山东大学考博英语最新大纲
山大考博英语作文模板
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In today's modern society, obtaining a doctoral degree has become increasingly popular and prestigious. Thejourney to obtaining a doctorate is not an easy one, as it requires years of dedication, hard work, and perseverance. However, the rewards and benefits that come with earning a PhD are immense. In this essay, I will discuss the various aspects of pursuing a doctoral degree at Shanda University, highlighting the challenges, opportunities, and personal growth that one can experience during this academic journey.II. Academic Rigor。
2024山东学位英语大纲词汇
2024山东学位英语大纲词汇Title: 2024 Shandong Degree English Vocabulary OutlineIn the year 2024, the Shandong Province has set forth a new degree English vocabulary outline for students pursuing higher education.This outline aims to equip students with the necessary language skills to succeed in their academic pursuits and future careers.山东province 在2024年为大学生pursuing higher education 制定了一new degree English vocabulary outline。
这个outline旨在equip学生with necessary language skills to succeed in their academic pursuits and future careers。
The vocabulary outline covers a wide range of topics including science, technology, culture, and society.It emphasizes the development of vocabulary related to new industries and emerging fields, reflecting the rapid progress and development of our society.词汇outline涵盖wide range of topics including科学、技术、文化和社会。
山大考博英语作文模板
山大考博英语作文模板标题，An Analysis of Academic Writing Templates for the English Doctoral Entrance Examination at Shandong University。
Abstract:This essay examines the prevalent academic writing templates used by candidates preparing for the English doctoral entrance examination at Shandong University. It explores the structure, content, and linguistic features of these templates, aiming to provide insights into their effectiveness and implications for test takers.Introduction:The English doctoral entrance examination at Shandong University is a significant milestone for aspiring scholars seeking to pursue advanced studies in English literature, linguistics, and related fields. Among the various sectionsof the examination, the writing component holds particular importance as it assesses candidates' ability to articulate ideas, analyze arguments, and demonstrate proficiency in academic discourse. In this essay, we delve into the commonly employed templates for academic writing in the context of this examination, analyzing their structure, content, and linguistic characteristics.I. Overview of Academic Writing Templates:A. Introduction:The introduction serves as a roadmap for the essay, providing context, outlining the main points, and presenting a thesis statement. Common features include:1. General background information on the topic.2. Statement of the problem or issue.3. Preview of the main arguments or points to be discussed.B. Body Paragraphs:The body paragraphs constitute the substance of the essay, where arguments are developed, evidence is presented, and analysis is conducted. Key elements include:1. Topic sentences to introduce each main idea.2. Supporting evidence such as quotations, statistics,or examples.3. Analysis and interpretation of the evidence, demonstrating critical thinking.C. Conclusion:The conclusion summarizes the main points, reiterates the thesis, and offers insights or recommendations. Components may include:1. Restatement of the thesis in light of the argumentspresented.2. Summary of key findings.3. Implications or suggestions for further research.II. Linguistic Features:A. Formal Language:Academic writing necessitates the use of formal language