非谓语动词在雅思大作文中的应用

非谓语动词在雅思大作文中的应用

朗阁海外考试研究中心刘雅敏

不少考生存在这样的误区：作文句型结构越复杂，分数越高。因此常常见到有考生一个句子中包含五六个复合句，加上表达方式晦涩，导致两种极端。一种是一个句子中的含义过多，而含义之间没有逻辑关系，导致读者理解困难；比如：

In the meantime, too many reports which have bad influences on readers rather than good ones could result in that the public would fall in panic, or contribute to that the young who are inexperienced about the affairs in the world follow these bad example and even do some anti-social behaviors, which is of course harmful to their own growth,and at the same time, it affects the peace of the community.

对！你没看错，这是一个句子！相信读者读完之后会从头再读一遍，因为语法结构的选择过于繁琐，且语义与语义之间没有逻辑关系，导致整个句子含义不清晰，逻辑不顺畅。现调整如下：

In the meantime, too many negative reports rather than positive ones could result in the public panic or the tragedy that those unsophisticated youngsters follow these bad examples and even do some anti-social behaviors, which is not only detrimental to their own growth, but also affects the public security of the community.

另一种则是句意较为简单，却使用复杂的句型结构，轻则考官判断为句型掌握不灵活，重则有向考官秀句型的嫌疑。比如：

轻者：

Those who are living in the suburbs have to travel far to the cities for working.

该句子没有任何语法问题，读起来也较流畅，但并不是句型的最佳选择，因为其句意并不复杂，完全可以把“who are”去掉，改成分词作定语，使用简单句就搞得定：

Those living in the suburbs have to travel far to the cities for working.

重者：

This news has aroused widespread discussion and had an extremely bad influence, which results in the facts that people become self-examine whether they would do a favor if they are confronted with such a situation.

读完后，读者的第一反应大概是：该句的语法结构忒吓人！一个句子中允许出现多种从句，然而前提是从句的存在是必要的。事实上仔细分析后，读者会发现该句句意并不复杂，完全可以删掉几个从句，修改后如下：

This news has aroused widespread discussion and had an extremely bad influence. After that, people began to self-examine whether they would do a favor if being confronted with such a situation.

简洁的非谓语动词（不定式、分词、动名词）、介词短语以及恰当的形容词、副词往往有主从句所没有的语言效果。因此，英语文章的语法结构的选择讲求“恰当性”，该用长句时用长句，若语义简单，这时选择上述语法结构比冗长的句型更加简洁、清晰。

一、非谓语动词

1. 不定式

不定式(“to do”)除了增加文章信息的功能外，在文章中可以充当名词、形容词、和副词所担任的功能，在文章中除了谓语外，其它成分都可充当，表目的、表原因、表结果、表方式、表条件。结构简洁，在很多语境下可替换名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句。

作主语：It is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones- an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. (C10T1)

分析：“to do”作主语，可以和主语从句互换。比如该句可转变成：That larger ones hit smaller ones is acceptable. 但“it is … to do”的结构显然更加紧凑。

应用：

1. “tohit smaller ones”是真正的主语（正常语序：To hit smaller ones is acceptable for larger people –an outcome which may result in the child starting to bully others.）不定式作主语，通常放在句子最后，用“It”作形式主语，所以出现固定搭配“it is … to do”。

2. 另外，“to do”作主语，谓语为单数。