如何撰写学术论文摘要

如何撰写学术论文摘要。

许多国际会议都把论文摘要集作为会议的唯一出版物。文献情报人员也根据论文摘要编制索引资料。在更大的范围内流传。如果论文摘要被收人文摘刊物(全世界约有1300多种文摘性刊物)，那么其读者要比专业性学术刊物的读者扩大许多倍。因此，在国际学术刊物上或在国防学术会议上发表论文，掌握写论文摘要的技巧是很必要的。论文摘要是全文的高度概括与浓缩，使读者一目了然。

根据不同的研究内容，通常分为概括型摘要和信息型摘要。概括型摘要多用于理论性较强的论文；信息型摘要是全篇论文或实验报告的浓缩(其长度相当于论文的1／15—1／25)，不仅应简述论文的主要内容、要旨、重点，而且还应列出相关的数据、实验结果以及采用的方法——如果是新方法，还要阐明其基本原理、操作范围以及准确度等数据资料。概括型摘要主要是从宏观上综合论文的核心内容，文体正式，篇幅较短，使用被动式较多；而信息型摘要则是从微观上阐述论文“包涵了什么”、“做了些什么”、文体灵活、句式变化多，篇幅较长。摘要可以写成一段，也可写成三段或更多一些段落。首句通常是主题句，开门见山地点出论文的主题。论文摘要一般用至少三个句子来完成，长度约为50—200个词，其内容主要包括：①研究的目的与范围；②研究的方法；③研究的结果；④作者对研究的主要结论。写摘要的语言要求比较严格，一是用词要精确、简炼；二是句式要富有变化，例如长短句、主被动以及非谓语动词的交替使用等等。

下面请参看几例“摘要”的英、中文对照，：

1．PLANT AND EQUIPMENT IN SURFACE MINING WORLDWIDE．This article presents world production figures for 2000-2001 to give an indication of the importance of this market for manufacturers who supply plant and equipment. Tables show the major equipment used by the UK coal industry, walking draglines operating or on order in Canada and draglines operating in Australia.

Kelly, D. W. (Gwent Call of Higher Education, Newport, Wales.)

Coal Int (Red hill Engl)v3n3Jul. 1984pp. 25-26.29-30

2. 002317 TRANSIENTS DUE TO SWITCHING-ON AN UNLOADED THREE-PHASE POWER LINE WITH RANDOM DELAY-TIME OF CIRCUIT-BREAKER POLES. The paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters, applied in the analysis of transients due to switching-on an unloaded three-phase power line. The results of statistically elaborated computations are tabulated. 8 refs.

Brulinski, Pawel(Research & Development Cent of Automat for Chemical for chemical & Oil Industry, Lodz, Poi); Zielinski, Jerzy Stanislaw.

Arch Elektrotech ( Warsaw )v32nl-2 1983pp. 123-128.

3. This paper identifies certain classes of problems occurring in product development efforts. A discussion is presented on how a system may be established in which these problems can be easily resolved, or avoided

entirely.

4. 004628 ORGANIZING FOR STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT. The author discusses the factors which make “strategic management”effective. Among these, a dominant factor is the organization climate which, in its turn, is determined by the quality of the managers and the availability of alternatives. He suggests that to improve the organization climate in which strategic management can be effective, the quality of the managers is a crucial factor. The scope for alternatives is an important constraint. This article assesses common problems and failures in strategic management and gives some suggestions for organizing it, including the use of consultants and the role of formal procedures. 9 refs. Nagel, Arie (Eindhoven Univ of Technology, Eindhoven, Neth).

Long Range Plan v17n5 Oct. 1984pp. 71-78.

5. 000724 DEVELOPING ENERGY MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR BOILER SYSTEMS WILL REDUCE OVERHEAD. Four steps: monitoring, assessment, planning and implementation are discussed. A computer program is presented to conserve energy, time and money through systematic energy management. Two case studies are presented. Anon (Dexter Corp, Mogul-Div, Pittsburgh, CA, USA ) Natl Eng v 88 n 3 Mar. 1984pp. 19-22

6. 001464 KEYBOARD DIAGNOSTIC METHOD. A microprocessor-controlled electronic keyboard is tested by comparing