characterized by:1. Objective tone: Avoidance of personal pronouns and emotive language.2. Precision and clarity: Clear articulation of ideas with precise vocabulary.3. Cohesion and coherence: Use of cohesive devices such as conjunctions and transition words to connect ideas.B. Complex Sentence Structures:Sophisticated writing often employs complex sentence structures, including:1. Subordination: Use of subordinate clauses to add nuance and complexity.2. Relative clauses: Incorporation of relative clauses to provide additional information about nouns.3. Parallelism: Structuring sentences in parallel form for clarity and emphasis.III. Analysis of Template Effectiveness:A. Strengths:1. Organizational clarity: Templates provide a clear framework for structuring essays, aiding coherence and readability.2. Argumentative rigor: By outlining main points and supporting evidence, templates facilitate the development of well-constructed arguments.3. Linguistic proficiency: Exposure to model essays enhances candidates' command of academic vocabulary and sentence structures.B. Limitations:1. Formulaic expression: Overreliance on templates may lead to formulaic writing devoid of originality or critical engagement.2. Rigidity: Strict adherence to templates may constrain creativity and inhibit candidates' ability to adapt to diverse writing tasks.3. Linguistic mimicry: While templates promotelinguistic proficiency, excessive imitation of model essays may hinder the development of candidates' unique voice and style.Conclusion:The analysis of academic writing templates for the English doctoral entrance examination at ShandongUniversity reveals both their merits and limitations. While providing a valuable framework for organizing ideas and enhancing linguistic proficiency, templates should be approached with caution to avoid stifling creativity and critical thinking. Test takers are encouraged to engage critically with model essays, adapting them to suit the specific requirements of the examination while striving for originality and clarity in their writing.。
全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲
全国医学博士英语统一考试大纲The National Medical Doctoral English Unified Examination (NMDEUE) is a standardized test designed to evaluate the English language proficiency of medical doctoral candidates across China. This examination is a critical requirement in the process of obtaining a medical doctorate in China. The NMDEUE ensures that medical doctoral students have the linguistic skills necessary to understand and communicate with the global medical community.Section 1: Listening Comprehension (40 minutes)The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend spoken English through a series of multiple-choice questions. The examination tests students' ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer attitudinal and contextual meanings of audio clips, dialogues, and longer passages. This section tests listening proficiency in different contexts, including academic and everyday life situations, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, discussions with colleagues, and medical instructions.Section 2: Reading Comprehension (75 minutes)The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to comprehend written English through a series of multiple-choice questions. This section of the exam tests the candidate's ability to identify specific information, extract the main ideas, and infer contextual meaning from articles and academic papers related to medical science. Candidates will be required to read and answer multiple-choice questions based on academic readings such as medical journal articles, pharmacology texts, andpatient