翻译的语言对比规律 II

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04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义

04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义

04.英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译_讲义第四章英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译Fiona Ma April, 201221. 英汉语⾔特点2. 英汉语⾔特点对翻译的启⽰3. 课堂互动及课后练习英汉语⾔对⽐与翻译1.英语重形合,汉语重意合2.英语偏静态,汉语偏动态3.英语重抽象,汉语重具体4.英语重物称,汉语重⼈称5.英语重被动,汉语重主动6.英语多替换,汉语多重复7.英语重后饰,汉语重前饰8.英语重聚焦,汉语重流散9.英语重时体,汉语轻时体1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 4例1: Children will play with dolls equipped withpersonality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.【译⽂】⼉童将与装有个性芯⽚的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为⼯作伙伴⼉不是⼯具,⼈们将在⽓味电视前休闲,这时数字时代就来到了。

例2: 早知今⽇,何必当初?【译⽂】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.1.1 英语重形合,汉语重意合1. 英汉语⾔特点返回章重点 5例3: As we lived near the road, we oftenhad the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.【译⽂】我们就住在路边。

翻译技巧之英汉语言对比

翻译技巧之英汉语言对比

英文中大量的倒装结构
• Interrogative inversion (疑问倒装) • What in the world do you mean? • 你究竟是什么意思啊? • Exclamatory inversion • What a beautiful voice you have! • 你有多么好的嗓音啊!
用非人称代词it 做主语的句子
• 用作先行词, 代替真正的主语或宾语。 • It never occurred to me that she was so dishonest. • 我总来也没想到他这么不老实。
• 用作虚意词, 代替的主语是难以言明的现 象或情形,用以表示自然现象,时间,空 间及惯用语。 • It is only half an hour’s walk to the ferry. • 只要走半个小时就可以到轮渡。 • How is it with the sick man? • 那病人怎样了?
• 用作强调词, 引导强调句。 • It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. • 人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现自己的 专长。
英汉语言对比---篇章
段落
• 段落是具有明确的始末标记的、语义相对 完整、交际功能相对独立的语篇单位。
为大人带来形象的羊生肖故事来历为孩子带去快乐的生肖图画故事阅读
英汉语言对比
词的形态变化
• 构词形态 (prefix,suffix)
• 构形形态 (表达语法意义的词形变化)
构词形态的变化
• • • • He moved astonishingly fast. His movements were astonishingly rapid. His movements astonished us by their rapidity. The rapidity with which he moved astonished us. • He astonished us by moving rapidly. • He astonished us by his rapid movements.

中英语言翻译对比

中英语言翻译对比
History is made by the people.
句子结构
汉语强调意合,多短句而结构简单;英语强调形合,多长句而结构复杂。
Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作,符合美国的利益。 Association with the good can only produce well, with the wicked, evil. 近朱者赤,近墨者黑。 吃苦在前,享乐在后。 Be the first to bear hardships and the last to enjoy comforts. 在解决环境问题时,不仅要考虑各国的眼前利益,还要考虑全世界的长远 利益。 When we tackle environment problems, consideration should be given to both the immediate interests of various countries and the long-term interests of the whole world.
In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
肯定与否定
汉英逻辑思维差异的另一个方面体现在话语表达时肯定与否定的运用。
Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午,学生统统要交书面作业。
中英的逻辑差异体现在很多方面,以下是几种典型差异:

翻译的语言对比规律 II

翻译的语言对比规律 II
country. 小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器, 掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大 国的侵略。
3.基于句法差异的翻译对策
• 1)连接手段略去不译(分词、介词、连词 、关系代词、关系副词、系动词等)
• E.g. Smoking is prohibited in public. • 公共场所,禁止吸烟。 • If winter comes, can spring be far behind? • 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?
• Ordered!Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid.
• 命中注定!啊,一个人干出了傻事,要替自 己找理由,那就什么都是命中注定!
• All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
• The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.
• A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.

