view about the bourgeois revolution (i.e. the independent war through which the emperor was overthrown), and criticized that the revolution didn’t bring benefits to American people. However, the figure of Winkle become an absurd remainder (er(1789-1851)
浪漫主义时期的美国文学 课件
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1.3 龙毛忠的描述
1
美国文学中的浪漫主义时代是 指18世纪末期到南北战争爆发 前期的这段时间，因为文学的 勃兴与繁荣，又称“美国文艺 复兴”。华盛顿·欧文的《见闻 札记》（The Sketch Book, 1820）的出版宣告了这一伟大 时代的开始，惠特曼的《草叶 集》（Leaves of Grass, 1855） 则标志着浪漫主义文学的高峰。
The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well-illustrated in Cooper’s Leathering-stocking Tales and was to remain a major concern for many later authors. Cooper is the first important American novelist. 库珀在美国文学史上开创了三种不同类型的小说：边疆冒险小说《拓荒者》、革 命历史小说《间谍》、海上冒险小说《舵手》。他还创作了欧洲生活三部曲：《刺客》 （1831）、《黑衣教士》（1832）、《刽子手》（1833）。
In all the major literary genres except drama, writers produced works of an originality and excellence not exceeded in later American history. Romantic writers placed increasing value on the free expression of emotion and displayed increasing attention to the psychic states of their characters
美国文学史概论之三：浪漫主义时期文学
4. Other Romantic poets: a. W.C. Bryant (Thanatopsis, The Yellow Violet, To a waterfoul) b. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (A Psalm of Life; The Song of Hiawatha; Evangeline; The Courtship of Miles Standish) c. John Greenleaf Whittier, New England Laureate, (Snow-Bound) d. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Boston Brahmin (Old Ironsides, The last Leaf) e. James Russell Lowell, Boston Brahmin (A Year’s Life, Biglow Papers) f. Frederick Goddard Tuckerman, poet of forest (Poems, Sonnets, “A Cricket”)
III. American Romantic Period (1820-1865)
I. Romantic Fathers: Washington Irving and J. F. Cooper II. New England Transcendentalists (1836-1855): Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau III. The First Literary Renaissance 1. Two novelists: Hawthorne and Melville 2. A Controversial man of letters: E. A. Poe 3. The Epitomes of American Poetry: Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期 文学创作特点 (120字左右
了解美国文学史分期,简述各期文学创作特点(120字左右1、第一阶段：殖民时期（约1607-1765）这一时期大约从1607年JohnSmith船长带领第一批移民在北美大陆建立第一个英国殖民地Jamestown到1765殖民地人们愤怒抗议英国政府颁布的印花税法。
2、第二阶段：启蒙时期与独立战争时期（1765-18世纪末）这是北美人民争取独立、建立美利坚和中和国的时期。
18世纪30年代，在欧洲启蒙主义和自然神论等哲学思潮的影响下，上帝的作用大大削弱，清教徒们掀起一场“大觉醒”运动。
18世纪末期，北美大陆的政治形势发展很快，从1765年英国殖民者第一次反对英国政府的印花税到1789年美国联邦政府成立，文学作品主要围绕着革命的必要性、革命的前途和方向、政府的形式与性质等问题。
3、浪漫主义时期（1800-1865）19世纪初，美国完全摆脱了对英国的依赖，以独立国家的身份进入世界政治舞台。
民族文学开始全面繁荣，逐渐打破英国文学在美国的垄断局面。
这时期作家们跟英国浪漫主义作家一样，强调文学的想象力和感情色彩，反对古典主义的形式和观点，歌颂大自然，崇尚个人和普通人的思想感情，并且寻根问祖，发幽古之思情。
特别是以爱默生为代表的超验主义（Transcendentalism）的倡导, 这些作家们主张人能超越感觉和理性而直接认识真理，摒弃以神为中心的清教教义。
4、现实主义时期（1865-1918）南北战争（1861-1865）以后到第一次世界大战爆发，美国完成了从农业社会到工业社会的转化，社会面貌和经济生活开始发生急剧的变化。
工业化带来了蓬勃兴旺的发展，同时也带来了政治日趋腐败，政界丑闻屡见不鲜，是人们重新认识新的生活和新开发的土地。
于是乡土文学得到了很大的发展。
5、现代主义时期（1918-1945）自20世纪开始，美国文学进入新的时代。
第一次世界大战对美国人的思想和精神面貌产生极大的影响。
人们对于自由民主的信念开始动摇，普遍感到迷茫，甚至绝望。