histories.Section 3: Writing Skills (85 minutes)The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to convey complex medical information in English. Candidates will be required to write a summary, a critique, and a response to a scientific article. This section of the exam tests students' ability to express medical language in a clear, concise, and accurate manner. This section evaluates the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in written English. The writing tasks will be based on medical topics drawn from the core syllabus of the medical doctorate program. Section 4: Speaking Skills (20 minutes)The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE measures a candidate's ability to articulate complex medical concepts in spoken English. Candidates will be required to answer a series of open-ended questions related to medical science. This section of the exam will test the student's ability to use appropriate medical terminology, grammar, and syntax in spoken English while demonstrating appropriate pronunciation, intonation, and stress. The Speaking Skills section evaluates the student's ability to communicate effectively in academic and professional medical settings.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is an essential component of the medical doctoral program in China. It is a standardized test designed to evaluate a candidate's proficiency in English across the domains of listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, andspeaking skills. The examination ensures that medical doctoral students in China have the linguistic skills necessary to communicate effectively on a global level. By meeting the criteria set by the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates are equipped with the necessary tools to pursue a successful career in the highly competitive medical industry.The NMDEUE is a demanding examination that requires thorough preparation and a high degree of language proficiency. Candidates who intend to take this exam must have a strong foundation in English grammar, vocabulary, syntax, and pronunciation. They must also be familiar with the medical terminology that is used in English-speaking countries.The Listening Comprehension section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to have good listening skills and the ability to identify specific information in a variety of spoken contexts. To prepare for this section, candidates are advised to listen to English-language podcasts, watch English movies or TV shows, and practice taking notes while listening to lectures. It is also helpful to familiarize oneself with various accents and dialects used in English-speaking countries.The Reading Comprehension section of the NMDEUE demands extensive reading comprehension skills and the ability to extract main ideas and critical details from academic papers and articles. Candidates should practice reading medical journals and textbooks in English and learn to annotate and summarize what they have read. They should also study different types of texts, such as scientific articles, case studies, and patient histories.The Writing Skills section of the NMDEUE is a comprehensiveevaluation of a candidate's writing skills. Candidates must be able to write clear and concise sentences, use appropriate medical terminology and syntax, and structure their writing effectively. In preparation, candidates should study different types of writing, including summaries, critiques, and responses to scientific articles. They should also practice organizing their writing and using cohesive and coherent language.The Speaking Skills section of the NMDEUE requires candidates