Lesson_12_Leadership_(领导力)

Work related characteristics

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Criticism of Trait Model

Does not assign weights to traits Does not consider followers or situations Does not tell you what traits are important Does not take into consideration low reliability and validity of tests

Theory of Charismatic Leadership (House, 1977) Theory of Transformational Leadership (Burns, 1978; Bass, 1985)
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Traits Approach




The earliest efforts to understand leadership success focused on the leader’s personal characteristics or traits. Based on the assumption that certain physical, social, and personal characteristics are inherent in leaders; Argues that presence or absence of these characteristics distinguishes leaders from nonleaders. Personal factors that distinguish the leader, such as intelligence and appearance. Cont…


Summary and Conclusion
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WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?

Leadership is the ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals (Robbins). Leading is the process of creating vision, inspiring commitment and directing humanresource efforts toward organisational objectives (Schmerhorn). Key Words: Influencing; Organisational Objectives; Vision; Inspiration; Commitment
Such characteristics refer to the individual’s attitude towards work, such as whether he is ambitious, achievement-oriented and sets high goals/targets to achieve.
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Participative

Leader allows and expects worker participation Leaders tend to:


Involve subordinates in decision-making through consultation Asking them for their opinions Share information with subordinates

Concern for People (consideration or employee centred)
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WHY STUDY LEADERSHIP?


Employees believe that organisational successes and failures are linked to leadership. (Robbins) Leaders manage the management functions
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Democrseeks majority rule from workers They tend:

To involve the group in decision making To let group determine work methods To make overall goals known To use feedback as an opportunity for helpful coaching
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Autocratic

Leaders tells employees what to do Leaders tend to make: Unilateral decisions Dictate work method Limit worker knowledge about goals to justify the next step to be performed Give punitive feedback
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Traits Approach

Intelligence characteristics

These characteristics refer to the ability of the individual to use his mental abilities to assess issues, make decisions and solve problems.

Social characteristics


Personality

Personality traits are associated with the individual’s character. Effective leaders usually exhibit an out-going, aggressive personality. Cont…
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HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF LEADERSHIP APPROACHES


Trait Approach (1900-1946) Behavioural Approach (1948-1965) Contingency Approach (1967-1975) New Leadership Approaches
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The University of Michigan Studies


Classified leaders’ behaviors as productioncentered or employee-centered; Concern for Production (task oriented or production centred)
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BEHAVIOURAL APPROACHES
Focuses on differences in actions of effective and ineffective leaders; Based on how they delegate tasks to subordinates; where and when they communicate to others; and how they perform their roles; Unlike traits, behaviors can be observed and learned.
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Traits Approach

Physical characteristics

This refers to the looks, appearance, grooming of the managers. These traits are related to the ability to be sociable, communication skills and ability to get along with others.
Lesson 12
LEADERSHIP
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Overview


Introduction: What is leadership? Why study leadership? Historical Developments of Leadership Approaches
Traits Approaches Behavioural Approaches Contingency Approaches Transformational Approaches Power: The leader’s Source of Influence

Extent to which the leader defines and structure the role of the subordinates, such as defining work task, assigning task responsibilities, set clear work standards
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Laissez-faire



Leader lets group members make all decisions Give the group complete freedom Provide necessary materials Participate only to answer questions Avoid giving feedbacks E.g. writers, painters, expert-specialist workers