英美文学选读美国部分第一章浪漫主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）美国清教（2）美国西进运动（3）新英格兰超验主义运动2、主要特点(General characteristics)（1）衍生的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings as being derivative) （a）强调文学的想象力和情感特质（b）倡导情感的自由表达和人物心理状态的展示（c）颂扬普通人和作为个体的人（d）迷恋历史和异国情调（2）本土的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings on the native grounds) （a）全国性“西部拓荒”的体验（b）自然/美国山水风光的作用（c）清教道德（d）超验主义哲学二、本时期主要作家(Major writers of the period)A、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving,1783-1859）1、观点(Points of view)（1）社会保守主义(Social conservatism)总体上看，欧文是保守主义者。
他不喜欢疆土扩张以及当时席卷整个大陆的政治、文化的急剧变化。
因此通常欧文在故事中以正在不可避免地变化着的美国为背景，并对过去的荣耀和安宁的古老公社生活时时流露出哀惋叹息。
这种对人类万物皆无常，或人生苦短的伤感浸染了欧文的大多数作品。
然而，欧文并不是强求时间停止，或者逆转历史进程，而是暗示人类舍稳求变时丢掉了重要的价值观念。
（2）怀古的文学偏好(Literary preference for the past)在欧文看来，文学想象力应该孕育于有着丰富历史文化的土地之上，具体体现于岁月沉积而成的珍宝中，如破败的城堡、坍塌的塔楼、艺术的珍品、高度文明社会的精妙物件以及远古和当地风俗的古怪意趣。
美国文学史常耀信版
美国文学史常耀信版美国文学Part 1. Colonial America浪漫主义American Romanticism(1815-1865)早期浪漫主义early romanticism——Irving欧文, Cooper库柏, Bryant布莱恩特先验主义transcendentalism and symbolic representation——Emerson 爱默森，Margaret Fuller玛格丽特福勒，Thoreau 梭罗三位重要的小说家——Hawthorne 霍桑，Melville 梅尔维尔，Poe 坡二位重要的诗人——Whitman 惠特曼，Dickinson 狄更生现实主义American Realism（1865-1914）带有地方色彩的写作local color writing——Mark Twain马克吐温现实主义literary realism——James 詹姆士，Howells 豪斯尔斯自然主义literary naturalism——Garland 加兰特，Grane 格雷恩，Frank Norris 弗兰克诺里斯，Jack London 杰克伦敦，Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞现代主义American Modernism(1914-1945)现代主义在欧洲American modernism in Europe——Gerturde Stein 格特鲁德斯坦因，Ezra Pound 艾兹拉庞德，Amy Lowell 艾米洛威尔，H.D.(Hilda Doolittle) 杜丽埃尔战时的现代派小说modern fiction between the wars——William Faulkner 威廉福克纳，Hemingway 海明威，Fitzgerald 费兹杰罗，Passos 帕索斯，Steinbeck 斯坦贝克现代派诗歌modern American poetry——T.S. Eliot 艾略特，Wallace Stevens 史蒂文斯，William Carols Williams 威廉姆斯，E.E.Cummings 卡明斯Thomas Paine托马斯•潘恩1737-1809 The Case of the Officers of Excise税务员问题；Common Sense常识；American Crisis美国危机；Rights of Man人的权利：Downfall of Despotism专制体制的崩溃；The Age of Reason理性时代Philip Freneau菲利普•弗伦诺1752-1832 The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲；The British Prison Ship英国囚船；To the Memory of the Brave Americans纪念美国勇士-----同类诗中最佳；The Wild Honeysuckle野生的金银花；The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地Jonathan Edwards The Freedom of the Will The Great Doctrine of Original Sin defended The Nature of True VirtueBenjamin Franklin本杰明•富兰克林1706-1790 A Modest Inquiry into the Nature and Necessity of a Paper Moneyoor Richard’s Almanack穷查理历书；The Way to Wealth致富之道；The Autobiography自传Part 2. American RomanticismWashington Irving华盛顿•欧文1783-1859 A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说-----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家；Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄；Talks of Travellers旅客谈；The Alhambra阿尔罕伯拉James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯•费尼莫尔•库珀1789-1851 The Spy间谍;The Pilot领航者;The Littlepage Manuscripts利特佩奇的手稿;Leatherstocking Tales皮裹腿故事集:The Pioneer拓荒者；The Last of Mohicans最后的莫希干人;The Prairie大草原;The Pathfinder探路者;The Deerslayer杀鹿者Part 3.New England