to express themselves clearly, confidently, and effectively in spoken English. To prepare, candidates should practice speaking in English in various contexts, such as medical conferences, patient interviews, and interactions with colleagues. They should also learn how to use appropriate intonation, stress, and pronunciation when communicating in English.In addition to language proficiency, the NMDEUE evaluates a candidate's ability to apply medical knowledge in English. Therefore, candidates must have a deep understanding of medical terminology and concepts. They must be familiar with the core syllabus of the medical doctoral program and have a good grasp of medical sciences, including anatomy, pharmacology, and pathology. They should also be familiar with current trends in medical research and be able to discuss key issues in medical ethics and practice.ConclusionThe NMDEUE is a rigorous examination that evaluates a candidate's language proficiency and knowledge of medicalsciences. It is an essential requirement in the medical doctoral program in China, and passing this examination is crucial for obtaining a medical doctoral degree and pursuing a successful career in the global medical industry.To achieve success in the NMDEUE, candidates must prepare thoroughly and systematically. They should study and practice all four sections of the exam, including listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing skills, and speaking skills. They should also focus on improving their language proficiency by reading and listening to English-language materials, practicing writing and speaking in English, and building their medical knowledge through systematic study and research.Overall, the NMDEUE is a challenging but rewarding examination that tests a candidate's ability to communicate effectively in English and apply medical knowledge in a global context. By passing the NMDEUE, medical doctoral candidates in China can demonstrate their language proficiency and readiness to excel in the dynamic and competitive field of medicine.。
考博英语开始备考都要准备的资料清单
考博英语开始备考都要准备的资料清单随着我国高等教育的不断发展，考博英语成为越来越多学子所关注的重要考试。
备考考博英语不仅需要扎实的英语基础，还需要认真准备各种资料，以确保备考的高效性和全面性。
下面，我将从深度和广度两个方面来为您详细解读考博英语开始备考所需的资料清单。
一、深度篇1. 整理过去的试题考博英语考试作为一项非常重要的考试，过去的试题是备考的重要材料。
通过对历年考试的试卷分析，我们可以了解考试的出题规律、题型分布和难易程度，从而有针对性地备考。
2. 找对应的备考资料备考资料的选择是备考过程中的重中之重。
根据个人的英语实力和备考时间安排，选择相应的教材和辅导资料。
一般来说，备考资料的种类有词汇书、阅读材料、语法书、听力资料和写作范文等。
3. 制定备考计划制定备考计划对备考取得好成绩至关重要。
在备考计划中，要包括每天的学习时间安排、学习内容分配、模拟考试安排等，以确保备考过程有条不紊地进行。
4. 备考笔记备考笔记是备考过程中的重要工具之一。
通过整理和总结备考笔记，可以帮助我们快速复习所学知识，同时也可以帮助我们发现自己的薄弱环节。
备考笔记的撰写要有条理，清晰明了。
5. 零散知识点在备考过程中，会遇到一些零散的知识点，这些知识点可能会在考试中涉及。
因此在备考过程中，要及时整理和归纳这些知识点，以便在考试中能够熟练运用。
二、广度篇1. 心理调适资料备考考博英语是一个长期的过程，因此在备考的过程中，也需要有相应的心理调适资料。
可以是一些励志的文章或书籍，也可以是一些轻松的娱乐节目。
2. 计算机技术资料考博英语考试中的听力、阅读等部分是需要依赖计算机来完成的，因此在备考过程中，也需要有相应的计算机技术资料来帮助我们熟练使用计算机来完成这些部分。
3. 模拟试题模拟试题是备考过程中的重要资料，通过模拟试题的练习，可以帮助我们熟悉考试的题型和考试的节奏，同时也可以帮助我们查漏补缺。
4. 考博英语学习群在备考过程中，加入一些考博英语学习群可以帮助我们获取一些备考资料、交流备考心得等，同时也可以在群里找到一些备考的小伙伴，共同进步。
全国博士英语词汇大纲2
magnetic a．磁性的；有吸引力的magnificent a．壮丽的；宏伟的；豪华的magnifier n．放大镜；放大器magnify v．放大；扩大magnitude n．大小；数量；重要性；巨大maid n．侍女；女仆；少女；处女maiden n．处女；少女；未婚女子maintenance n．维持；保养majestic a．雄伟的，壮丽的；庄严的；威严的；崇高的majesty n．威严，尊严；(M-)陛下majority n．多数，过半数malaise n．不适，欠安malaria n．疟疾malformation n．畸形，变形malfunction n．故障；功能碍障malicious a．恶意的；蓄意的malignant a．恶性的；有害的malnutrition n．营养不良mammal n．哺乳动物managerial a．经理的；管理人的；管理上的，经营上的mandatory a．强制的；委托的maneuver n．手法，操作法manifest v．表明；证明；显示a.明白的；明显的manipulate v．操作；处理；使用；操纵manometer n．压力计；血压计mansion n．大厦，大楼manual a．手的；用手的；手工做的；体力的n．手册，指南manuscript n．手稿；原稿；打字稿marble n．大理石march v．／n．前进；进行；行军margin n．页边空白；边缘；余地；幅度v．加边于marine a．海的；海生的；航海的marrow n．骨髓；精华；活力marsh n．沼泽地marshal n．元帅martyr n．