计算机专业英语教程课件-Unit 11 (Operating System)

Later machines came with libraries of software, which would be linked to a user's program to assist in operations such as input and output and generating computer code from human-readable
symbolic code.
后来，机器附带的软件，将是链接到用
户的方案，以协助在产生的操作，如输 入和输出，从人类可读的符号代码生成 计算机代码操作。
This was the genesis of the modern-day operating system. However, machines still
the most widely used version of the Windows family is Windows XP, released
on October 25, 2001.
servers.
几乎在所有的计算机设备上都能找到操作系统， 其中包含从手机和视频游戏机到超级计算机和 Web服务器
In the early 1950s, a computer could execute only one program at a time.
在50年代初，计算机一次只能执行一 个程序。
Each user had sole use of the computer and would arrive at a scheduled time with program and data on punched paper cards and tape.
每个用户有单独使用的电脑，并会到达 一个预定程序和数据在穿孔纸卡片和磁 带。
Unit 11 Operating System
Text A Operating System
An operating system is software, consisting of programs and data that runs on computers and manages the computer hardware and provides common services
primitive conception of an operating system from the principles of the Universal Turing machine.
据说，艾伦图灵是这个早期的曼彻斯特马 克一机掌握者，他已经产生了一个从通 用图灵机的原则操作系统原始的构想。
DOS, which became wildly popular as the operating system chosen for the IBM PC (IBM's
version of it was called IBM DOS or C DOS), its successors making Microsoft.
微软Windows是专有操作系统家族中个人 电脑中使用最广的。
It is the most common family of operating systems for the personal computer, with about 90% of the market share currently,
一个值得注意的早期基于磁盘的操作系统CP / M，它支 持许多早期的微型计算机并在密切模仿MS – DOS， 成为IBM PC（IBM的版本，它被称为IBM DOS或PC DOS）中非常受欢迎的操作系统，它的成功者创造了 微软。
In the 80's Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc.) abandoned its popular Apple II series of microcomputers to introduce the Apple Macintosh computer with an innovative Graphical User Interface (GUI)
written for OS/360 can still be run on modern machines In the mid-'70s, MVS, a descendant of OS/360,
offered the first implementation of using RAM as a transparent cache for data.
for efficient execution of various application software.
操作系统包括程序和数据的软件，运行在计算机和 管理计算机硬件，并提供各种常用的有效执行服务 应用软件。
For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware, although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware, but will
operating systems that had been developed for mainframes and minis
第一个微型计算机没有大型机和迷你机的 作业系统;简约操作系统往往从ROM加载 和监视器上显示。
minimalistic operating systems were developed, often loaded from ROM and
known as monitors.
简约操作系统往往从ROM加载和监视器 上显示。
One notable early disk-based operating system was CP/M, which was supported on many early microcomputers and was closely imitated in MS-
ran a single job at a time.
这是当代的操作系统的起源。
However, machines still ran a single job at a time.
然而，机器仍然一次只能运行一个程序。
At Cambridge University in England the job queue was at one time a washing line from which tapes were hung with different colored clothes-pegs to indicate job-priority.
frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it.
对于输出和硬件功能，如输入和内存分配，在电 脑操作系统和硬件作为应用程序之间的中介，虽 然应用程序代码通常是由硬件直接执行，但会经 常调用OS或者被打断了。
Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer— from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web
These features were included or not included in application software at the option of application programmers, rather than in a separate operating system used by all applications.
IBM目前的大型机操作系统是这个原系统的后裔而 OS/360编写的应用程序仍然可以远在70年代中期现 代的机器上运行，MVS，是OS/360的后代，提供了 使用内存作为第一个实施一个透明的数据高速缓存。
The first microcomputers did not have the capacity or need for the elaborate
1959年发布的操作系统是IBM为704， 709和7090大型机的集成工具。
During the 1960s, IBM's OS/360 introduced the concept of a single OS spanning an entire product line was crucial
The program would be loaded into the machine, and the machine would be set to
work until the program completed or crashed.
该方案将被加载到机器，机器将开始工 作，直到程序完成或崩溃。
to the Mac OS.
80年代的苹果电脑公司（现为苹果公司）放弃其广受欢 迎的苹果II系列微机引进了以创新的图形用户界面到 Mac操作系统的苹果Macintosh计算机。
Microsoft Windows is a family of proprietary operating systems most commonly used on personal computers
for the success of System/360.
在20世纪60年代，IBM的OS/360介绍了 一个涵盖了整个产品线的操作系统概念 是System/360成功的关键。
IBM's current mainframe operating systems are distant descendants of this original system and applications
在英国剑桥大学的作业队列是在同一时 间内从该磁带清洗生产线悬挂着的不同 彩色，表明工作重点。
Through the 1950s, many major features were pioneered in the field of operating
systems, including batch processing, input/output interrupt, buffering,
Programs could generally be debugged via a front panel using toggle switches and panel lights.
一般调试程序可以通过前面板使用切换开 关和指示灯面板。
It is said that Alan Turing was a master of this on the early Manchester Mark 1 machine, and he was already deriving the
通过程序员的选择，这些功能包括或不
包括在应用软件，而不是一个单独的供 所有应用程序使用操作系统。
In 1959 the operating system was released as an integrated utility for the
IBM 704, 709, and 7090 mainframes.
multitasking, spooling, runtime libraries, link-loading, and programs for sorting records in files.
通过20世纪50年代，许多主要特点引领了操作系统，包 括批量处理，输入/输出中断领域，缓冲，多任务，后 台处理，排序运行时库中的文件记录，链接加载，和 方案。