TranscendentalismRalf Waldo Emerson拉尔夫•沃尔多•爱默生1803-1882 Essays散文集:Nature论自然-----新英格兰超验主义者的宣言书;The American Scholar论美国学者;Divinity;The Oversoul论超灵;Self-reliance论自立;The Transcendentalist超验主义者;Representative Men代表人物;English Traits英国人的特征;School Address神学院演说Concord Hymn康考德颂;The Rhodo杜鹃花;The Humble Bee野蜂;Days日子-首开自由诗之先河Henry David Threau亨利•大卫•梭罗1817-1862 Wadden,or Life in the Woods华腾湖或林中生活;Resistance to Civil Government/Civil Disobedience抵制公民政府;A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利•沃兹沃思•朗费罗1807-1882 The Song of Hiawatha海华沙之歌----美国人写的第一部印第安人史诗;Voices of the Night夜吟;Ballads and Other Poens民谣及其他诗;Belfry of Bruges and Other Poems布鲁茨的钟楼及其他诗;Tales of a Wayside Inn路边客栈的故事---诗集：An April Day四月的一天/A Psalm of Life人生礼物/Paul Revere’s Ride保罗•里维尔的夜奔;Evangeline伊凡吉琳;The Courtship of Miles Standish迈尔斯•斯坦迪什的求婚----叙事长诗；Poems on Slavery奴役篇---反蓄奴组诗Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔•霍桑1804-1864Twice-told Tales尽人皆知的故事;Mosses from an Old Manse古屋青苔:Young Goodman Brown年轻的古德曼•布朗;The Scarlet Letter红字;The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁的房子--------心理若们罗曼史;The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇;The Marble Faun玉石雕像Herman Melville赫尔曼•梅尔维尔1819-1891 Moby Dick/The White Whale莫比•迪克/白鲸；Typee泰比;Omoo奥穆;Mardi玛地;Redburn雷得本;White Jacket白外衣ierre皮尔埃iazza广场故事;Billy Budd比利•巴德Walt Whitman沃尔特•惠特曼1819-1892 Leaves of Grass草叶集:Song of the Broad-Axe阔斧之歌;I hear America Singing我听见美洲在歌唱;When Lilacs Lost in the Dooryard Bloom’d小院丁香花开时;Democratic Vistas民主的前景;The Tramp and Strike Question流浪汉和罢工问题;Song of Myself自我之歌Emily Dickinson埃米莉•迪金森1830-1886 The Poems of Emily Dichenson埃米莉•迪金森诗集-----“Tell all the truth and tell it slant”迂回曲折的，玄学的Edgar Allan Poe埃德加•爱伦•坡1809-1849（以诗为诗；永为世人共赏的伟大抒情诗人-----叶芝）Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque怪诞奇异故事集;Tales故事集;The Fall of the House of Usher厄舍古屋的倒塌;Ligeia莱琪儿;Annabel Lee安娜贝尔•李-----歌特风格；首开近代侦探小说先河，又是法国象征主义运动的源头Tamerlane and Other Poems帖木儿和其他诗;Al Araaf,Tamerlane and Minor Poems艾尔•阿拉夫，帖木儿和其他诗;The Raven and Other Poems乌鸦及其他诗:The Raven乌鸦;The City in the Sea海城;Israfel 伊斯拉菲尔;To Hellen致海伦Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽特•比彻•斯托1811-1896 Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋;A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp德雷德阴暗大沼地的故事片;The Minister’s Wooing牧师的求婚;The Pearl of Orr’s Island 奥尔岛的珍珠;Oldtown Folks老城的人们Part 4. The age of RealismWilliam Dean Howells 威廉•狄恩•豪威尔斯1837-1920 The Rise of Silas Lapham赛拉斯•拉帕姆的发迹;A Modern Instance现代婚姻; A Hazard of Now Fortunes时来运转;A Traveller from Altruia从利他国来的旅客;Through the Eye of the Needle透过针眼----乌托邦小说;Criticism and Fiction;Novel-Writing and Novel-Reading 小说创作与小说阅读23、Henry James享利•詹姆斯1843-1916 小说：Daisy Miller苔瑟•米乐；The Portrait of a Lady贵妇人画像；The Bostonians波士顿人；The Real Thing and Other Tales真货色及其他故事；The Wings of the Dove鸽翼；The Ambassadors大使；The Golden Bowl金碗评论集：French Poets and Novelists法国诗人和小说家;Hawthorne霍桑;Partial Portraits不完全的画像;Notes and Reviews札记与评论;Art of Fiction and Other Essays小说艺术Part 5. Local ColorismMark Twain马克•吐温（Samuel Longhorne