刘晓艳长难句讲义

考研英语基础—长难句
第二部分并列句
查错：
Few of the nation's largest cities are state capitals;thus neither New York nor Chicago is the seat of its state's government.
I was ill therefore I could not come.
练习:
一、修改病句
1I was in the middle of the night,slipped into his house,
2he is my teacher,he graduated from oxford university.
3he stole my apple,that make me angry.
4Forgive me for writing such a long letter I did not have time to write shorter one.
5I don’t want to bore you,I can’t find anyone to bore.
二、串连句子:用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子。

1)It was a cold snowy day．
He had no money left for food．(and)
2)study hard．
You’11fail in the exam．(or)
3)it is so badly cold．
I went to have class anyway．(but)
4)I enjoy playing football．
She enjoys playing football，too．(so)
5)He must be ill．
He is absent today．(for)
6)Some people waste water
Others haven’t enough．(while)
7)She is overweight．
Her husband is thin．(whereas)
8)She cannot sing．
She cannot dance，either．(neither)
三选择题练习
1.Permission was not granted for the interview;______,the reporters never gave
up hope.
A.consequently
B.likewise
C.however
D.moreover
2____a well-balanced diet______adequate sleep is needed for good health.
A.Neither…nor…
B.Not only…but also
C.Rather…than
D.
Because…so
3Cramming for exams rarely helps;____,many students stay up until dawn,studying on the night before a big test.
A.for
B.again
C.instead
D.nevertheless
4Two of the students have neither the intelligence nor the diligence to learn the required lesson;____,they will be dismissed from the program.
A.but
B.consequently
C.similarly
D.indeed
5I______keenly interested in newsreels.（新闻短片）
A.as well as he can
B.as well as he is
C.as well as he are
D.as well as him am
四翻译练习
1.In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights,including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another private individual.(94年)
2.However,whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had35 million years ago,is,as yet,an unanswered question.
（05年）
3.They give their owners automatic credit in stores,restaurants,and hotels,at home,across the country,and even abroad,and they make many banking services available as well.94
4.Innovation is like soccer;even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score.94
6.the journey never really ends;there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try,new challenges to accept.
7.We live a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances(drugs) is pervasive:an aspirin to quiet a headache,some wine to be sociable,coffee to get going in the morning,a cigarette for the nerves.
8.There are about105males born for every100females,but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity,and among70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men.2000
9The data suggest,for example,that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents,sought out as friends,and pursued romantically.(被异性追求)（98.1第一篇Beauty does matters)
10.As families move away from their stable community,their friends of many years, their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.(95年p3)
11.When that happens,it is not a mistake;it is mankind’s instinct for moral reasoning in action--an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
12There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research technique appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.
13Until these issues are resolved,a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected,and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.
14Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes for pictures or music was not only a loss of happiness,but might possibly be injurious to the intellect and more probably to the moral character.08
15While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition,it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.09
16Questions seem mostly effectively done by supporting a certain amount of research not related to immediate goals but of possible consequence in the future.
第三部分名词和名词性成分
1主语从句
真题1）That the seas are being overfished has been known for years,(2006) 2）That the plates are moving is not beyond dispute98
再如
3)it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily,make distinctions,reason logically,and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
4）For example,it has long been known that total sleep deprivation is100percent fatal to rats,yet,on examination of the dead bodies,the animals look completely normal.
5）Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.94
6）How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability,and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.95
2宾语从句
She said(that)she would be back by five.
The teacher asked me if I needed any help.
Could you tell me why he got divorced with his wife.
I am not sure who I will vote for.
7）Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure?95
8）难：You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction (归纳法)and deduction（演绎法）,that by the help of these operations,they,in a sort of sense,manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws,and that out of these,by some special skill of their own,they build up their theories.93
3表语从句
9)A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly,courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them97
10)women are much too preoccupied by family,once the marriage begins to disintegrate, they are lost.That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims
练习：Galileo’s greatest glory was that in1609he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.94
4同位语从句
11)A century ago,Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears;05
12）evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as6months old.
13)The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious,but the likelihood that many cancers are initiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers.95
14）but the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media07
练习
一、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句。

1)we need help in learning english．
That is quite obvious．
2)you have found your love．
That is good news．
3)She will come here．
It doesn’t seem likely．
4)graduates find it hard to find jobs．
It is unbelievable．
5)We are badly in need of something．
It is raw material.
二、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句。

