当代物流学(第3讲)

Salvage and scrap
Transportation management
disposal
Warehousing management
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Customer service
——Keep existing customers happy.
——Making sure that the right person receives the right product at the right place at the right time in the right condition and at the right cost.
从整个社会来看，物流成本也是国民经济 总成本的重要组成部分，对国民经济的运 行绩效有着重大影响。
While absolute and relative in logistics costs in relation to GDP vary from country to country, logistics is most definitely an important part in a country’s economy .
Industrial packaging
decisions
Materials handling
Inventory management Parts and service
Order management
support
Production scheduling Procurement
Returned products
A Reduction in Economic Regulation Technological Advances The Growing Power of Retailers Globalization of Trade
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物流与企业经营
(1)企业的价值创造过程
企业的价值创造过程是由生产、营销、 物流三个过程共同构成的。三者相互制 约、相互影响、互为前提。
Keep in mind that since one logistics system does not fit all companies, the number of activities in a logistics system can vary from company to company.
Returned Products
——The logistical challenges associated with returned products can be complicated by the fact that returned products often move in small quantities and may move outside of forward distribution channels. 例子：书商的烦恼。
Materials Handling
——Managers pursue cost-efficiency objectives such as minimizing the number of handling and moving the product in a straight line whenever possible.
Inventory management
——When managing inventory, logisticians need to simultaneously consider three relevant costs:the cost of carrying(holding) product, the cost of ordering product, and the cost of being out of stock.
——It can also be said that success of a particular logistics system is dependent upon the location of the relevant warehousing and production facilities.
Activities that are considered to be logistics-related include, but are not limited to, the following:
Customer service
Demand forecasting
Facility location
Source: R. Wilson and R. Delaney, Twelfth Annual State of Logistics Report, 2001
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物流与国际经济
国际贸易的发展对物流的新要求： 质量要求； 效率要求； 安全要求； 经济要求。
Activities in the Logistical Channel
物流过程的输出(成果)是向顾客提供物 流服务，即通过从原材料的采购供应到 产品到达消费者手中的整个物流过程的 统一管理，使顾客最经济地获得所需要 的商品。
(2)物流在企业经营过程中的职能
价值实现职能：企业的生产与营销成果 要通过物流过程来实现。
成本节约职能：即使在发达国家，物流 成本占产品最终价格的比重也在20%以 上；“第三利润源泉”。
CHAPTER 1
Logistics and the Supply Chain
Learning Objectives
To learn the definition of logistics To understand the economic
importance of logistics To gain an understanding of logistics
Production Scheduling
—— Production scheduling refers to determining how much to produce and when to produce it.
Procurement
—— Procurement refers to the raw materials, component parts, and supplies bought from outside organizations to support a company’s operation.
practices within a firm To know about logistics careers
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The Increased Importance of Logistics
Several key reasons
Since 1980, increasing recognition has been given to the importance of logistics, and several key reasons are discussed below.
Parts and Service Support
—— Parts and Service Support refers to after-sale support for product in the form of repair parts, regularly scheduled service, emergency service, and so on.
销售促进职能：顾客越来越重视企业的 物流服务，物流成为顾客选择企业、维 持交易关系的重要条件。
竞争战略职能：经济全球化要求企业在 更大范围内组织供应、生产、销售等阶 段的物流，以获得产品、价格、服务等 竞争优势。
物流与国民经济发展
Logistics can also play an important role in a nation’s growth and development, particularly improvements in transportation efficiency.
Industrial packaging
——Packaging can have both a marketing(consumer packaging) and logistical(industrial packaging) dimension.
——Ind refers to packaging that prepare a product for storage and transit(e.g., oxes, crates), and industrial packaging has important interfaces with the materials handling and warehousing activities. 例子：散装粮食与包装粮食； 散装水泥与包装水泥。
Administrative Costs
3 4 6 9 17 20 25 30 39
Total U.S. Logistics
Cost 78
106 153 222 451 521 659 773 1,006
Logistics As a Percentage of
GDP 14.7
14.7 14.7 13.5 16.1 12.4 11.4 10.4 10.1
Order Management
—— Order management refers to management of activities that take place between the time a customer places an order and the time it is received by the customers.
Demand forecasting
——Efforts to estimate product demand in a future time period.
Facility location decision
——It is often said that the success of a retail store depends on three factors: location, location location.
Salvage and Scrap Disposal
——Salvage refers to “equipment that has served its useful life but still has value as a source for parts,” while scrap refers to “commodities that are deemed worthless to the user and are only valuable to the extent they can be recycled.”例子：废旧家电的物流问题。
Transportation Management
——Transportation is often the most costly logistics activity, and can range from 40 percent to 60 percent of a firm’s total logistics costs.
据世界银行估计，我国的物流成本占GDP 的比重大约在18%-20%左右；美国、欧洲 、日本等发达国家的物流成本占GDP的比 重约在10%左右。
Table 1-1: The Cost of the Business Logistics System In Relation to Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) In $ Billion
Year
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Inventory Carrying
Costs 31
38 56 97 220 227 283 302 377
Transportation Costs
44 64 91 116 214 274 351 441 590