现实主义时期文学：夏洛蒂

现实主义（realism ）时期文学（19世纪30年代---1918）：
Introduction
1837年维多利亚女王（Queen Victoria ， 1819-1901）登基。

在她统治时期，英国一度取得世界贸易和工业的垄断地位，科学、文化、艺术出现繁荣的局面。

维多利亚时代英国诗歌表现出与浪漫主义截然不同的诗风，诗人们不再沉湎于主观感情的发泄，而是注重形式的典雅，对诗艺精益求精。

现实主义侧重如实地反映现实生活，客观性较强。

它提倡客观地、冷静地观察现实生活，按照生活的本来样式精确细腻地加以描写，力求真实地再现典型环境中的典型人物。

现实主义文学按事实描写生活，它因对现存秩序的强烈批判，又被称为批判现实主义文学（Critical Realism ）。

它详尽分析人类行为互相冲突的趋势，描绘个人在克服周围环境带来的挫折中所进行的斗争。

现实主义者爱用长篇小说这种形式，因此长篇小说的创作出现了空前繁荣的局面。

Representatives(代表人物):
Poets(诗人):
1)阿尔弗雷德·丁尼Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)
2)罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browning(1812-1889) 3)马修·阿诺德Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)
Novelists(小说家):
1.Charlotte Brontë 夏洛蒂•勃
朗特：《简•爱》（Jane
Eyre ,1847）
1)勃朗特三姐妹 2.Emily Brontë 艾米丽•勃朗特：
《呼啸山庄》（Wuthering Heights ,
1847）
3.Anne Brontë 安妮•勃朗特：《阿格尼斯•格雷》（Agnes Grey , 1847）
2)查尔斯•狄更斯 Charles Dickens ：《雾都孤儿》（Oliver Twist , 1838）；《大卫•科波菲尔》（David Copperfield , 1849）；《荒凉山庄》（Bleak House , 1852）；《双城记》（A Tale of Two Cities , 1854）；《远大前程》（Great Expectations , 1860）
3)威廉·麦克皮斯·萨克雷William Makepeace
Thackray: 《名利场》（Vanity Fair ）； 《亨利·埃斯蒙德》（The History of Henry Esmond ） 4)托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy ：《德伯家的苔丝》（Tess of the D’Urbervilles ,1891）和《无名的裘德》（Jude the Obscure ,1895）
Dramatists (戏剧家):
1)奥斯卡·王尔德Oscar Wilde(1854-1900): 英国唯美主义(Aestheticism)代言人。

唯美主义作品《道林·格雷的画像》（The Picture of Dorian Gray , 1891）；喜剧《认真的重要性》（The Importance of Being Earnest , 1895）；；《一个无足轻重的女人》（A Woman of No Importance ,1893）等等。

2)萧伯纳George Bernard Shaw(1856-1950): 《圣女贞德》（Saint Joan , 1924）； 《皮格马利翁》（Pygmalion ，1913）等。

一．Charlotte Brontë 夏洛蒂•勃朗特（1816-1855）
夏洛蒂·勃朗特
1816年生于英国北部约克郡的豪渥斯的一个乡村牧师家庭。

母亲早逝，八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员
孤女的慈善性机构——柯文桥女子寄宿学校。

在那里，她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。

于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米利回到家乡，15岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书，几年后又在这个学校当教师。

后来她曾作家庭教师，最终她投身于文学创作的道路。

夏洛蒂·勃朗特有两个姐姐、两个妹妹和一个弟弟。

两个妹妹，即艾米莉·勃朗特和安妮·勃朗特，也是著名作家，因而在英国文学史上常有“勃朗特三姐妹”之称。

Works ：
成名作和代表作：《简•爱》（Jane Eyre ,1847）； 其它作品：《雪莉》（Shirley , 1849）；《维莱特》（Villette , 1853）；《教师》（The Professor , 1857）；与妹妹艾米丽和安妮的诗歌合集《柯勒、埃利斯和阿克顿·贝尔诗集》（Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell, 1846） Appreciation(赏析) of Jane Eyre : 《简•爱》的主题思想：描写了简·爱与罗切
斯特的爱情。

主人公简·爱是一个心地纯洁、善
于思考的女性，她生活在社会底层，受尽磨难。

但她有倔强的性格和勇于追求平等幸福的精神。

小说以浓郁抒情的笔法和深刻细腻的心理描写，引人入胜地展示了男女主人公曲折起伏的爱情经历，歌颂了摆脱一切旧习俗和偏见。

扎根于相互理解。

相互尊重的基础之上的深挚爱情，具有强烈的震撼心灵的艺术力量。

其最为成功之处在于塑造了一个敢于反抗，敢于争取自由和平等地位的妇女形象。

它阐释了这样一个主题：人的价值＝尊严＋爱。

Sentence Reviews：
----I miss him, love him, hazing, indelible, is not the sun, dispel the sand storms blow can build a statue.
----This is the name on the inscription engraved like marble, alex, wherever I go, my heart is toward him, longing to him and bless him.
----Don’t cry because it is over, smile because it happened
----Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?—a machine without feelings?
----And can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my cup? Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!—I have as much soul as you,—and full as much heart!
---- And if God had gifted me with some beauty and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you. I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh;—it is my spirit that addresses your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal,—as we are!
----I grieve to leave Thornfield: I love Thornfield: I love it, because I have lived in it a full and delightful life, momentarily at least. I have not been trampled on. I have not been petrified. I have not been buried with inferior minds, and excluded from every glimpse of communion with what is bright and energetic and high. I have talked, face to face, with what I reverence, with what I delight in, with an original, a vigorous, an expanded mind. I have known you, Mr. Rochester; and it strikes me with terror and anguish to feel I absolutely must be torn from you for ever. I see the necessity of departure; and it is like looking on the necessity of death.
二．Appreciation of poem:
1. Break, Break, Break
------Tennyson
Break, Break, Break,
On thy cold gray stones, O Sea!
And I would that my tongue could utter
The thoughts that arise in me.
O, well for the fisherman’s boy,
That he shouts with his sister at play!
O, well for the sailor lad,
That he sings in his boat on the bay!
And the stately ships go on
To their haven under the hill;
But O for the touch of a vanished hand,
And the sound of a voice that is still!
Break, break, break,
At the foot of thy crags, O Sea!
But the tender grace of a day that is dead
Will never come back to me.
2. The Eagle
-----Tennyson
He clasps the crag with crooked hands;
Close to the sun in lonely lands,
Ringed with the azure world, he stands.
The wrinkled sea beneath him crawls;
He watches from his mountain walls,
And like a thunderbolt he falls.。