1)What kind of show are they putting on?
Can you figure out?
1)Is the letter overweight?
I'm wondering．
2)How can we improve our oral English?
3)I am thinking of that．
4)Is tom the right person for the job?
we are still uncertain as to that．
5)Peter has a slight headache sometimes．
He has always been in good health except that．
6)He had forgotten to take his car with him．
He suddenly remembered that.
三、用”what”从句将下列句子补充完整。

1)Could you show me________(you，write)?
2)This is________(we，should always，keep in mind)．
3)(they，see)________in China made a deep impression on them．
4)We must not put off till tomorrow________(we，can，do，today)．
四、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句。

1）He is growing old．
Nothing can hide the fact．
2）He works hard．
The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader．
3）He explained that he didn’t see the notice．
The explanation is unsatisfactory．
4）He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method．Most of us don’t agree with his view．
5）He won the first gold medal at the23m Olympic Games．
The news soon spread throughout the country．
6）He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter．
His suggestion is not universally accepted．
第四部分修饰名词的成分
一）找出下列句子中所有的定语成分
1Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.
2Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.96）
4Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals,including man.
（96）
5After six months of arguing and final16hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.97
6Whether to use tests,other kinds of information,or both in a particular situation depends,therefore,upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.95
7“In short,”a leader of the new school contends,“the scientific revolution, as we call it,was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
二）定语从句
1.试译：夜莺用生命换来的玫瑰花被拒绝了。

艾滋病的治疗是我们可以合作的领域
The old lady died_______________(在她儿子到达的那天).
This is_______________(我赞成这一改革的理由).
We should respect those_____(毕生致力于服务人民的人)
2.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned,orderly,systematic,and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.2003
定语从句的重点和难点：
A rich person is not who has the most,but is one who needs the least
When someone abandons you,he is the one who should get loss
1.The researchers made great progress in the early1970s,when they discovered that oncogenes（致癌基因）,which are cancer-causing genes,are inactive in normal cells. 94
2.By contrast,they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650to1750,when England was still a completely agricultural country,a period of great abundance and prosperity.（98年完型）
3.Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more“unnatural food”.91翻译
4he likes lifting weight,which is a good exercise.
5.Many of life’s problems which were solved by asking family members,friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve95
6.For workers it can mean an end to the security,benefits and sense of importance that came from being a loyal employee.97
7.The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought,which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.04.61
8My girlfriend likes dancing with other guys,which really makes me mad.
9.And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon（计算机，网络）.99
10.Today,stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things, that you might--surprise!--fall off.99
11.As a linguist,he acknowledges that all varieties of human language,including non-standard ones like Black English,can be powerfully expressive--there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas.05
12.It can be predicted,however,that from time to time questions will arise which will require specific scientific answers.96
练习
一、将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句。

