英语动词概述

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动词
1)表示动作状态的词叫做动词。

2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词、系动词、助动词、情态动词。

有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。

(having是实义动词。


He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。

(has是助动词。


3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,分为两类:及物动词、不及物动词,缩写形式分别为vt. 和vi.。

同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。

例如:
She can sing. 她能唱歌。

(sing在此用作不及物动词。


She can sing many English songs. 她能唱好多首英文歌曲。

(sing用作及物动词。


4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词、非限定动词例如:She sings very well.(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。


She wants to learn English well.(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。

英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式、动名词、分词.
5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词、短语动词、动词短语例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs. 英语里有许多短语动词。

(contains是单字动词。

)Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries. 学生们学会查字典。

(look up是短语动词。

)The young ought to take care of the old. 年轻人应照料老人。

(take care of是动词短语。


6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词、现在分词。

一、实义动词
1. 及物动词:后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词。

2. 不及物动词:本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词。

3. 有的及物动词也兼做不及物动词
二、系动词,也叫连系动词。

后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。

1.状态系动词,用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。

2.持续系动词,表状态动作的持续。

He always keeps silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。

3.表像系动词,表达从表象上看到的情况。

He looks tired. 他看起来很累。

He seems (to be) very sad.
4.感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste。

This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。

5.变化系动词,一般表达“变得”“变成”“成为”等含义。

She became rich within a short time.
6.终止系动词,表示主语已终止动作,如:His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。

三、助动词,能起到协助主要动词的作用,分为基本助动词、半助动词情态助动词 1.情态助动词包括will(would), shall(should), can(could), may(might), must, need, dare, ought to, used to, had better后接原形不定词。

2.情态助动词不受主语的人称和数的限制。

3.两个情态助动词不连用。

四、情态动词,后面跟的动词须用原形。

个别情态动词有现在式和过去式,过去式表达更客气,委婉的语气,时态性不强。

情态动词本身有一定的词义,表示说话人的情绪,态度或语气的动词。

五、情态动词用法
1. can 的用法:表示能力、许可、可能性。

表示能力时一般译为能、会即有种能力,尤其是生来具备的能力,此时may 和must 均不可代替它。

如:
She can swim fast, but I ca’t . 她能游得很快,但我不能。

I can see with my eyes. 我用眼睛看。

表示许可,常在口语中。

如:You can use my dictionary. 你可以用我的字典。

表示推测,意为可能常用于否定句和疑问句中,此时can’t 译为不可能如:
Can the news be true? 这个消息会是真的吗?
Can it be our teacher?No, it can’t be our teacher. He is on a visit to the Great Wall.
2. could的用法:can的过去式,意为能、会,表示过去的能力。

如:
He could write poems when he was 10. 他十岁时就会写诗。

在疑问句中,表示委婉的语气,此时could 没有过去式的意思。


Could you do me a favour? 你能帮我个忙吗?—Could I use your pen? 我能用一下你的钢笔吗?
3. may的用法:表示请求、许可,比can 正式,如:
May I borrow your bike? 我可以借你的自行车吗?You may go home now. 现在你可以回家了。

表示推测,谈论可能性,意为可能,或许,一般用于肯定句中如:
It may rain tomorrow . 明天可能会下雨。

She may be at home. 她可能在家呢
may的过去式为might ,表示推测时。

可能性低于may。

如:
He is away from school. He might be sick. 他离开学校了,可能是他生病了。

表示希望、祈求、祝愿,常可译为“祝愿”。

通常是用may +主+V 例如:
May you have a good time. 祝你过得愉快。

May you be happy! 祝你幸福!May you succeed!祝你成功!
4. must的用法:表示主观看法,意为―必须、一定。

如:
You must stay here until I come back.在我回来之前你必须呆在这儿。

其否定形式mustn’t表示一定不要, 千万别禁止不许。

如:
You mustn’t play with fire. 你不许玩火。

You mustn’t be late. 你一定不要迟到。

对must引导的疑问句,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t 或don’t have to . 如:
Must I finish my homework?我现在必须完成作业吗?—No, you needn’t.不,你不必。

must表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句。


The light is on, so he must be at home now.灯亮着,他现在肯定在家。

当must表示肯定的判断、推测时,其反意疑问句要用实际问句的助动词来构成。

如:
She must have seen the film before,hasn’t she?
5. need的用法:表示需要、必须,主要用于否定句和疑问句中,其否定形式为needn’t,意为没有必要,不必用need 提问时,肯定回答为must,否定回答为needn’t或don’t have to。

如:
Need I stay here any longer? Yes, you must .是的。

No. you needn’t /don’t have to.
need 还可以作实义动词,此时有人称、数和时态的变化,如果是人作主语后边多接动词不定式。

如:
I need to do it right now. 我需要马上做这件事。

He needs to learn more about the girl.他需要多了解那女孩。

6. shall 的用法:shall表示征求对方意见(多用于第一、三人称),如:
Shall we go out for a walk? 我们出去散步好吗?
在英语中,我们可以用其他多种方式提出我们的建议或征求对方意见。

用“Let's do...”来提出建议。

如:Let's go for a walk after supper.
用“What/How about...?”来提出建议;about后接名词或动词ing形式。

如:
What about/How about a drink? What about/How about taking Tom with us?
用“Why not...?”来提出建议,表示“何不……”not面后接动词原形。

“Why not...?”实际上是“Why don't you/we...?”的简略形式。

用“Would you like...?”提建议“你想要...吗?”Would you like a cup of tea? Would you like to go and see her?
7. should的用法:意为应该,可表示劝告、建议、义务、责任等。

