lecture5定语从句

关系词在从句中充当的成分
▪ The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be true.
▪ The rumor that tom was a thief turned out to be true.
The reason -------he gave for his being late was unacceptable. A why B that C who D for which
Whose 不能用于whose ＋限定词＋名词， 不能说 whose the name,但可以这样结构 whose ＋强调词＋名词 例如：
I looked at a book yesterday whose very name I don’t remember.
▪ 3）which的用法 1).通常指物，可引导限制性和非限制性。所 代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，主句的 一部分，或指前面整个句子。在从句中可作 主语、宾语等，例如：
The pen, which cost me $10, writes smoothly. He is a man who is of value to the people.
The wine which was in the cellar was all ruined. 放在地窖里的酒坏了。部分的酒（在地窖的那部分坏了。）
▪ 关系副词有：when, where, why等。
▪ 介词＋关系代词
概述
关系代词
关系代词姓名
介词＋ 关系代词
同短语转换 主谓一致 同位语区别 双重关系分句
两条原则及重点
▪ 1 找到先行词，分析定从所修饰的成分是 什么
▪ 2 关系词在定从中所充当的成分 ▪ 关系代词及副词的基本用法 ▪ 区分限定和非限定性定从，理解二者在意
▪ Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？ 主语
▪ He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 宾语
whom在作动词或介词宾语时，特别在口语中，一般省略，或用who 、that代替。 而在以介词结尾的定从中最好不用whom。如下例：
that 省略
3 特殊关系代词：what as than but
Restrictive & non Restrictive 区别 P571
1. 形式上，逗号 2.意义上， 限定性定从说明的是句中的先行词不可
缺少的情况，它用力限定先行词所指的范围， 其 内容与先行词关系密切。若去掉此定从，剩下的 部分则含义不明确，意义不完整或意义完全改变 。而非限定性则与先行词关系较松散，只是对先 行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。若去掉此定 从，整个句子意义一样明确，不会引起误解和歧 义。有时非限定在语义上起状语从句作用，表示 原因目的、结果、条件、让步等意义。
先行词anything与关系代词that被宾语从句中的谓语suppose隔开 I don’t suppose anything that he doesn’t foresee happens
He needs a long spoon ---- sups with the devil. A who B which C as D when
▪ climbing mountains是主句的一部分
2.除了在从句中可作主语、宾语外， which还可以作限定词与名词连用，此时 which作定语。 He may be late, in which case we should wait for him The tiger is at large , which circumstance (or fact) is very serious.
▪ 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单 数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我 的意思，这使我心烦。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸 发。
Which &who 的区别 Anna is a vegetarian, which no one else is in our family. 这里不是具体指某个人，而是作为一个一般概念来泛指，表示特定的一类人。当先 行词表泛指一类人时用Which
Anna is vegetarian, which I don’t want to be. The vegetarian , who is my close friend,never eat meat. 这里vegetarian是具体的 人。
I think you should stay faithful to the person (who/that) you're married to . I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom you're married to
义结构上的差别。
抓住先行词的重要
▪ There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently
I don’t suppose anything happens that he doesn't’t foresee happens.
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限 制性定语从句。
关系代词引导的定语从句
▪ 1 who &whom 用法区别 ▪ 2 whose的基本用法 ▪ 3that &wห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ich 用法区别 ▪ 4As ▪ 5What ▪ 6 than ▪ 7 but
关系代词引导的定语从句
▪ 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代 词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关 系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的 人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1）who, whom, that whom只能作宾语或表语。 who作主宾表语均可
The wine,which was in the cellar, was all ruined 酒放在了地窖里了，都坏了。
▪ 2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所 修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例 如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了 ，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着 个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三 遍。
在非限定性定从，最好用whom作宾语，而且不省略。 His mother, whom he loved dearly,died in1818.
▪ 2) Whose 表示所属关系，与名词连用，可 指人或物，在句中作主语、动词宾语或介词 宾语。(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
2指人的先行词表明一种身分或一种职业时，用which I has become a teacher, which I wanted to be.
3关系词指前面整个句子的意思，而不是指单一的先行词， 此时尽管先行名词指人， 关系代词用which He is an english man, which I know from his accent .
He who sups with the devil needs a long spoon 同坏人打交道要提防着。
Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life circle of the insect that is not fully understood
定语从句 第33讲
▪ 定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做 定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名 词,词组或代词即先行词antecedent。定语 从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词 relative pronoun&adverb（关系代词或关 系副词）引出。
▪ 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
▪ When I looked through the window, I saw a
girl whose beauty took my breath away.
▪ （whose beauty 作主语）
当whose用于指物时，可用of +which来代替，词序:限定词＋名词＋of＋ which 或 of＋ which+限定词＋名词 1.I had a meeting whose purpose was completely unclear 2 I had a meeting the purpose of which was completely unclear 3I had a meeting of which the purpose was completely unclear
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it
which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句 ，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语 从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子 并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
▪ （which / that在句中作宾语）
▪ He likes climbing mountains, which is a good exercise.
gave 缺少的是宾语 ,如果缺少是状语则用why
语法 作用
主语 宾语
所以 关系 限定 状语
限定性及非限定性
人物 who which
who which whom whose whose of
which which
when whrer
限定性
人物 that that或省 略that
1 关系代词：充当 主、宾、定、表语 2关系代词：充当 时间、地点、原因、状语 注意方式状语不用how 。 The way in which
That 的用法
▪ 1）不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b) 介词后不能用。 We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了 ，大家都跑过去帮忙。（动词宾语）
Atlas was a kneeling man on whose shoulders the world rested （介词 on 的宾 语）
▪ 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise. A. it B. that C. which D. he 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用 which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立 的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通 。