Clemens）---美国文学的一大里程碑The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙;The Innocent’s Abroad傻瓜出国记;The Gilded Age镀金时代;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆•索耶历险记;The Prince and the Pauper王子与贫儿;The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利•费恩历险记;A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court亚瑟王宫中的美国佬;The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson傻瓜威尔逊;Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc冉•达克;The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏哈德莱堡的人How to Tell a Story怎样讲故事---对美国早期幽默文学的总结Part 6. American NaturalismStephen Crane斯蒂芬•克莱恩1871-1900 Magic:A Girl of the Streets街头女郎梅姬（美国文学史上首次站在同情立场上描写受辱妇女的悲惨命运）；The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章；The Open Boat小划子;The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky新娘来到黄天镇Frank Norris弗兰克•诺里斯1870-1902 Moran of the Lady Letty茱蒂夫人号上的莫兰（romantic）;Mc-Teague麦克提格（naturalistic）;The Epic of the Wheat(realistic)小麦诗史(The Octopus章鱼,The Pit小麦交易所);A Deal in Wheat and Other Stories of the Old and New West小麦交易所及其他新老西部故事Theodore Dreiser西奥多•德莱塞1871-1945 Sister Carrie嘉莉姐妹;Jennie Gerhardt珍妮姑娘;Trilogy of Desire欲望三部曲(Financer金融家,The Titan巨人,The Stoic);An American Tragedy美国的悲剧（被称为美国最伟大的小说）;Nigger Jeff黑人杰弗Edwin Arlington Robinson鲁宾逊1869-1935 Captain Craig克雷格上尉---诗体小说；The Town Down the River河上的城镇;The Man Against the Sky衬托着天空的人;Avon’s Harvest沃冯的收成;Collected Poems诗集40、Jack London杰克•伦敦1876-1916 The Son of the Wolf狼之子,The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤;The Sea-wolf海狼;White Fang白獠牙;The People of the Abyss深渊中的人们;The Iron Heel铁蹄;Marti Eden马丁•伊登;How I become a Socialist我怎样成为社会党人;The War of the Classes阶级之间的战争;What Life Means to Me 生命对我意味着什么;Revolution革命;Love of Life热爱生命;The Mexican墨西哥人;Under the Deck Awings在甲板的天蓬下Upton Sinclair厄普顿•辛克莱尔1878-1968 Spring and Harvest春天与收获;The Jungle屠场（揭发黑幕运动的代表作家）;King Coal煤炭大王;Oil石油;Boston波士顿;Dragon’s Teeth龙齿Part 7. The 1920sImagism Ezra Pound艾兹拉•庞德1885-1972 The Spirit of Romance罗曼司精神;The Anthology Des Imagistes意像派诗选;Cathay华夏（英译中国诗）;Literary Essays文学论;Hugh Swlwyn Mauberley;A Few Don’ts by Imagiste意像派戒条;Personage面具;Polite Essays文雅集;The Cantos of Ezra Pound庞德诗章（109首及8首未完成稿）Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•艾略特1888-1965 Prufrock and Other Observations普罗夫洛克（荒原意识）;The Waste Land荒原(The Burial of the Dead死者的葬礼;A Game of Chess弈棋;The Fire Sermon火诫;Death by Water水边之死;What the Thunder Said雷电之言);名诗：Ash Wednesday圣灰星期三;Four Quarters四个四重奏诗剧：Murder in the Cathedral大教堂谋杀案;Family Reunion大团圆;Cocktail Party鸡尾酒会Wallace Stevens华莱士•史蒂文斯1879-1955 Harmonium风琴;The Man With the Blue Guitar弹蓝吉他的人;Notes Toward a Supreme Fiction关于最高虚构的札记(Peter Quince at the Clavier彼得•昆斯弹风琴;Sunday Morning礼拜天早晨);The Auroras of Autumn秋天的晨曦;Collected Poems诗集。
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• Emerson's health started to fail after the partial burning of his house in 1872. He made his last tour abroad in 1872-1873, and then withdrew more and more from public life. Emerson died on April 27, 1882 in Concord.