烈士；(因疾病等)长期受痛苦的人marvel n．惊奇；奇观;奇迹v.惊奇;惊异marvelous a．惊人的；奇迹般的;了不起的Marxism n．马克思主义Marxist n．马克思主义者masculine a．男性的；男子气概的n.阳性；阳性词mask n. 面具;口罩v.遮盖;戴面具mass n．团，块，堆；众多，大量v．集聚n．(或M-)弥撒n．(p1．)群众，民众massage n．按摩，推拿v．按摩，推拿massive a．粗大的，大而重的；大规模的，巨大的masterpiece n．杰作；名著mastery n．控制；统治;优势;优胜;掌握，精通mat n．席子；垫子;地席;v.铺上垫子maternal a．母亲的；母系的maternity n．母性；产科医院；怀孕matron n．护士长；女总管；总干事maturate v．成熟；化脓mature a．成熟的；周到的v.成熟,成长maxim n．格言，箴言maximal a．最大的，最高的；最带总括性的maximize v．把…增加到最大限度；充分重视；作尽量广义的解释maximum n．最大量；最高点；顶点；极限a．最大的，最高的115maze n. 迷惑；混乱v.使迷惑;使困惑meadow n．草地；牧草地measles n. 麻疹mechanism n. 机制,机理;机械装置;手法；途径meddle v．干涉，干预median a．中央的，当中的n．中部;中线；中值medicare n．医疗照顾方案／项目medication n．药疗法，药物处理；药物;药剂medicinal a．药的；药用的；治疗的medico-athletics n．医疗体育medico-legal a．法医学的meditate v．沉思，冥思；反省；考虑;策划Mediterranean n．／a．地中海(的)medium a. 中等的，适中的n．中间,适中；媒介；媒介物；传导体medulla n．髓(质)melanin n．黑(色)素melody n．旋律，曲调；歌曲melon n．瓜；甜瓜membrane n．膜memorable a．值得纪念的；难忘的memorandum n．备忘录memorize v．记住；熟记；记录；存储menace v．／n．威胁；恐吓mend v．修补，修理，缝补；改正;改进n．修补；好转meningitis n．脑(脊)膜炎menstrual a．月经的；每月一次的mental a．思想的，精神的；智力的,脑力的merchandise n．商品；货物v．经商；推销merchant n．商人；零售商mercury n．汞，水银mercy n．仁慈；怜悯；宽恕merge v．使(企业等)合并；使结合；吞没；并吞merit n．价值；优点；功绩v.值得；应得merry a．欢乐的，兴高采烈的mesh n．网眼；网络；网状结构mess n．混乱，混杂；脏乱v.弄糟；弄乱；妨碍metabolism n．(新陈)代谢metallic a．金属的；金属制的；含金属的；产金属的；像金属的metastasis n．转移；转移灶；转移瘤meteorology n．气象学methodology n．方法论；(某一学科)一套方法meticulous a．过细的，细致的metropolitan a．大城市的，大都会的；宗主国的n．大城市人；大都市派头的人microbe n．微生物；细菌microbiology n．微生物学microfilm n．缩微胶卷；缩微照片v.用缩微法拍摄microorganism n．微生物midst n．中部，中间migrate v．迁移；移居mild a．温暖的，暖和的；温和的；温柔的；(烟、酒)味淡的military a．军队的；军事的；军用的mill n．磨坊；磨粉机；制造厂，工厂v．碾磨millionaire n．百万富翁mimic a．模仿的；摹拟的mince v．切碎；绞碎n．肉馅mingle v．混合，相混合miniature n．小画像；小型物minibus n．小型公共汽车minister n．部长；大臣；牧师v．伺候，照顾(to)ministry n．部minor a．较小的；较少的；较次要的n．兼修学科v．兼修(in)minority n．少数；少数派；少数民族mint n．薄荷minus a．减去的；负的prep．减(去)n．减号，负号；负数，负量minute a．微细的，微小的；详细的；精密的miracle n．奇迹；令人惊奇的人(或事)misbirth n．堕胎；流产miscarriage n．失败；误投；小产；流产;堕胎miserable a. 悲惨的；痛苦的misery n. 痛苦；悲惨；不幸mismatch v．／n．配错；配合不当missile n．导弹；发射物mission n．使节；代表团；使命,任务；v．派遣mist n．薄雾，霭v．下薄雾；模糊mitigate v. 缓和；镇静；安慰mitral a. 僧帽形的；二尖瓣的moan n．呻吟声；悲叹声v．呻吟,悲叹mobile a．运动的；活动的；易变的；流动的，机动的；活动装置的n．运动物体mobilize v．动员；活动mock v．嘲弄，嘲笑a.假的,虚幻的moderate a. 中等的,适度的;温和的;稳健的n.温和主义者v.变(使)和缓modest a．端庄的, 朴素的；谦虚的,羞怯的modesty n．谦逊，虚心；端庄，稳重;羞怯;朴素modification n．缓和;减轻; 更改，修改modify v．改变,改变;修饰；减轻；缓和modulate v．调整；调节moist a．湿润的，潮湿的moisture n．潮湿；湿气；湿度molar n．磨牙，臼齿a．克分子的mold 同mouldmole n．胎块；痣；克分子molecular a．分子的；克分子的molecule n．分子；克分子；微小颗粒molten a．熔化的；熔融的moment n．片刻，瞬间，时刻；重大，重要monetary a. 钱的；货币的；金融的monitor n. 班长；监听员；监听器;监视器；(病人)监护仪v.监视，监听；监护monocyte n．单核细胞monotonous a．单调的；一成不变的monster n. 怪物;妖怪a.异乎寻常地大的(只作定语)mood n. 心境；情绪；语气moral a．道德的；道义的；有道德的n．寓意；道德上的教训morality n．道德，美德；教训，寓意morbid a．病的；致病的；病态的；可怕的morbidity n. 发病率morphine n．吗啡morphology n．形态学；结构；词法mortal a．致命的；终有一死的；人世间的，凡人的n．凡人moaquito n．蚊子moss n．苔藓，地衣v．长苔藓motel n．汽车旅客旅馆moth n．蛾；蛀虫mothball n．卫生球；樟脑球motto n．箴言；格言；警句mould n．模子，模型，铸模；霉；霉菌v．造型，浇铸；发霉mount v．登上，爬上，骑上；增长；固定；镶嵌n．登上，骑马，支架；底座，底板mourn v．哀悼，悲悼mouse n．鼠；耗子v．捕鼠mucosa n．粘膜mucus n．粘液multiple a. 复合的；多样的；多重的；多倍的；复杂的；并联的n．multiplication n．增加，增多，倍增；增殖，繁殖；乘法multiply v．乘；增加；繁殖multitude n．大批；大群；大量mumps n．流行性腮腺炎municipal a．市的；市政的；市立的murmur n．咕哝；(心脏)杂音mushroom n．蘑菇musk n．麝香mustard n. 芥末mutate 变异；突变mutter v．／n．轻声低语；咕哝：抱怨mutton n．羊肉mutual a．相互的;共同的mycology n．真菌学myopia n．近视mysterious a．神秘的；可疑的；难理解的mystery n．神秘；神秘之事；神秘小说；侦探小说nail n．钉；指甲；爪v．钉,钉住naive a．天真的；朴素的naked a．裸体的；毫无遮掩的napkin n．餐巾(纸)naprapathy n．推拿疗法；矫正疗法narcotherapy n．麻醉疗法；睡眠疗法narcotic a．麻醉的narrate v．讲(故事)；叙述narration n．讲述；故事；记叙体narrative a．叙述的n．记事；叙述;记叙文narrow a．狭的，狭窄的；狭隘的v．弄窄nasal a．鼻的；鼻音的nasty a. 龌龊的；极脏的；令人作呕的naught n．零；无naughty a．顽皮的；淘气的nausea n．恶心；晕船naval a．