英汉翻译技巧第二章 英汉语言比较

英汉翻译技巧第二章 英汉语言比较

表1
英汉词类对比
表1
英汉词类对比 英语 Noun Adjective Pronoun 实词 Verb Adverb 汉语 名词 形容词 代词 动词 副词
Numeral Preposition
Conjunction 虚词 Interjection Article
数词 量词 介词
连词 叹词 助词
英汉语言语音、词汇差异:
(Herbert A. Giles译)
2. 英汉词汇对比
众所周知,词素构成词汇,由词成句,连句成段,连段成篇。词汇是 构成语言的基本单位,重视英汉词汇对比对翻译起着关键作用,许多翻译 初学者都是以词汇为翻译单位。著名翻译理论家Peter Newmark(1981) 指出,“在翻译实践中,篇章是最终的考核质量的单位,句子是基本的操 作单位,而大部分的难题都集中在词汇单位。”英汉词汇差异主要在于英 语具有词形变化、汉语几乎无词形变化,英语有冠词、汉语没有冠词等。 现分述如下: 词形变化(Inflection):
译文 对两个男孩而言,问题倒不大。但晚上躺下时就害怕死去而仅仅
给女儿们留下银行账户。 分析 英语具有词形变化,也就是词尾曲折变化,句中“daughters”在英 语中根据语境显然表示“两个以上”,所以译成汉语为“女儿们”更 为准确。
英汉词类句法功能对比: 英语和汉语中的实词(主要是名词、动词和形容词)的句法功能有 相似之处,也有不同之处,英语的实词在句中的成分受到较多的限制,而 汉语的实词相对灵活,参见表2。在英汉翻译中,词性不会受到太多的限 制,可以灵活选择词性,灵活进行有关词类转换,以满足汉语表达习惯的 需要。
试译 如果我们不理解我们生活的这个时代的基本理念和潜在主题,那么,
我们就难以成功地、充实地在这个时代中生活和工作。 分析 根据汉语表达习惯,可以对英语中的词类进行转换和调整,如本句中 的“living, working, successful, fulfilled”等。

翻译的语言对比规律 I

翻译的语言对比规律 I
e.g. aluminum铝 America 美国 CIA(美国)中央情报局 zoology 动物学
2)部分或大部分对应
译语和原语词在意义上部分或大部分重叠, 这是英汉词语意义对应的主要表现。 e.g. parent 父亲或母亲 brother兄、弟 milk 奶(抽象);人奶,牛奶,羊奶(具体) morning 早晨、上午
3)语气词
汉语语气助词分类类: a. 陈述语气词: 的、了、呢(呐)、罢了、
而已、啦等 b. 疑问语气词: 吗、吧、呢、啦、啊、么等; c. 祈使语气词:吧、罢、呀、啊、啦等。
“My dear Mr. Bennet,” replied his wife, “how can you be so tiresome! You must know that I am thinking of his marrying one of them.”
5. I have tried all I could do to silence such a story. 我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣传了。
6. It was reported that the general was dead, but officials refused to confirm the story.
我还没有望见那座住宅,天早已暗下来了,只有 西边天际还剩下一抹朦胧的琥珀色的余辉,但是 我仍可借助皎洁的月光,看清小路上的每一颗石 子,每一片草叶。
“No, read it over first correctly, without a single mistake.”
不行,先给我准确的念一遍,不许有一个错。
1)概念意义(Conceptual Meaning):概念意义 是词义的核心,它直接地、明确地表示所指对象。 实际上也就是词典给词下的定义。

