英汉句子结构比较

英汉词序比较
It is a red flag. The man you saw yesterday is his father. 夜莺唱出了美妙的歌曲。 穿灰大衣的那个人是我的哥哥。 He always keeps his promise. They walked along arm in arm. 外面忽然传来喧闹声。 这篇文章非常深刻、动人。
英语重形合（hypotaxis ）
所谓“形合” （hypotaxis）就是主要靠语言 本身的语法手段。 形合是指句子与词的组合在外部形态上有明 显的标记，当形态标记不充分的时候，还可 用其他语法手段来显示词组、句子、句群中 各成分之间的相互关系。 因此，英语结构紧凑严密，英语句子好比一 串葡萄，一串珍珠。
语体色彩
Feeling tired, John went to bed early. (formal) John went to bed early because he felt tired. (common) John felt tired, so he went to bed early. (informal)
英语中，名词与介词占优势
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “来啦！”她转身蹦着跳着地跑了，越过草地，跑上 小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。 Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. 农民缺乏训练，许多农场生产率很低，这就使得大多 数农民处于贫穷的困境。
他带学生到工厂去参观。 He took his students to the factory for a visit. 给我充分时间，我也能做好。 Given enough time, I can do it too. 他拿本字典，开始准备功课。 Taking a dictionary, he began to prepare his lessons. 他们扛着锄头下地了。 They left for the field, shouldering hoes. 孩子们跑着来迎接我们。 The children came running to greet us. 谢谢你给我们这么多帮忙。 Thank you for giving us so much help.
We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height. a. 我们起飞了并且飞过城市并且慢慢飞高。 b. 我们起飞了，飞过城市，慢慢飞高。 The cat ate the mouse that ate the malt that lay in the corner of the house. a. 猫吃了那只吃了放在房子角落里的麦芽糖的耗 子。 b. 耗子吃了放在房子角落里的麦芽糖，猫吃了耗 子。
英语句子中，主干结构突出，即主谓突出，名 词，尤其是抽象名词(abstract noun)用得多，介词 （preposition）也用得多；英语表达复杂思想时， 往往开门见山，然后借助英语特有词汇关系代 词（relative pronoun），进行空间搭架，把各个 子句（clause）有机地结合起来，构成一串葡萄 似的句子。
英汉句子结构比较与翻译
句子(sentence) 句子(sentence) 是能够单独存在并 能表达相对完整意义的语言单位。 一般说来，交际活动都是以句子 为基本语言单位展开的，因此句 子在翻译过程中占有最重要的位 置，必须予以高度重视。
英语句子重形合（hypotaxis） hypotaxis） 汉语句子重意合（parataxis） parataxis） 英语句子中，名词与介词占优势 汉语句子中，动词占优势 在复合句子中，英语的主句为主要部分，一般放在句 首，即重心在前 汉语则一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将主要部分放在句 尾，形成后重心 英语中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一 般放在被修饰词的后面 汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面 英语状语可前可后 汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面 英语中，There+be结构与虚词it的结构用得比较广泛
英汉句子重心比较
Nothing has happened since we parted. 自我们别后没发生什么事情。 I went out for a walk after I had my dinner. 晚饭后我出去散步。 He has to stay at home because he is ill. 他病了只得呆在家里。 He cannot be operated upon as he is very weak. 他身体很弱不能动手术。 Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in
意合法
I was too tired to talk with you. 我很累，不能同你说话。 We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散。 He lived neither for fame nor for personal gains. 他活着不为名不为利。
昨晚大厅举行英语晚会。 There was an English evening party in the hall last night. 墙上挂着一张画。 There is a picture on the wall. 在远处有一条河流过。 There runs a river at a distance. 从前海边一个村子里住着个老渔民。 Once there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea. 碰巧屋里没有人。 There happened to be none in the room.
We have studied English for a year and we can act English. 我们学了一年英文， 已经能够演英文剧了。 The door was opened, and the audience came crowding in. 门开了，观众一拥而入。 And with this, and a proud bow to his patrons, the Manager retires, and the curtain rises. 领班的说到这里，向观众深深的鞠了一躬， 退到后台，幕起。
useful books 有用的书 a man of fifty years old 五十岁的人 They played chess in high spirits at the club yesterday. 他们昨天在俱乐部高兴地下棋。 She lives at 34 Temple, Geneva, Switzerland. 她住在瑞士日内瓦唐普尔大街34号。
准确地翻译原文是不容易的。 It is difficult to translate the original adequately. 他觉得帮助别人是他的责任。 He feels it his duty to help others. 我们是在俱乐部遇到她的。 It was in the club that we met her. 是风刮得窗户作响。 It is the wind shaking the window.
life. 生活中既有ribution was making me realize how
much more than knowledge I had been getting from him. 他使我认识到，我从他那里学到的，远远不只是 知识，这是他最大的贡献。
It was a keen disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I intended to pay to China in January. 我原来打算在今年一月访问中国，后来不得不推 迟，这使我非常失望。 一个人不向别人学习，是不能指望有多少成就的。 A man who doesn’t try to learn from others can’t hope to achieve much.
struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小国人民只要敢于起来斗争，敢于拿起武器并掌 握自己国家的命运，就一定能打败大国的侵略。
The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in
汉语重意合（parataxis）
所谓“意合” （parataxis）主要靠句子内部逻 辑联系。 意合是指词与词、句子和句子之间的组合往往 在外部形态上没有明显的标志，而主要依靠意 义上的关联来“粘合”。 因此，汉语结构简练明快，汉语句子好比一根 竹子，一盘珠子。
The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 由于距离远，又缺乏交通工具，使农村社会与外 界隔绝，而这种隔绝，又由于通讯工具不足而变 得更加严重。 Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media.
汉语句子中，动词占优势
晴雯先接出来，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高 兴，只写了三个字，扔下笔就走了，哄我等了这一天， 快来给我写完了这些墨才算呢！” Qing-wen greeted him with a smile, exclaiming, “A fine one you are! On the spur of the moment you bade me grind ink for you this morning. But you threw down your brush and went away after having written merely three characters. You’ve kept me waiting for you the whole day. You are to use up this ink now. Be quick!”
He spoke so well that everybody was convinced of his innocence. a. 他说得那么好听，以至于每一个人都相信他是 无辜的。 b. 他说的那样好听，谁都相信他是无辜的。 If you turn to the left, you will find our institute at a distance. a. 如果你向左转弯， 你就可以远远看到我们学校。 b. 向左转弯就可以远远看到我们学校。 I can't trust him, because he is not honest. a. 因为他不老实，所以我不相信他。 b. 他不老实， 我不相信他。