海军的；军舰的navigation n．航行；航海；航海术;导航；领航；海上交通navy n．海军necessitate v．使成为必需；迫使(常用被动语态)necessity n．必要性；必然性；必需品necropsy n．尸体剖解；验尸necrosis n．坏死negligence n．疏忽；玩忽；粗心大意negligent a．疏忽的；玩忽的；粗心大意的negligible a．可以忽略的；微不足道的negotiate v．谈判；协商negotiation n．谈判；协商neonate n．不满一个月的婴儿neoplastic a．新生物的；赘生的;(肿)瘤的nephew n．侄子；外甥nephritis n．肾炎neural a．神经的neuralgia n．神经痛neurology n．神经病学neuron n．神经元，神经细胞nib n．钢笔尖；尖头nickle n．镍；五分镍币v.镀镍nicotine n．尼古丁niece n．侄女；外甥女niggard a．／n．小气的(人);吝啬的(人) nightwalker n．梦游病患者nil n．无，零nip v. 夹,钳,咬;剪断,夹断nipper n．钳子；镊子；螯nipple n．乳头；乳头状隆起nitrogen n．氮noble a．高尚的；贵族的n．贵族nocturia n．夜尿nocturnal a．夜间的；夜发的node n．节；结；瘤；中心点nodule n．小结节，小瘤nomenclature n．名称；术语；命名(法),术语集nominate v. 提名；指定；任命nomination n．提名；任命nonreversible a．不可逆的nonsense n. 胡说；废话nonsignificant a．无足轻重的,无意义的nonspecific a．非特异性的nostril n．鼻孔notable a. 值得注意的;著名的;显著的n.名人notary n．公证人，公证员noticeable a．显而易见的；值得注意的;重要的notion n．概念；想法；打算，意图notorious a．臭名昭著的；声名狼藉的notwithstanding prep．尽管ad．尽管，还是conj．虽然；尽管nought n．／a．无，零nourish v．施肥于；提供养分；养育nourishment n．食物，滋养品novel a．新颖的；新奇的n．长篇小说novelty n. 新奇;新颖noxious a．有害的；不卫生的；有毒的nuclear a．核的；核心的；原子核的nucleus n．核；核心；原子核；细胞核nude n．裸体的；光秃的；肉色的nuisance n．麻烦事；讨厌的人(或事)numb a．麻木的；失去感觉的numberical a．数字的，用数字表示的，数值的numerous a．众多的，大批的，无数的nursery n．托儿所，保育室;苗圃;繁殖场nurture n．营养物，食物；培育;养育；教养nutrient n．营养品a．营养的；滋养的nutriology n．营养学nyctalopia n．夜盲症nylon n．尼龙oaf n. 畸形儿；痴儿；笨汉oak n. 橡树，橡木a．橡木制的oar n. 桨，橹v．划船，划行oat n. 燕麦oath n. 誓约；誓言oatmeal n. 燕麦片；燕麦粥obesity n. 肥胖症obligation n. 义务,责任oblige v. 迫使;责成;使感激，施恩obliterate v．擦去；涂抹；去掉…痕迹；消失；除去oblivious a．忘却的；健忘的obscure a．暗的；朦胧的；模糊的;不清楚的；偏僻的v．使暗,使黑暗；遮掩；使失色observation n．观察；监视；言论，意见observe v．遵守；奉行；观察，注意到；看到；说，评述observer n．遵守者；观察员，观察家；评述者obsess v．使着迷；迷(缠)着;使烦扰obstacle n．障碍；妨碍obstetrics n．产科学；助产术obstinate a．固执的；顽强的obstruct v．阻塞，堵塞；阻挡，,阻止;设置障碍obstruction n．阻塞，堵塞；障碍物occasion n．场合，时节；时刻v．引起occasional a．偶然的；不时的v. 闭塞的；堵塞；(牙齿)咬合occult a．隐(伏)的；潜隐性的；秘密的ocular a．眼的；视觉的;目击的odds n．不平等；差异;差距;可能性odo(u)r n．气味；香气；臭气offence(-se) n．犯法；犯规，过错；冒犯;触怒；进攻offend v．冒犯；触犯；得罪;使不快；使恼火offensive a．冒犯的，攻击的n．攻势;进攻officinal a．药房现成有售的；依据药典配制的；药用的n．成药；药用植物officious a．过分殷勤的；好管闲事的；非官方(正式)的offset n．／v．分支；抵消；补偿omen n．预兆，兆头ominous a．不祥的，不吉的；预兆的，预示的oncology n．肿瘤学onion n. 洋葱opaque a．不透光的；不反光的,不传导的；晦涩的opera n．歌剧ophthalmology n．眼科学opiate n．鸦片制剂opium n．鸦片；麻醉剂opponent n．对手；敌手a.对立的;反对的opportunity n．机会oppress v．压迫；压制；压抑oppression n．压迫，压制；压制物;沉闷；压抑opt v．抉择，选择optical a．眼的，视力的; 视觉的;光学的optics n．(用作单或复)光学optimal a．最适宜的；最理想的;最令人满意的optimism n．乐观；乐观主义optimistic a．乐观的；乐观主义的optimize v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐optimize v．使尽可能完善；(表示)乐观optimum n．最佳；最适条件；最适当的食物量option n．选择；选择权；选择自由optional a．可任意选择的；非强制的optometrist n．配镜师orbit n．眼眶，眼窝；轨道v.作轨道运行orchard n．果园orchestra n．管弦乐队ordeal n．严峻；考验；折磨organ n．器官；风琴organelle n．细胞器；小器官organic a．器官的；有机的organism n．有机体；生物orient n．东方v．定位oriental a．东方的n．东方人orifice n．孔，口originality n．创造力；独创性；创见，创举originally ad．最初地；有独创性地originate v．起源，发生；首创；创始ornament n．装饰，装饰品v．装饰ornamental a．装饰的；作装饰用的n．装饰品；观赏植物orphan n．孤儿a．无父母的；无父(或母)的；孤儿的orthopedics n．矫形外科学osmosis n．渗透(作用)osteoma n．骨瘤ostrich n．鸵鸟otitis n．耳炎otorhinolaryngology(otolaryngology) n．耳鼻喉科学outpatient n．门诊病人outrageous a．蛮横的；残暴的；无耻的outskirts n．郊区oval a．卵形的；椭圆形的n.卵形物ovary n．卵巢oven n．炉，灶；烘箱overactivity n．活动过度；过度活跃overall a．全面的；综合的n．工作服；罩衫；(pl．)工作裤overcast n．阴天a．阴暗的；郁闷的overflow v．使涨满；溢出；流出；漫出oversleeve n．袖套overt a．公开的；明显的overthrow v．／n．推翻；颠覆overwhelm v．压倒；制服ovum n．卵细胞oxide n．氧化物oyster n. 牡蛎ozone n. 臭氧pad n．垫，衬垫；便笺本v．填塞paddle n．桨v．用桨划pagoda n．塔pail n．提桶painstaking a．苦干的；艰苦的,费力的;刻苦的pal n．好朋友，伙伴v.成伙伴palate n．腭palliate v．减轻；缓和palliative a. 姑息的；治标的pallor a. 苍白；灰白palm n. 手掌；棕榈palpation n. 触诊palpitate v. 悸动；急速地跳动palsy n．瘫痪；中风，痉挛pamphlet n．小册子pancake n．薄煎饼pancreas n．胰(腺)pandemic a. 流行的；传染的n．传染病panel n．专门小组；面；板；控制板，操纵盘panic n. 