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章 翻译的语言对比规律

第五章翻译的语言对比规律一、语义的差异(1)完全对应New York, mathematics, pneumonia, head, mouth, airport(2)部分或大部分对应1.I have no experience as a parent.2.She is my cousin.(3)完全或大部分不对应things 教材P68-69 S1-5如出一撤P1571.Opening/ closing speech2.bite off more than one can chew3.scratch one’s head4.scratch the surface5.my English stinks6.It all happened in the twinkling of an eye.7.He is well over forty.8.This hotel tries to create a homelike atmosphere9.He tried to concentrate on the news over the radio, but hiseyes kept on closing.10.H e shook his head.特别提醒P15911.A ll of us know he ( the speaker) is a busybody.12.(not ) for love or money13.O ur firm is on the rocks.14.H e was quite at fault.15.H is fingers are all thumbs.大同小异P1591.National minority2.Sum total3.License suspension4.You should think twice before doing it.5.Some students like to burn the midnight oil.6.I’ll eat my hat/head/boots if …7.In no case will they look on with folded arms.8.That night they had a heart to heart talk.9.The committee sat on our proposal for several months.搁置10.I didn’t enjoy hot weather in summer, but we have to livewith it, don’t we?但是没办法11.H e just clammed up and wouldn’t talk.拒不开口搭配P1611.sound sleep sound judgment准确判断2.heavy rain / snow; heavy weather恶劣天气3.keep a diary keep/ observe Spring Festival过春节keep hens/pets4.instant coffee/ instant noodle审视角度P162fire engine fire hose tear gas dump truckdust cover reading lampcombination lock placement test pocket moneynext-door neighbor broad jumpstop watch borrowed prosperity思维方式P1621.the rush to learn English rush hours Christmas rush,football craze2.he has no ear for music3.The noise gets on my nerves.4.have a butterfly in the stomach.心里紧张5.Words and figures differ on this check.差异悬殊P1641.The employee was summarily dismissed.2.The murderer was arrested red-handed.3.Bad habits die hard.4.What’s done cannot be undone.5.It’s better to be the safe side.还是稳妥点好6.My husband sends me flowers once in a blue moon.千载难逢7.Today we have reached a stage of realizing that rivers can bepolluted past praying for.现在我们意识到河流受到污染可能已到了无法挽救的地步。

Lecture Seven 英汉句法对比与翻译(2)

Lecture Seven 英汉句法对比与翻译(2)
• 句子较长,结构形式严明,语义清晰,典型的主谓 句式。先陈述“航空公司试图降低销售及推销成 本”,后用by短语引出“降低销售及推销成本” 的具体手段,通过and来呈示短语中两个不同成分 的语义关系

• • • • • •
Section Two Comparison 译文:航空公司试图通过绕开旅行社直 接把机票售给公司或商务旅客个人、省 下销售佣金来降低销售及推销成本。 汉语一般按照逻辑顺序 先交代具体的手段和措施 然后说明这些手段和措施所产生的结果 汉译时 先将表示具体手段的by…短语译出 然后交代其结果
Section Two Comparison • 例15: • “Virtual office” can mean many things, but is used mainly to describe technical systems which can maintain communications with employees who are constantly on the move, whose office can be their hotel room or company car.
Section Two Comparison • • • • • • • 汉语句子的语义结构以 动词为中心 造句规律按照 时间顺序和逻辑顺序 来排列句子的结构成分 一般说来 按照由先到后、由因到果、由假设到推论、 由事实到结论这样的次序排列
Section Two Comparison • 例20:Airlines are trying to cut their sales and distribution costs by bypassing travel agencies and selling direct to companies or the individual business traveller and keeping the seller’s commission.

英汉语言翻译的比较

英汉语言翻译的比较

英汉语言翻译的比较英汉语言翻译的比较导语:翻译涉及到两种语言的转换,涉及到两种语言在表达某一文本的同一个内容时的各种表达方式。

这些表达方式,有的是相似的,有的是有差别的。

下面本文将从词汇、句子结构、篇章及文化四个方面对英汉两种语言差异进行对比分析。

一、英汉词汇对比与翻译英国翻译理论家Newmark曾说:“文本翻译的大多数工作都是在词汇层面上完成的”。

许多学习者在翻译时逐字逐句地把汉语翻译成对应的英语,从而导致“中国式英语”现象的频繁发生,其根本原因是受到了汉语的干扰。

英汉词汇可以从以下几个角度进行对比:(一)词义比较1.词的多义性英语词义比较灵活,词的涵义范围比较广,词义对上下文的依赖性较大,而汉语词义比较严谨,凝滞,词的含义范围比较窄,词的意义比起英语词义对上下文的依赖性比较少。

英语一向被认为是一种适应性、可塑性较强的语言。

Eric Partridge: Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.(词本无义,义随人意。

)英语词义灵活,突出地表现为一词多义。

例如:“story”这个词,汉语的词义是“故事”,但在英语中,在不同的上下文中却有不同的词义。

如:2.抽象与具体英语表达中常使用抽象名词,这类名次涵义抽象笼统,往往给人以一种“虚、暗、曲、隐”的感觉。

而汉语用语倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表达虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的.内容,并给人以一种“实、明、直、显”的感觉。

