转换生成语法

Auxiliary movement (inversion)
• Inversion Move Infl to the left of the subject NP. • Inversion (revised) Move Infl to Cs.
CP S Cs
Det NP N VP V
Infl
the
• No element may be removed from a coordinate structure.
The Standard Theory
• • • (1) Time: 1965-1970 Work: Aspects of the Theory of the Syntax Problems which led to the standard theory the transformational rules are too powerful. An ordinary sentence can be transformed at will, negated, passivised, with certain elements added or deleted, without restrictions. (2) his rules may generate ill-formed sentences as well as well-formed ones. (3) the transformational rules for the passive voice cannot be used at will, for some of the English verb do not have passive structures.
talk about
Wh-movement
?
Wh-movement
• Wh-movement---- Move a wh phrase to the specifier position under CP. (Revised)
CP
S
VP Cs NP Infl
NP
Pst Who e
VFra Baidu bibliotekwon
Det N the game
• The man hit the ball.
(NP (Det (the) N (man)) VP (V (hit) (NP (Det (the) N (ball)))) S
NP
Det the N man Verb hit
VP
NP Det N
the
ball
Transformational Grammar
• Chomsky puts forward three kinds of grammar: • finite state grammar • phrase structure grammar • transformational grammar
Finite state grammar
• A finite state grammar is the simplest type of grammar which, with a finite amount of apparatus, can generate an infinite number of sentences. But they are all very simple in their structure.
CP C S
The deep structure of the sentence
VP
NP Infl
Mod
NP CP
Cs
S VP NP Infl NP N
N
Pst
Qua
V
Det
N
N NonPst V
She has finally found the man she
loves whom
CP
Cs S
The surface structure of the sentence
Transformational-Generative Grammar
两大时期 标准理论时期（1957-1979） 古典理论 标准理论 扩展的标准理论 “原则与参数理论”时期（20世纪80年代初至今） 管辖与约束理论 最简方案
The Classical Theory
• Time: 1957-1965 • Aim: make linguistic a science • Features: (1) emphasis on generative ability of language; (2) introduction of transformational rules (3) grammatical description regardless of meaning Work: Syntactic Structures
We can prove its inadequacy by considering tested dependency:
The rats the cat the dog chases worries die.
English is not a finite state language. It is impossible to construct an observationally adequate English grammar which is a finite-state grammar.
• Chomsky has distinguished transformational rules into two kinds: OBLIGATORY and OPTIONAL. Obligatory: the transformation of auxiliaries and particles. Optional: the transformational of negation, the passive voice, etc. Kernel sentence: the sentence has only undergone obligatory transformations, and such as a simple, active, and positive declarative sentence is called a “kernel sentence”. P730 Ex.9 (句子经过的转换过程)
7.N→﹛man, ball, door, dog, book,…﹜ 8.Verb→Aux+V 9.V→﹛hit, take, bite, eat, walk, open,…﹜ 10.Aux→Tense (+M) (+ have+ en) (+ be + ing) 11.Tense→Present Past 12.M→﹛will, can, may, shall, must,…﹜ The arrow means “can be rewritten as”. Phrase Structure Rules are called Rewriting Rules.
Wh-movement
• Wh-movement---- Move a wh phrase to the beginning of the sentence. • What language can you speak ?
Wh-movement inversion
• What will you
inversion
Then a grammar is seen as a system of finite rules generating an infinite number of sentences, and the rules must meet the following requirements: (1)Generative: the rules must automatically generate sentences;
CP
Cs S VP V fly CP Cs NP Infl VP Infl NP Nonpst N Do birds Birds do fly Infl e VP V fly
NP Infl N Birds CP Cs
S
S
N
Nonpst
V
• Deep structures: the abstract representation of the syntactic properties of a construction. • Surface structures: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely corresponds to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.
Phrase structure grammar
• Phrase structure grammar consists solely of phrasestructure (PS) rules that formalize some of the traditional insight of constituent structure analysis. The phrase-structure rules are as follows : 1.S→NP+VP 2.VP→Verb+NP 3.NP→NP (single) NP (plural) 4.NP(s) →D + N 5.NP(p) →D + N+ s 6.D→the
NP
VP
Infl Mod NP CP
S
VP Cs N Pst Qua V Det N N NP Infl N NonPst V NP N
She has finally found the man whom she
loves e
Constraints on transformations
• Inversion can move an auxiliary from the Infl to the nearest Cs position, but not to a more distant Cs position.
• • • • • Auxiliary movement (inversion) Do insertion Deep structure & surface structure Wh-movement Constraints on transformations
• Transformational rules change the deep structures into surface structures. According to Chomsky, active and passive, declarative and interrogative, positive and negative sentences have the same deep structure. The difference between simply comes from the operation of the relevant transformations.
Wh-movement
• Consider the derivation of the following sentences: What languages can you speak? What will you talk about? • These sentences may originate as: You can speak what languages. You will talk about what.
(2)Simple: the rules must be represented by symbols and formulae; (3)Explicit:everything must be stated precisely, leaving nothing to chance; (4)Exhuastive: the rules should cover all linguistic facts, leaving nothing uncovered; (5)Recursive: the rules can be repeatedly applied so as to generate an infinite number of sentence. This is what is called the phrase structure grammar, the second model put forward by Chomsky.
train will
arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
Cs
NP Infl
S
Infl VP
Det
Will the
N
train e (“empty”---trace)
V
arrive
Do insertion
• Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl position.