恐慌;惊慌a.恐慌的;惊慌的pant n．v．气喘；心跳pants n．裤子pap n．软食；半流质食物papula n．丘疹；小突起parachute n．降落伞v．用降落伞降落parade n．游行；检阅v．游行paradise n．天堂paragraph n．段落，节；短讯；短评parallel a．平行的，与…平行的n.平行线，纬线；对比paralyse v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paralysis n．麻痹，瘫痪paralyze v．使麻痹，使瘫痪paraphrase n．释义；意译v．将…释义(意译)parasite n．寄生虫；寄生菌；食客parcel n．小包，包裹；(土地的)一块parenterally ad．不经肠道parish n．教区parliament n. 国会；议会parliamentary a．议会的；国会的parlo(u)r n．客厅；休息室paroxysm n．阵发；突发parrot n．鹦鹉partial a．部分的，局部的；偏爱的，不公平的participant n．参加者；参与者a．参与的participate v．参与；参加；分享；分担participation n. 参与；参加；分享particle n. 粒子；微粒；小品词；虚词partition n．分开；隔开物；隔开部分passion n．热情，激情；爱好；激怒；大怒passionate a．热情的；热烈的；激昂的；易动情的；易怒的；性情暴躁的passive a. 被动的；消极的paste n. 浆糊,糊状物v.粘,贴patch n．小片；小块；补钉;膏药;斑v．补，修补patent a．专利的；特许的n．专利；专利权v．给予…专利权；获得…专利权pathogen n．病原体pathology n．病理学pathophsiology n．病理生理学patience n．耐心；忍耐patient a．有耐心的；能忍耐的n.病人，患者patriot n．爱国者patriotic a．爱国的patrol n．巡逻；巡逻队v．巡逻pattern n．模式；式样；图案；花样v．仿制；模仿pave v. 铺砌；铺路pavement n. 人行道pavilion n. 亭子pearl n．珍珠v．呈珍珠状;用珍珠装饰peck v．／n．啄peculiar a．特殊的；独特的；古怪的peculiarity n．独特性，特色；特殊的东西；怪癖pedagogy n．教育学；教学法pedal a．足的；脚踏的n.脚踏v.骑自行车pedestrian n．行人a．步行的pediatrics n．儿科学peel v．削皮，剥皮n．果皮peep v．／n．偷看；窥看peer v．盯，窥，凝视n．同事;前辈peg n．木(或金属)钉；衣夹v.钉木钉pelvis n．骨盆penalty n．罚；惩罚pendulum n．摆；钟摆penetrate v．穿透；渗入；看穿penetration n．穿透；穿人；渗透peninsula n．半岛peninsular a．半岛的；半岛状的penny n．便士；一分pension n．抚恤金；养老金；年金v．给予…养老金(抚恤金等) pepper n．胡椒粉；胡椒；辛辣(或富于刺激性)的事物v．撒胡椒粉于pepsin n．胃蛋白酶peptic a．消化性的；助消化的；消化液的perceive v．察觉，发觉；理解；领悟perceptible a．感觉得到的；看得出的；可理解的perception n．感觉；概念；理解力perceptive a．知觉的；感觉灵敏的;有察觉力的；有理解力的percuss v．叩诊；震动；敲打percutaneous a．经皮的perforate v．穿孔；贯穿perform v．做，施行；完成；表演；演出performance n. 表演；演出；执行；完成performer n. 表演者；执行者perfume n. 香水；香料v．撒香水perfuse v. 洒；灌注；使充满peril n．严重危险v．置…于危险中periodic n．期间；周期；时期；时代；句号(pl．)月经期periodic a．周期的；定期的；间歇的；循环的periodical a. 定期的；周期的；期刊的n. 期刊，杂志peripheral a. 末梢的；周围的permanence n. 永久(性)；持久(性)permanent a. 永久的；持久的permeable a. 可渗透的；具渗透性的permeate v. 渗入；透过；弥漫；充满pernicious a．有害的，有毒的；恶性的;致命的perpetual a．永久的；永恒的perplex v．困惑；难住；使复杂化persecute v. 迫害persecution n. 迫害persevere v. 坚持；不屈不挠personify v．拟(某物)为人;使人格化；表现；体现personnel n．全体人员；全体职员；人事部门perspective n．前景；前途；观点；看法a. 透视的perspire v. 排汗pertain v．(to)附属，从属；关于；有关；适合，相称pertinent a．恰当的；贴切的；中肯的；有关的；相干的perturb v. 使不安;烦扰;扰乱;使紊乱perturbation n. 不安,烦扰;扰乱;紊乱pertussis n. 百日咳pervade v. 弥漫,渗透;充满,遍及pessimism n. 悲观；悲观主义；厌世pessimist n. 悲观者；悲观主义者；厌世pessimistic a. 悲观的;悲观主义的pesticide n. 杀虫剂；农药petition n.／v．请愿，申请，祈求petrol n．汽油petroleum n．石油petty a．细小的,次要的;渺小的pharmaceutical a．药学的;药物的；药用的;药剂师的pharmacology n．药理学；药物学pharmacy n．药学；制药；药店,药房pharyngitis n. 咽炎pharyngoscope n．咽镜pharynx n. 咽philosopher n. 哲学家;哲人philosophical a. 哲学家的;哲学上的;达观的philosophy n. 哲学,哲学体系phonetic a. 语音(学)的phosphate n. 磷酸盐phosphorus n. 磷photography n. 摄影术physiological a．生理学的；生理的physiology n．生理学pick v．挖；拾，采,摘;挑选n.镐picket n．桩，尖桩v．派去放哨;用栅子围上pickle n．腌制品；泡菜pictorial a．绘画的；图片的n．画报picturesque a．景色似画的；别致的pierce v．穿透pigeon n．鸽子pigsty n．猪圈pillar n．柱，支柱；柱形物pilot n．驾驶员，飞行员；领港员；引水员v．领港；驾驶(飞机等) pin n．大头针;别针;徽章;销,栓v．钉住,别住pinch v．／n．拧，捏,夹(痛);挤压pine n．松树v．憔悴;消瘦;渴望pink n．桃红色;粉红色a.粉红色的pinkeye n．火眼pistol n．手枪piston n．活塞pit n．坑；窖；小凹陷pitch n．沥青pitiable a．引人怜悯的；可怜的pitiful a．令人怜悯的；可怜的pituitary a．垂体的；粘液的n.垂体,垂体前后叶制剂pity n．怜悯；惋惜；可惜的事,憾事placebo n．安慰剂；宽慰话placenta n. 胎盘plague n. 瘟疫;鼠疫;灾祸;天灾v. 染瘟疫planetary a. 行星的,有轨道的plantation n. 种植园;栽植plaque n. 班,血小板;噬菌区plasma n. 血浆plaster n. 灰泥;膏药v.涂灰泥;敷贴膏药;减轻plateau n. 高原;平稳时期;停滞时期platelet n．血小板plea n．抗辩；诉讼；托词；请愿；请求plead v．恳求；为…辩护，辩解pledge n．誓约；保证v．发誓；保证plenary a．完全的；绝对的；全体出席的pleura n．胸膜plexus n．(血管，淋巴管，神经等的)丛plight n. 境况；困境，苦境v．保证plot n. 一块地；计划，阴谋,情节v. 策划plumber n．管子工；铅管工plump a．丰满的；饱满的plunder v．／n．掠夺；抢劫plunge v. 跳入;(使)投入;(使)入;猛冲plural n./a. 复数(的)plus prep. 加n.