3.静态与动态英语常用静态词汇,具体体现在较多的适用名词和形容词。

而汉语则多使用动态词汇。

如:He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃又能睡。

4.构词法(1)英语主要构词法有派生、转化和合成三种,汉语主要有派生、转化、合成、重叠四种。

(2)英语派生可用于名词、动词、形容词等,汉语派生只用于名词。

(3)重叠是汉语主要构词法之一,英语则无重叠法。

简单句英汉语言对比与翻译

简单句英汉语言对比与翻译

英语多长句,汉语多短句
/Interest in historical methods had arisen /less through/ external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline/ and more from /internal quarrels among historians themselves/. • 【译文】人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣,这与其说是因为外部对历史作为 一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战,还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争 吵。
• 树状和竹状
• e.g. The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungray because he had had no food for two days.
• 【分析】 ① 该句为简单句不过附属成分多,中文翻译无法用一句长简单句表达,因为会 很难断句并造成理解困难。最后将其划分为几个意群,由多个短句表达。 ② al Qaeda 基地组织
/The American economic system is, /organized around a basically private-enterprise, /market-oriented economy/ in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced /by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services /that they want most.

英汉翻译教程--汉英语言对比【精品-doc】

英汉翻译教程--汉英语言对比【精品-doc】

英汉翻译教程--汉英语言对比第一部分汉英语言对比翻译教学和研究的经验表明:翻译理论和技巧必须建立在不同语言和文化的对比分析基础上。

英汉互译的几项基本原则和技巧,如选词(Diction)、转换(Conversion)、增补(Amplification)、省略(Omission)、重复(Repetition)、替代(Substitution)、变换(Variation)、倒置(Inversion)、拆离(Division)、缀合(Combination)、阐释(Annotation)、浓缩(Condensation)、重组(Reconstruction),以及时态、语态、语气、习语、术语等的译法,都集中地体现了英汉的不同特点。

机器翻译是让计算按照人们所制定的程序和指令进行不同语言的对比转换,也离不开对比分析。

翻译之所以困难,归根结底是因为语言差异和文化差异。

因此,对比、分析和归纳这些差异,便是翻译学的重要任务。

不同语言的对比分析不仅有利于教学和翻译,也有助于语言交际。

通过对比分析,人们可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性,在进行交际时,能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法,以顺应这些差异,防止表达错误,避免运用失当,从而达到交际的目的。

(连淑能,《英汉对比研究》)纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。

在他看来,“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”,但同时,“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译,译文更容易走样”。

纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的,既是精神的,也是语言的。

他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中,经历了一系列的考验。

对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇,他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述:描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇,也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。

纪德首先看到的,是语言与文化层面的逻辑性,这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。

他说:“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性,而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。

翻译的语言对比规律

翻译的语言对比规律
翻译的语言对比规律
语义的差异 词法的差异 句法的差异 思维的差异

英汉语言对比


Sino- Tibetan family 每个音节有固定的声调是汉藏语系语言在 语音上的重要特点。声调能区别词汇意义 汉藏语系各语言以词序和虚词为表达语法 意义的重要手段。词序比较固定。虚词种 类较多,在句中表示各种不同的语法意义。 汉藏语系语言词类上的一个特点是有量词。 量词的作用主要表示事物的单位和动作行 为的量。 Indo-European family
语义


汉语的语义严谨,涵义窄,变化少, 不大依赖上下文 英语词义灵活,涵义广,变化多,同 一词在不同的的语境和上下文里意义 截然不同





























ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

Indo-European family 印欧语系各语言原来都是屈折语,原始的 印欧语的名词有3个性,3个数和8个格的变 化(例如俄语这个特点保存得比较完好); 广泛利用词缀和词干元音音变来表达语法 意义;名词和大部分形容词有格、性和数 的变化;动词有时态、语态和语体的变化, 主语和动词在变化中互相呼应。另外,印 欧语系各语言的词都有重音。
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Even if I were to be beaten to death, I will not tell. 打死我也不说。 A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished.

