简明英国文学史

Jane Austen, a woman novelist who chose to be the to represent the limited scope of the English countryside and the realistic life of Middle-class families there. It has always been difficult to fit Austen to the picture of the time in which she lived. Sometimes she was introduced together with the novelists of the 18th century, but more often she was treated as a unique novelist of the early 19th century who did not belong to the dominant Romantic trend.P209__P214Her life and literary careerJane Austen (1775-1817) was the daughter of a clergyman in Hampshire. We know little about her life except for the following simple facts: a) she was the sixth child and received her education mainly from her father; b) she remained single all her life, but was surrounded by a very lively and affectionate family environment; c) she started writing in her mid-teens and try to keep what she wrote as a secret for quite a long time. The family moved to Bath in 1801, and after her father passed away, they moved further to Southampton 1806, and finally back again to Hampshire where she died of Addison’s disease.Austen read widely by herself novels by Fielding, Richardson, Sterne, Fanny Burney, and many others, and poetry by Cowper, Scott, etc. In her novels we notice obvious traces of Fielding’s and Richardson’s influence. From the former she developed the skills of presenting social pictures with humorous and sarcastic touches, and from the latter she takes the theme of women’s courtship and marriage. In 1811 she published her first novel sense and sensibility which has its predecessor in a juvenile sketch by her called“Elinor and Marianne”. Then she produced constantly: Pride and Prejudice in 1813, Mansfield Park in 1814, Emma in 1816, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion posthumously in 1818. She left behind her an unpublished novel The Watsons, which was started between Northanger Abbey and the revision of Sense and Sensibility. All her novel were well received. Sir Walter Scott wrote to praise her in Quarterly Review for her exquisite touches that make vivid and lively commonplace happenings and charters.Her major worksAusten’s are very limited in setting and subject matter. Her novels are mostly set in England’s local middle-class countryside with which she was very familiar, and the stories are alwayscentered around young girls’dilemma in love and marriage. Unlike her contemporary Romantics, she was not interested in things remote, or passionate, or of nation-wide significance, butt chose to write about her surrounding area, the various human types and daily life experience. She wins her status in English literary history with her accurate observation and vivid representation of this specific circle of people and their life. And her superb handling of the language, especially the dialogues, the intensity of feeling and the many dramatic scenes never fail to earn her admires over the years among critics and common readers alike. Although Northanger Abbey has been often noticed for Austen’s mimicking and ridicule of the Gothic novel and sentimentality and Sense and Sensibility reaps much of its fame from the Hollywood film production of the same name, when talking of Austen’s major novels we usually choose two, that is Pride and Prejudice and Emma.EmmaWhile Pride and Prejudice is no doubt Austen’ s most widely read and popular novel , Emma is considered by critical opinions to her masterpiece. It also deals with young ladies’seeking of proper husbands. The story tells how Emma. A pretty, clever,and\ a self-satisfied young lady, the only daughter of Mr. Woodhouse, wrongly judges people and situations around her and busily makes matches to meddle with her friends’ lives and how in the end, with the guidance of Mr. Knightley, a family friend who has social experience and a very rational mind, Emma sees the foolishness of her subjective maneuvers, matures and marries Mr. Knightley.Unlike her most novels, Emma’s plot lacks the dramatic turns and exciting actions. It is a satirical novel about social manners and its satire comes more from the description of protagonists’emotions since much of the novel is designed to achieve irony. It needs careful and repeated reading to relish the minute touches with which Austen exploits to the full the misunderstandings and the foibles of the people in a provincial community like Emma’s. For instance what Frank Churchill does and says most of the time carries double meanings for the reader who reads a second time. And similarly the reader will not easily sense the irony in Emma’s misinterpretation of Mr. Elton’s gallantry or Harriet’s crush on Mr. Knightley because the characters are too ceremonial in manners to speak directly. The plot can be divided into three parts. In Volume One Emma misjudges Mr. Elton and is blind to Mr. Elton’s feelings towardherself. Volume Two reveals how Emma misjudges her own feelings for Frank Churchill and gets over the illusion in a way less climatic than when she gets to know Mr. Elton’s intention to court her. Volume Three continues Emma’s self-deception about people and the ultimate realization of her own TRUE feelings for Mr. Knightley, which is the major climax of the novel. Emma’s story is therefore one of a girl’s journey toward self-knowledge through which she comes to terms with herself and her situation.In Emma, Austen demonstrates her superb skills in depicting a willful, somewhat spoiled and snobbish young lady and at the same time keeping the reader’s sympathy for her. She shows us that Emma has negative qualities, but is also honest and does wrong things out of good will. To achieve an absolute control of the reader’s reaction to Emma and what happens in the novel, Austen uses to points of view: her own point of view and that of the characters. To obtain the necessary ironic distance, she occasionally enters the point of view of the characters, but then Takeshi the reader back to her own. Such shifts in point of view can make the reader see things in terms of ironic satire. As for characterization, minor characters are mostly one-dimensional, such as Mr. Woodhouse, Mr. Knightley and Mr. Elton’s. But Miss Bates, the archetype of the boringnonstop talker, has one more dimension, that is her kind nature beneath all the superficial talking. She is capable of being hurt and forgiving. She has a driving need to express herself by talking. But there is never anything egocentric in her talk. She is the most characterization among the minor figures.Austen aims in Emma at disclosing man’s absurdities, and those minor and laughable characters of hers are so Commons seen around us. Beneath her satirical comedy is the real incongruities of social relationship and of our life. And her solution is to achieve a balance between common sense and kindness, and between rationality and imagination and emotion. After Emma’s stray from the correct road, she is pulled back to her proper place in the stable social world that is advocated by Austen.简明英国文学史/ 刘意青，刘炅著.——北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2008.10（2012.6 重印）209~214。