如:
We should protect the environment. 我们应该保护环境。

Should have done 表示对过去动作的责备、批评。

如:
You should have finished your homework. 你应该已经完成作业了。

(事实上你没有完成。


8. will 的用法:表示意愿、意志、打算,可用于多种人称。

如:
I will help you if I’m free this afternoon.今天下午如果我有空,我就会帮你。

六、以情态动词引导的疑问句常见作答方法。

1. 对may 引出的问句,可以有下列回答方式:肯定回答:
Yes, you may. Yes, of course. Yes, certainly. Sure . No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t.
2.对must引出的疑问句,回答方式为:
Yes, …must. No,…Needn’t/ don’t have to.
3.could在疑问句中,表示委婉的语气,此时could 没有过去式的意思。


Could you do me a favour? —Yes, you can.
4. shall引出的疑问句用于第一人称,表示征求对方意见或客气的请求。

其回答方式有以下几种:
Yes, please. All right. No, thank you.
5.would you…的回答方式有以下几种:
Yes, I will. (No, I won’t.) Sure . (I’m sorry , I can’t.) All right/ OK/ With pleasure.
Certainly. (No, thank you .) Yes, please.
七、不同情态动词的否定意义也不同:
1.can’t不会如:I can’t play basketball. 我不会打篮球。

2. 当句子表推测时,用can’t 表达不可能,如:He can’t be ill. He is playing chess with Tom.
3. Can’t 还可用来回答―May I …? 这样的问句。

如:May I come in ? No, you mustn’t. / can’t. 不,你不能。

4. Can’t 还可用于固定习语中。

Can’t help doing 禁不住,情不自禁can’t wait to do sth 迫不及待如:
She can’t help crying. The children can’t wait to open the box.
5. may的否定式为may not,译成可能不. 如:He may not be at home. 他也许不在家。

6.mustn’t 表示不许,不可。

如:He mustn’t leave his room. You mustn’t talk in class.
mustn’t 也可用于以may 表示要求时的否定回答中。

如:
May I stand here? 我可以站在这里吗?—No, you mustn’t (can’t). 不,不行。

8.needn’t 意为不必.如:You needn’t meet him unless you’d like to.你不需要见他,除非你愿意。

needn’t + have+ 动词的过去分词,表不需要完成但已完成的动作,暗含时间或精力上的浪费。

如:
You needn’t have bought it. 你没必要买它(但你却买了)。

9.Shouldn’t 表示不应该。

如:You shouldn’t feel so unhappy over such little things.
八、情态动词表示推测的用法
一、“情态动词+动词原形”表示对现在的推测。

二、情态动词表示对过去可能发生的动作或存在过的动作的推测性用法。

“must +have done/been------”表示“过去一定发生过某事或存在过某种状态”。

情态动词练习(见背面)
1. John___ come to see us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet. A. May B. can C. has to D. must
2 .They ___ do well in the exam. A. can be able to B. be able to C. can able to D. are able to
3 .-May I take this book out? -No, you___. A. can't B. may not C. needn't D. aren't
4 .Y ou___ go and see a doctor at once because you're got a fever. A. Can B. must C. dare D. would
5 .-Can you speak Japanese? -No, I____. A. mustn't B. can't C. needn't D. may not
6.-He___ be in the classroom, I think. -No, he ___ be in the classroom. I saw him go home a minute ago.
A. can; may not
B. must; may not
C. may; can't
D. may; mustn't
7. -Shall I get one more cake for you, Dad? -Thanks, but you___, I've had enough.
A. may not
B. must not
C. can't
D. needn't
8. Even the top students in our class can't work out this problem, so it___ be very difficult.
A. May
B. must
C. can
D. need
9. He isn't at school. I think he ___ be ill. A. can B. shall C. must D. has to
10. ___ I take this one? A. May B. Will C. Are D. Do
11. The children___ play football on the road. A. can't B. can C. mustn't D. must
12. Y ou ___ be late for school again next time. A. mustn't B. needn't C. don't have to D. don't need to
13. -Must I do my homework at once? -No, you___. A. needn't B. mustn't C. can't D. may not
14. His arm is OK. He___ go and see the doctor. A. has not to B. don't have to C. haven't to D. doesn't have to
15. He had to give up the plan, ___ he? A. did B. didn't C. does D. doesn't
16. They had to walk here, ___ they? A. mustn't B. did C. didn't D. hadn't
17. He had better stay here, ___ he? A. didn't B. don't C. hadn't D. isn't
18. Y ou'd better___late next time. A. not to be B. not be C. won't be D. don't be
19. Y ou'd better ___ your hair ___ once a month. A. had; cut B. had; cutted C. have; cut D. have; cutted
20. Y ou___ ask that man over there. Maybe he knows the way.
A. had better not to
B. had not better
C. had better
D. had better not
21. -Shall we go and visit the History Museum next Sunday?
A. Here you are
B. Sorry, I can't
C. Y es, please
D. Let me try
22. -Why don't you ask Mike to go with us? -Thanks, ___. A. I will B. I won't C. I can D. I may
23. -___ I take the newspaper away? -No, you mustn't. Y ou____read it only here.
A. Must; can
B. May; can
C. Need; must
D. Must; must
24. Excuse me. ___ you please pass me that cup? A. Do B. Should C. W ould D. Must
25. ___ you like to have another try? A. Could B. Will C. W ould D. Do
26. -Would you like to go boating with us? -Y e s,___. A. I'd like B. I want C. I'd like to D. I do
27. Y ou___ worry about your son. He will get well soon. A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. have to
28. The poor man needs our help, ___ he? A. Need B. needn't C. does D. doesn't
29. -Must we do our homework first? -No, you___. Y ou may have a rest first.
A. mustn't
B. needn't
C. may not
D. can't。

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