If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it. 如果做父母的对这种青少年的反应有思想准 备,并且认识到到这是一个显示孩子正在成长、正 在发展珍贵的观察力和独立的判断力的标志,他们 就不会感到如此伤心,所以也就不会因为怨恨和抵 触这种反应,而把孩子推到相反的方向。
一、英汉句法对比


3、英汉句式结构相同点
基本结构:主语+谓语+宾语 E.g. 1)A woman’s friendship ever ends in love. 女人的友谊最后总会变成爱情。
4. 英汉句法差异
1)形合(hypotaxis)与意合(parataxis) 形合:句中的词语或分句之间需要一种语 言形式手段(如连词或关联词)连接起来, 表达一定的语法意义和逻辑关系 意合:词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段 进行连接,句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通 过词语或分句的含义来表达。

A state which dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments in its hands even for beneficial purposes will find that with small men no great thing can really be accomplished. 一个政府压制它的人民,以便使其成为自己 手中的驯服工具——即使是为了正当的目 的——它也会发现,靠受压制的人是不可能 真正成就什么大事的。

The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country. 小国人民敢于起来斗争,敢于拿起武器, 掌握自己国家的命运,就一定能够战胜大 国的侵略。



2). 语序和句子重心差异 英语句子和汉语句子的重心相同,一般都落在结 果结论等上,但重心的位置不同,英语一般是前 重心,而汉语句子一般是后重心。 PS.现代汉语行文表述顺序大致有以下倾向:先说 条件、前提,后说结论、断语;先交待时间、地 点,后交待事件、人物行为;先推出背景、前因, 后摆出发展和后果;先铺述一般,后刻划具体等 等。多层次叙述时,大体上也是从广到窄、从大 到小、从远到近、从先到后等。

b. 保持原文语序
There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住着一个隐士。 Up the road came a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart nearing Ransie Bilbro and his wife. 路那头传来了吱吱呀呀的车轴声,腾起一蓬 灰尘,接着出现了一辆牛车,上面坐着兰 西· 比尔布罗和他的老婆。

As we resumed walking I blurted out, “It’s a lucky thing it happened that way. You wouldn’t have met Mother.(教材) 我们继续往前走,我又冒出一句话:“这样 倒是一件幸事。不然你就遇不上妈妈了。” Ordered!Oh, everything is ordered when a person has to find some way out when he has been stupid. 命中注定!啊,一个人干出了傻事,要替自 己找理由,那就什么都是命中注定!

If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.

a. 改变原文语序
Not only did we learn English parsing thoroughly, but we also practiced continually English analysis. 我们不仅彻底学会了句法分析,而且不断地 练习英文分析。 No longer is it necessary for women to wear veils. 如今女性在也不用戴面纱了。
第五章
翻译的语言对比规律 (2)
英汉语言差异
一、语义差异 二、词法差异 三、句法差异 四、思维差异

一、英汉句法对比
1、英语基本句式 SV(主+谓) SVP(主+系+表) SVO(主+谓+宾) SVoO(主+谓+间宾+直宾) SVOC(主+谓+宾+宾补)

英汉句法对比
2、汉语基本句式 1)话题句、施事句、关系句、呼叹句、 祈使句、存现句、有无句、描写句、说明 句等。 2)除动词外,形容词、名词等其他词类 也可充当谓语。

英汉句法对比


3、英汉句式结构相同点
基本结构:主语+谓语+宾语 E.g. 1)A woman’s friendship ever ends in love.



2)保留原文形合形式 You and the girls may go, or you may send them by themselves, which perhaps will be still better; for, as you are as handsome as any of them, Mr. Bingley might like you the best of the party. 你带着女儿们去就行啦,要不你索性打发她们自 己去,这样或许更好些,因为你的姿色并不亚于 她们中的任何一个,你一去,宾利先生倒作兴看 中你呢。

The people of a small country can certainly defeat aggression by a big country, if only they dare to rise in struggle, dare to take up arms and grasp in their own hands the destiny of their own country.

b. 保持原文语序
There lived on the hill a hermit. 山上住着一个隐士。 Up the road came a sound of creaking axles, and then a slow cloud of dust, and then a bull-cart bearing Ransie Bilbro and his wife.


All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.
All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候,从远方传来了消息:在小 铜球坠落的当天,确实发生了地震。这一 切终于得到了澄清。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ

Inexpressible was the astonishment of the little party when they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared.
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