英汉翻译之转换法

It is stipulated that foreign investment in a joint venture shall not be, in general, less than 25% of the authorized capitals. 按照规定，合资企业中的外资一般不少于额定 资本的25%。 The principle had been established that until the end of the war each great power would supervise political developments in those areas over which its armies passed as they pursued the foe. It was soon recognized that this approach offered the best framework for a solution.
His wife had done everything possible to mother him. 妻子竭尽全力，像母亲一样照顾他。 The novel satirizes the marriage of convenience. 这部小说是对建立在利害关系基础上的婚姻的 讽刺。 With unemployment high, the dollar low and the stock market in distress, the economy will be the President’s sternest trial. 失业增多，美元贬值，股票市场不景气，经济 问题将成为总统面临的最严峻的考验。
Joseph beheld my style of cookery with growing indignation. 我这种做饭的方式叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了 叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了。 叫约瑟夫越看越冒火了 The turning point of my life was my decision to give up promising business career and study music. 我的生活转折点是我决定 是我决定：不再做生财有望的 是我决定 商人而专攻音乐。 On one thing critics and fans agree: Wick is an authentic American success story. 无论是批评家还是拥护者，有一个一致的看法， 即威克很能说明美国人是如何起家的。？ ？
Every British citizen who is employed(or selfemployed) is obliged to pay a weekly contribution to the national insurance and health schemes. Its aim is to ensure that a person who is out of work shall receive a weekly sum of money to subsist on.
由于汉语较少使用被动句形式，因此按照汉语 表达习惯，英语被动句往往译成含“被动意 义”的主动句形式，即不使用表示被动意义 的词和结构。
The United States has long been known as a “melting pot”. 美国历来以“民族熔炉”著称。 Almost every kind of climates can be found, but the continent lies mostly in the temperate zone. The board decides how school funds are to be allocated, and has some voice in establishing the curriculum. While some subjects are required of everyone, some high school students, in addition, take vocational classes. The Master of Arts degree occasionally may be obtained after one year of additional specialized study.
A truly elegant taste is generally accompanied with excellence of heart. To whom nothing is given, of him can nothing be required. The best work is done the way ants do things--by tiny, tireless and regular additions.
当被动形式出现在英语不定式或分词短语或 动名词短语中时，仍可考虑译成主动态。
They prefer to be assigned heavier tasks. In the 1960s, the rich and famous came to Rome to be wined, dined and clothed。 Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past. The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigor from its vitality.
有为数不多的英语主动句却往往译成 汉语“被”字句。
They all succumbed to temptation. The jeweler's was robbed last night, and the Reagans are under suspicious.
三，正反转换： 1）正说反译： It is already five years since I smoked. Her conduct is above reproach. Politeness is not always the sign of wisdom, but the want of it always leaves room for the suspicion of folly. Mattie’s hand was underneath, and Etan kept his clasped on it a moment longer than necessary （握的比必要的时间长了一会儿。）？. ？
经典译例： All the way along the line, from the border right up to Peking, as far as the eye could see, the countryside was literally covered up with a green carpet of growing crops, holding a promise of bumper harvests. 从边境乘火车直上北京，一路上极目四望，但见 一片片农作物茁壮成长，仿佛绿色的地毯覆盖 着整个田间乡野，到处是丰收在望的景象。
Every Englishman has some knowledge, however slight, of the work of our greatest writer. Most of us use about five thousand words in our normal employment of English. A miser is characterized by greed. In this country, population has grown both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.
Being invited to dance, she would not very well refuse. The virtue of a man ought to be measured not by his extraordinary exertions, but by his everyday conducts.
英汉翻译之
转换法杂议
一，词类转换： 经典译例： The growing awareness by millions of Africans of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones. 数以百万计的非洲人对于他们非常落后的生活 条件的日益觉醒促使他们采取坚决的措施，创造 新的生活条件。 数以百万计的非洲人已逐渐意识到他们的生活 状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们奋起采取坚决 措施去创建新的生活条件。
有时，英语被动句译成汉语“把”字句。 The building has been practically leveled to the ground by the big fire. The question of forcible diversion of civil aircraft in flight was considered by the General Assembly of the United Nation as an important and urgent matter.
反说正译： 经典译例 As I approve of a youth that has something of the old man in him, so I am no less pleased with an old man that has something of the youth. He that followed this rule may be old in body, but can never be so in mind. 我赞赏具有老人成熟风度的青年，而我 同样称颂具有青年气息的老人。这样的人， 只有躯体会衰老，可思想永远年轻活跃。
His advisors recommended lower taxes and higher government spending. The experiment has not worked very well. The two partners think differently.
பைடு நூலகம்
二，语态转换： 一般说来，凡以“by somebody”表明动作执行者的被 动句，可借助汉语里表示被动意义的词如 “被”“由”“受”“给”等译成被动句。 The public schools are administrated by local school boards---groups of people elected by the voters. Actually, a great deal of the president’s power is controlled by the Congress. Black people were first brought to America from Africa as salves. Many collages and universities are privately supported.