二元联邦主义

“二元联邦主义”，又称“双重联邦制”，是对美国自1789年至20世纪30年代联邦制发展模式的概括，特指联邦和州各自在宪法规定的权限范围内行使权力，各负其责，互不干涉的政治模式，美国学者又称之为“分层蛋糕”。倡导这一模式的政治家们主张在联邦政府和州政府之间划一道界限，“彼此保持独立，并在自己管辖的领域中享有至高地位”。联邦政府和州政府有各自的活动领域，任何一方均不得侵犯或干预另一方的行为。在这种模式下，国防、国家间事务、货币、信贷和州际贸易领域的管辖权归联邦政府所有，而其他大部分国内事务，如教育、福利、卫生、刑事司法等管辖权则均由州政府所掌有。

"Two yuan of federalism", also known as the "dual federalism", to the United States from 1789 to twentieth Century 30 years federal development patterns of generalization, in particular to federal and state their authority in the scope of constitutional making power, responsibility, mutual non-interference in political pattern, American scholars also known as the "layer cake". Advocates of the mode of politicians to stand between the federal government and state government draw the line, "to remain independent of each other, and enjoyed supremacy in their jurisdiction areas". The federal government and state governments have their own areas of activity, any party shall not infringe or intervention in the act of the other party. In this mode, national defense, national affairs, monetary, credit and interstate trade areas of jurisdiction to the federal government owned, and most of the other domestic issues, such as education, welfare, health, criminal judicial jurisdiction are by the state government controls.