1)1went to visit the American author．
He wrote a number of books about China．
2)My aunt prepared the soup．
I ate the soup．
3)I have an arrangement with my bank．
By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month．
4)He sent her a letter．
In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her．
5)Mr.Brown just came from Britain yesterday．
He will teach US accounting this term．
6)She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan．
She has relatives there.
7)The United States is known for its supermarkets．
In these supermarkets,huge quantifies of all kinds of food and household articles are sold．
8)The story happened in late l9th century．
At that time，China is suffering from the invasion of western powers．
二改错
1.I enjoyed the music which zhoujielun composed it.
2.The people who I met them at the party last night were interesting.
3.I will never forget the days when I spent with you.
4.I will never forget the day when I met you for the first time.
5.Do you love that building which roof is round.
6.This is the town where I was born.
7.This is the town where I will visit.
三．寻找先行词练习：
1）Because they are adjusting to their new bodies and a whole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges,teenagers are especially self-conscious and need the __25__that comes from achieving success and knowing that their accomplishments are admired by others.（03）
[A]assistance[B]guidance[C]confidence[D]tolerance
2）inaccurate or indefinite words may make it difficult for the listener to understand the__48__which is being transmitted to him.94
[A]speech[B]sense[C]message[D]meaning
找引导词
3）When the work is well done,a climate of accident-free operations is established __44__time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.
(99.完型)
[A]where[B]how[C]what[D]unless
4）The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__interfere with his comprehension;hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.94年
[A]who[B]as[C]which[D]what
四定语翻译题练习
1the role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago,and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.
2Taylor defined culture as that complex whole which includes belief,art, morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.
3It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset:it invites you to think that anminals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with no consideration at all.
4This trend began during the second world war when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.
5Astrophysicists working with ground-based detectors at the south pole and balloon-born instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.
第五部分动词
一、实意动词分为及物和不及物动词
A及物动词：
I am watching TV;he is sending a letter
How long can I keep the book?
I believe you/what you said;
B不及物动词：
Birds can fly.The story happened in1900.
I am looking(at you)/I am looking you;
He is listening to（the teacher carefully）.
C有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词;
1.I began at once;/I began studying at once when I got home
2.He has left/he has left Chongqing.
I can see your mind/I see.
Can I ask you a question?/He always ask for trouble.
My heart is beating/he always beats his dog.
D练习
●The young must obey to their elders.
●Do not approach to that odd-looking man.
●The audience attacked on the rude speaker.
●Nothing can escape from his parents'eyes.
●Do you hope to serve for your nation?
●When did Susan marry with Paul?
例子：This view is generally thought to be wrong.Specialists in history and economics, have__49__two things:that the period from1650to1750was marked by great poverty, [A]manifested[B]approved[C]shown[D]speculated
He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to__44__old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00
[A]replace[B]purchase[C]supplement[D]dispose
二、情态动词
练习
1.Mary’s score on the test is the highest in her class;she________have studied
very hard.
A)may B)should C)must D)ought to
2.You________her in her office last Friday;she’s been out of town for two weeks.
A)needn’t have seen B)must have seen C)might have seen D)can’t have seen
3.You___all those calculations.we have a computer.
A neednot have done
B shouldnot have done
C must not have done
D can not have done
4Some women________a good salary in a job instead of staying home,but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A)must make B)should have made C)would make D)could have made
5.The careless man received a ticket for speeding.He________have driven so fast.
A)can’t B)wouldn’t C)shouldn’t D)mustn’t
6.翻译：他一定是梦见什么可怕的东西了。

I cannot find my dog,(我可能昨天忘在咖啡店里了)
钱丢了，谁可能偷了我的钱呢？
我本来可以借给你钱的，你怎么不跟我借啊。

三、分词用法
找出分词作定语，翻译并试着把下面四句话改成定从：
1）Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (94翻译)
2）Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs.Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.96（分词做定语，已讲过）
3）Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep,characterized by rapid eye movements and dreaming,and longer periods of non-REM sleep.
（95）
分词作状语
The test finished,we began our holiday.
=When the test was finished,we began our holiday.
考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.
=After the president was assassinated,the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

真题解析
4）In response,schools are modifying their programs,adapting instruction to children who are exceptional,to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.94
练习
1、两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语。

1)Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left the meeting．
2)As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tired out．
3)They went hunting for hours，but when they returned they were empty-handed
4)When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him．
5)Teenagers are pressured by school work．They are also encouraged by their peers．Under such circumstances，they resort to smoking．
6)College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. They cheat on exams more frequently．
2、两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

1)He sat in front of them．And his dusty face masked his age.
2)She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room．Her heart beat fast．
3)The old beggar sat at the comer．Tears welled up in his eyes．
4)Jim continued on his way．The dog was jumping about in front of him．
5)The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile．Her long hair flowed in the breeze.
3、翻译练习：（不要翻译成状语从句）
1如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。

