采暖通风空调系统控制方案及详细图表说明(英文：HVAC System Control)

controlled
device
controller controlled
variable
sensor
controlled
agent
airflow
valve
controller
outdoor -air sensor
chilled water
airflow
airflow
valve
chilled
water controller
discharge temperature sensor
controller
airflow
valve
chilled water
outdoor -air sensor
discharge -air
temperature sensor
time
B
F F
100%
0%
F differential
on
off
A
setpoint
Perhaps the most common control action is two-position , or on/off, control. With two-position control, the controller changes the value of the controlled agent from one extreme
setpoint
time
B
A
F F
100%
0%
F differential
C
D
open stop
stop close
switch differential
A variation of two-position control is floating control, sometimes called three-position control (open-stop-close). Typically, floating control uses a slow-moving actuator and a fast-
time
F F
100%
0%
F offset
setpoint
A
control, the response of the controller is proportional to the deviation of the controlled variable from the setpoint. In other words, the output from the controller is
time
F F
100%
0%
F setpoint
A
B control overcomes the offset characteristic of proportional control. It responds based not only on the magnitude of deviation from the setpoint, but also on how long the
time
F F
100%
0%
F setpoint
proportional
integral
PI
Some controllers combine proportional and integral control action. The result is called proportional–integral (PI)control and is widely used within the HVAC industry, due
time
F F
100%
0%
F setpoint
A
B
C
control generates a corrective output signal only when the condition of the
controlled variable is changing. When the controlled variable is not changing, the controller
time
F F
100%
0%
F setpoint
PI derivative
PID
Finally, some controllers combine derivative control with PI control, resulting in
proportional–integral–derivative (PID)control action. Proportional control provides a
time
setpoint
PI
PID
P
offset
c o n t r o l l e
d -v a r i a b l
e d e v i a t i o n
overshoot
As a review, this illustration shows the variation of the controlled variable from the setpoint. With proportional (P) control, the corrective action is proportional to the magnitude of the
storage tank
compressor
air drier
air filter
reducing valve
main line branch line
controller
controlled device
drain
main line
branch
line
flapper
set
screw
bimetal
element
nozzle
orifice
chamber
branch line
valve
stem diaphragm
spring
plug
valve seat
actuator
valve
stem
plug
valve seat
Similar to the pneumatically-controlled valve, the body of a valve used in an analog-electric control system also contains a plug that travels up and down to vary the flow of water through the valve. The difference is in the valve actuator.
The example electronic valve actuator in Figure 22 consists of a
connected to a gear, linkage, and shaft. The shaft is coupled to
from the body of the valve, and is used to move the plug up and down. Some actuator motors can run in only one direction, with a spring that is used
discharge-air
temperature sensor valve
return-air damper outdoor-air
damper
mixed-air temperature sensor
duct static-supply fan
pressure sensor
relief fan
indoor-
pressure
sensor outdoor-
pressure
sensor
unit
controller
air-cooled
water chiller
As described earlier, another important function of a unit-level controller is to protect the equipment from damage. As an example, Figure 37 shows an air-cooled water chiller with a microprocessor-based unit controller. Suppose a condenser fan motor fails during hot weather. With less air flowing through the air-cooled condenser, the temperature (and pressure) of the refrigerant inside the condenser gradually rises.
Some unit-level controllers have the ability to adapt to this type of potentially harmful condition, by varying the operation of the equipment in order to keep it running as long as
cooling
tower
VAV air
handler
pumps
system
controller
boiler
The first example system uses the same VAV air handler that was introduced earlier in this period. This air handler is equipped with a unit-level controller, as are each of the VAV terminal units to which the air handler delivers air. The water chiller that provides cold water to the cooling coil, and the boiler that provides hot water to the heating coils, also have their own, individual, unit-level controllers.
Each piece of equipment is capable of being controlled independently. The unit controller on
system-level
controller VAV terminal units
packaged rooftop
air conditioner
The second example system uses a packaged rooftop VAV air conditioner, instead of the chilled-water air handler, to deliver air to the VAV terminal units. Similar to the air handler, this packaged rooftop air conditioner includes a unit controller that provides many of the same control-loop functions discussed earlier. However, instead of modulating
chilled water through the cooling coil, the rooftop unit controller cycles compressors and stages of heat to vary its cooling and heating capacity. In addition, because this piece of equipment includes the complete refrigeration system, the unit controller must perform
occupied hours
6 AM Noon 6 PM
occupied
setpoint
unoccupied
setpoint zone temperature
system on system off
Typically, the temperature inside a building is allowed to drift overnight when the occupants have gone home. The HVAC system is started the next morning, and is operated long
system-level
controller dedicated outdoor-air unit
boiler
pumps
The third example system includes fan-coil units served by an air-cooled chiller and boiler. A fan-coil unit is located in each zone, and each one includes its own
modulate the flow of water through the coil in response to the temperature in the zone. The unit controller on the air-cooled water chiller ensures a flow of chilled water whenever it required, and the boiler controller ensures a flow of hot water whenever it is required. This example is a two-pipe system. It uses a common piping system to alternatively supply cold water or hot water to all the fan-coil units in the system. Finally, a dedicated outdoor-air unit conditions all of the outdoor air brought into the building for ventilation, before delivering it directly to the individual zones.
outdoor dry -bulb temperature
hot water chilled water
0°F (-18°C)20°F (-7°C)40°F (4°C)60°F (16°C)80°F
(27°C)F C)F C)F C)F C)
30°F (17°C)15°F (8°C)deadband Changing between cooling and heating modes in a two-pipe system requires a lot of excess energy to heat or
system -level controller
water heat pumps
pumps cooling
tower
exhaust fan
The fourth example system is a water-source heat-pump system. Each heat pump includes a unit-level controller that cycles its compressor to maintain the desired temperature in the All the heat pumps are connected by a common water loop. The temperature of the water in this loop is controlled within a defined range by a cooling tower and a boiler. Like the fan-coil
cooling tower
off boiler off
heat pumps in heating mode
heat pumps in
cooling mode pumps on
The temperature of the water in the loop is typically controlled between 60°F (16°C) and 90°F (32°C). During warm weather, when all of the heat pumps are operating in cooling mode, heat removed from the air inside the building is transferred to the water loop. This causes the temperature of the water in the loop to increase. A cooling tower, or evaporative water cooler, rejects heat from the water loop to the outdoor air, maintaining a leaving-water temperature of approximately 90°F (32°C).
system -level
controller fan speed or
inlet -vane
position
VAV terminal units
supply
fan
static -
pressure
sensor
occupied hours 6 AM Noon 6 PM
occupied
setpoint
unoccupied
setpoint zone temperature
time clock
optimum start
mode was discussed earlier in this period. In many systems, a simple time clock or a time-of-day schedule is used to start and stop the HVAC system. However,
volume
pump coil 54°F
(12.2°C)
47°F (8.3°C)
valve position leaving temperature。