American Literature
The Romantic Period
(the end of the 18th century ----the outbreak of the Civil War. )
the first American Renaissance Historical background
Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Most of his ancestors were clergymen as was his father. He was educated in Boston and Harvard, and graduated in 1821. In 1825 he began to study at the Harvard Divinity School and next year he was licensed to preach by the Middlesex Association of Ministers. Emerson became a pastor at the Second Unitarian Church of Boston in 1830. • Three years later he had a crisis of faith , finding that he "was not interested" in the rite (仪式) of Communion (宗教团体). Emerson's controversial views caused his resignation (辞 职).
约翰尼-德普(Johnny Depp) 克里斯蒂娜-里奇(Christina Ricci) 米兰达-理查森(Miranda Richardson) 卡斯帕-范-迪恩(Casper Van Dien)
导 演：蒂姆-伯顿 (Tim Burton) 种 类：恐怖片
被誉为“美国文学之父”的华盛顿-欧文的经典 之作《睡谷传奇》自1912年首次搬上银幕以来， 曾有多个电影版本相继面世，其中迪斯尼的卡通 版《无头骑士传奇》最为深入人心。曾执导《蝙 蝠侠》、《火星人大入侵》的大导演蒂姆 -伯顿 在这部经过重构的新片中再度运用极具个性化的 电影语言，在戏剧化与幽默感兼顾的情况下将欧 文的小说原著提升到一个新高度。同时，曾为 《星球大战》系列影片以及《魔鬼终结者》等片 制作数码特效的工业光魔公司，成功为影片营造 出的令人毛骨悚然的恐怖场面将使本片毫无争议 地跻身经典恐怖片之列。
(1) American westward expansion (美国西部扩展)---“拓荒小说”
(2) New England Transcendental Movement (新英格兰超验主义运 动)-----”宗教性”、“象征”
New England Transcendental Movement
Principles of Emersonian Transcendentalism
(2) Fascination about the past and the exotic
(3) free expression of emotion and display of the psychic states of the characters.
(4) Pay attention to the description of the individual and the common man
father of American literature.
The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales,
the most famous story are “Rip Van Winkle” (瑞普. 凡. 温克尔) and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” (睡谷的传说)
Sleepy Hollow (沉睡谷/断头谷)
派拉蒙影片公司(Paramount, USA) 1999年 出品 主 演：
James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)
Natty Bumppo
Leatherstocking Tales: a serious of five novels about the frontier life of American settles
The Pioneers The Last of the Mohicans The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer
• The theme:
• The author, through this novel, reveals his conservative view about the bourgeois revolution (i.e. the independent war through which the emperor was overthrown), and criticized that the revolution didn’t bring benefits to American people. However, the figure of Winkle become an absurd remainder (时代的落伍者).
From 1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe.
Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers.
Major points
the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame.
• Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫. 华尔多. 爱默生, 1803-1882)
• A major American poet, essayist, philosopher. • The major representative of the American
Transcendental Movement.
Biography
Born of a wealthy merchant in New York City as the youngest of 11 children. Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly.
• Harvard ostracized (排斥) him for many years, but his message attracted young disciples (信徒), who joined the informal Transcendental Club (established in 1836).
the Oversoul---- nature as symbol
the individual
Features of literature of this period
(1) Description of national experience of “pioneering into the west” (西部开拓)
• Rip Van Winkle (瑞普. 凡. 温克尔) • It tells the story of the hero Rip Van Winkle’s
peculiar encounter. The hero, Rip Van Winkle, is a naive (天真的), honest, and warmhearted but poor farmer. The other day, he met a short man and helped him to carry his belongings and then was treated with drink. Winkle was drunk and slept for 20 years from then on. Winkle found that everything was enormously changed after he woke up from the long sleep. The undisturbed (peaceful) and uncultured small village where he used to live became a modern town which is full of noise and crowd. Winkle who used to a quiet life was unable to understand all those “tragic changes”.