2工作完成后，我们才回家。

3会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

4我有很多特色，包括长得帅。

5狗跟着他，Peter走出了教室。

四、虚拟语气
练习题 1.The teacher demanded that the exam_____before eleven.
A.must finish
B.would be finished
C.be finished
D.must be finished
2.He is talking so much about America as if he_____there.
A.had been
B.has been
C.was
D.h as gone
3.The young man insisted that he_____nothing wrong and_____free.
A.did;set
B.had done;should be set
C.should do;be set
D.had done;must be set
4.I suggested there____be a kind of language all could understand and use__ __.
A.can;it
B./;/
C.would;it
D.may;/
5.It is important that we_____wild animals.
A.will protect
B.should protect
C.shall protect
D.are protecti ng
6.Had you listened to the doctor,you_____all right now.
A.are
B.were
C.would be
D.would have been
7.Should it rain,the crops_____.
A.would be saved
B.would have been saved
C.will be saved
D.had been saved
8.He treated me as though/as if_____his own son.
A.I am
B.I would be
C.I was
D.
I were
9.---“Have you ever been to Beijing?”
---“No,but I wish I_____”
A.have
B.will
C.do
D.had
10.I’m glad I went over all my notes;otherwise_____.
A.I may have failed
B.I’d fail
C.I’d have failed
D.I’ll have failed
第六部分形容词副词
一在句子中所做成分
1.Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings,which
investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom04
2Native American languages are indeed different,so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
04七选五
3He must use this surplus in three ways:as seed for sowing,as an insurance against the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to replace old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to feed the soil.00
4As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.01
5.Three weeks later,he got his first notification of an opening.“I struck gold,”
says Redmon,who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.04
6.Over the years,tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental
innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.94 7The greater use of school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning.
8The great thing in this world is not so much where we stand as in what direction we are moving.
9Science moves forward,they say,not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(94)
二状语从句
翻译中状语从句翻译是重点和难点，完型填空中逻辑关系词也很重要。

从本质上说状语从句就是用不同的连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句间特定的逻辑关系。

一选择
1.I’ll let you know____he comes back.
A.before
B.because
C.as soon as
D.although
2.She will sing a song____she is asked.
A.if
B.unless
C.for
D.since
3.We will work____we are needed.
A.whenever
B.because
C.since
D.wherever
4.Read it aloud_____the class can hear you.
A.so that
B.if
C.when
D.although
5._____you go,don't forget your people.
A.Whenever
B.However
C.Wherever
D.Whichever
6.It is about ten years_____I met you last.
A.since
B.for
C.when
D.as
7.They will never succeed,_____hard they try.
A.because
B.however
C.when
D.since
8._____still half drunk,he made his way home.
A.When
B.Because
C.Though
D.As
9._____she was very tired,she went on working.
A.As
B.Although
C.Even
D.In spite of
10.Busy_____he was,he tried his best to help you.
A.as
B.when
C.since
D.for
二翻译
1.The target is wrong,for in attacking the tests,critics divert attention from the
fault that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users.95
2The rats develop bacterial infections of the blood,__50__their immune systems--the self-protecting mechanism against disease--had crashed.95
[A]if[B]as if[C]only if[D]if only
3He can continue to support himself and his family__42__he produces a surplus.00
[A]only if[B]much as[C]long before[D]ever since
4.If the small hot spots look as expected,that will be a triumph for yet another
scientific idea,a refinement of the big bang called the inflationary universe theory.
5.owing to the remarkable development in mass communications,people everywhere
are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas,while
governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above
6.The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well
studied languages of europe and southeast asia that some scholars even accused boas and sapir of fabricating their data04
7While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories,it is preferable for journalists to rely on their notions of significance and make their own judgments.07
8but his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
9traditionally，legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person07
10Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.99
第七部分倒装和强调句式
一倒装
1．否定词位于句首时
1）I have never been to Europe．
2)He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over．
3）She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her．
4）Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill．
5)She cares little about what others say about her．
试译：她几乎不洗澡；
2．So，nor，neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时。

1)Richard can speak Japanese．His sister can speak Japanese，too．
2)Copper is a good conductor．Many other metals are good conductors，too．
3)Paul could not dance，and he could not sing either．
4)The husband was not hospitable to the visitor．And the wife did not say a word of welcome either．
3．含有So…that结构的句子将so引导的部分位于句首时
1)He was so excited that he could not go to sleep．
2)He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced．
3)He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph．D．degree one year ahead of schedule．4）她是如此的漂亮，以至于能吸引住每一个人。

（catch the eyes of everyone）
4．only引出的状语位于句首时
1)His father called his name only once．
2)The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery．
3)We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price．
5．省略if的虚拟语气用倒装
练习：翻译
1直到截止日期他才寄出他的申请表格六级翻译
2not only他向我收费过高，but he did not do a good repair job either,
3only in the small town,他才感到安全和放松。

4never once老两口相互争吵since they were married40years ago.
5.For example,they do not compensate for gross social inequality,and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.95
6.point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal--and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity.94
7.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin,56,who took over for the late Steve Ross in1992.97(介词短语放句首，全部倒装)
9Scattered around the globe are more than100small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.。