语言学概论-brain-and-languagePPT课件

Brain and Language
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The Human Brain
Introduction The complexities of human
cognitive abilities and language acquisition Brain is the source of human
language and cognition.
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• Word substitutions that aphasic patients produce also tell us about how words are organized in the mental lexicon.
❖ sounds pool tool sable table crucial crucible .
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• The most complex organ of the body
• Cortex (gray matter)
a) decision-making b) memories c) grammar
• White matter
• Contralateral function
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The Localization of Language
speech often produce jargon and nonsense words
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Jargon aphasia
• Severe Wernicke’s aphasia is often referred to as jargon aphasia.
• Syndrome: substitute new word for original word
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Aphasia
• Relationship between brain and language
• Language disorder caused by disease or trauma
• Broca’s area v.s. Wernicke’s area
• Lateralization
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• Most aphasics do not show total language loss.
• Syndromes:
A. Their language is often semantically incohea schedule
．when asking about poor vision
My wires don’t hire right.
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B. Have difficulty naming objects presented to them C. Have difficulty choosing words in spontaneous
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E. May typically omit inflections ❖the past tense suffix –ed e.g. I watched TV for three hours this morning. ❖the third person singular verb ending –s e.g. She likes playing the piano.
temporal lobe Wernicke’s area
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I. Broca’s aphasia
(agrammatic aphasia)
• Syndromes : A. Labored speech B. Word-finding difficulties C. Problems in forming sentences with the rules of syntax
❖less difficulty for aphasia people: e.g. Which book did the boy read?
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II. Wernicke’s aphasia
• Wernicke’s aphasics can produce fluent speech and adhere to the rules of syntax.
• Which parts of the brain are responsible for linguistic abilities?
• Franz Joseph Gall ✓Localization ✓Organology(phrenology) ✓Brain is not a uniform mass.
• The language disorder is generally related to the location of the brain damage. Broca’s aphasia– injuries to the left frontal lobe Broca’s area
Wernicke’s aphasia – injuries to the left
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F. Have difficulty understanding complex sentences in which they cannot rely on their real-world knowledge. ❖more difficulty for aphasia people: e.g. Which girl did the boy kiss?
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D. Language produced is often agrammatic
Q: What is “agrammatic” ? A: It frequently lacks articles, prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs…...
lacks function words The omission of function words in the speech of agrammatic aphasics shows that function words are mentally distinct from content words.