加号;正号a.正的pneumonia n．肺炎poke v. 戳，刺，捅，插；触碰；伸(头)polar a．地极的；南极的；北极的polarization n．(电)极化；极化强度；偏振；两极分化polarize v．极化；偏振；使两极分化pole n．柱，杆；地极；磁极v．用杆撑policy n. 政策,方针polish v. 擦亮,抛光n.擦亮剂poll n. 投票;投票数;民意测验v. 投票;对…进行民意测验polymer n. 聚合物；聚合体polyp n．息肉polytechnic a．多种工艺的；多种科技的pond n．池塘ponder v．考虑；沉思porcelain n．瓷；瓷器porch n．门廊pore n．毛孔；气孔；细孔v.凝视pork n．猪肉porridge n．粥port n．港口portable a．轻便的；手提(式)的portal a．肝门的；门静脉的；porter n．搬运工人；守门人portion n．部分；一份portrait n．肖像，画像positive a．确定的，肯定的；积极的；正面的；阳性的n．明确；实在；正面possess v．拥有，占有possession n．所有物；拥有，占有possessive a．占有的；所有的n．(the-)所有格postage n．邮费；邮资postal a．邮政的，邮局的n.明信片postdoctoral a．博士后的poster n．招贴；标语；广告(画)posterior a．后面的postmortem a. 死后的;验尸的n．尸体解剖；验尸postscript n．又及；附言；再者potassium n．钾potent a．有力的；有效力的；有势力的；烈性的potential a．潜在的；可能的n．潜力potentiality n．潜在性；可能性；(pl．)潜力potentiate v．加强；使更有效力(尤指药物)pottery n. 陶器类；陶器制造(术)poultry n. 家禽powder n．粉末，药粉pox n．痘，疹；脓疱practitioner n. 开业者；实践者131precaution n. 预防,谨慎;警惕v.预先,警告precautious a.有防备的；戒备的；警惕的precede v.在先，在前；优于precedence n.领先；在前；优先；上座precedent n.先例，前例a．在前的，优先的precious a.珍贵的，贵重的precipitation n.沉淀；加速；促进；降雨量precise a.精确的，准确的precision n. 精确(性);精密a.精确的，精密的precursor n.先驱者；前辈；前任；预兆；先兆predecessor n.前辈；前任者predispose v.使易感染；预先安排predisposition n.倾向；素质；易罹病的素质predominant a.占优势的；主要的；流行的；显著的preference n. 偏爱；喜爱；优先pregnancy n. 怀孕；怀孕期pregnant a. 怀孕的；孕育着的prejudice n. 偏见,成见;侵害,损害,歧视v. 使抱偏见,不利于preliminary a. 预备的,初步的n. 预考,初试prelude n.序言；预兆premature a.早熟的；不到期的n.早产的婴儿premed(premedical) a.医科大学预科的premier n. 总理,首相a．首要的,首位的premise n. 前提;(pl.)房屋(及其附属建筑,基地等)v.提出…为前提preoccupy v. 先占,使全神贯注;迷着;吸引preponderance n. 优越,优势prerequisite a.必须先具备的；先决条件的prescribe v.处(方)，开(药)；规定；指示；命令prescription n.药方，处方；命令；指示；规定prescriptive a.规定的，指示的；约定俗成的preside v. 主持presidency n. 总统的职位；管辖press v.压，挤，按；逼迫，催促n.报刊，出版界；压榨机，印刷机prestige n. 威望，声望presume v. 推测；假定presumption n. 假定，推测;专横,冒昧pretend v. 假装；假托prevail v. 取胜；占优势；流行,盛行prevalence n. 流行，盛行prevalent a. 流行的，盛行的previous a. 先的，前的，以前的previously ad.以前地prey n.被捕食的动物；捕食v.捕食；掠夺；折磨prick v. 刺(穿)；戳(穿)；刺痛priest n.教士；神父；牧师primary a.首要的，主要的；基本的；最初的；初级的；原始的；原发的prime a.主要的，首位的；最好的，头等的n．全盛时期；青壮年时期primitive a.原始的，早期的；简单的；粗糙的n．原始人(事物)prince n.王子；亲王princess n.公主；王妃priority n.优先；重点；优先权,先,前prism n.棱镜；棱柱(体),角柱(体)privacy n.隐居，隐退；秘密，私下；隐私private a.私人的；私有的；私立的；秘密的；私下的privilege n.优惠；特许；特权v．给予优惠；给予特权probation n.检验；验证；试用；见习probe n.探针；探查；探测器v．用探针探查；探查；查究procaine n.普鲁卡因procedure n.程序；步骤；过程procession n.队伍；行列；行进processor n. 加工者,处理者,信息处理机proclaim v. 宣布,声明proclamation n. 宣布,公布,声明,公告;宣告prodrome n.前驱症状；序论productivity n.生产率；生产能力proficiency n. 熟练；精通proficient a. 熟练的，精通的profile n.侧面(像)；外形，轮廓v.描…的轮廓profound a.深刻的；渊博的；深远的；深切的profuse a.极其丰富的；过多的prognosis n.预后progress n./v.前进；进步；进展progression n.前进；进步；接续progressive a.进步的；前进的；渐进酡：进行性的prohibit v.禁止；阻止prohibition n.禁止；禁令project n.计划；方案；工程；项目v.设计，规划；投射，放映,凸出projection n.设计，规划；发射，喷射,投影，投影图；凸出projector n.计划人；放映机；幻灯；发射装置prolapse n. 脱垂；下垂prominent a.突出的，杰出的；凸起的,突起的；显著的promote v. 提升，晋升；促进，增进,助长prompt a.敏捷的；迅速的；即刻的v.促使；引起ad．准时地prone a.有…倾向的；易于…的propaganda n.宣传propagate v.繁殖；宣传；传播propel v.推进，推动property n.财产；所有权；性质；特性prophylaxis n.预防；预防法proponent n.建议者；支持者a．建议的proportion n.部分；比例，比重；均衡，相称v．(使)成比例proportional a.相称的；成比例的proportionate a.成比例的；相称的v．使成比例proposal n.提议，建议；推荐；打算；求婚propose v.提议，建议；推荐；打算;求婚prose n.散文prosecute v.彻底进行；从事;经营,对…起诉；告发prosecution n.彻底进行；从事;经营,起诉;告发prospect n.展望；前景v．勘探prospective a.预期的；未来的；前瞻性的prosper v.繁荣，昌盛；成功prosperity n.繁荣；兴旺；成功prosperous a.繁荣的，兴旺的prostate n.前列腺protest v./n.断言；主张；抗议；反对protocol n.议定书；草约；会谈记录；外交礼节protoplasm n.原生质，细胞质prototype n.原型；标准；典型protract v.延长；伸长protrude v.伸出；突出proverb n.谚语，格言v．成为谚语：用谚语表达province n.省；领域，范围provincial a.省的，地方的n．外省人；乡下人provision n.给养，口粮；准备，预备；条款，规定v．向…供应粮食provoke v.煽动；激怒；激起；诱发proximate a.贴近的；近似的；即将到来的proximity n.贴近，接近；近似prodent a.谨慎的；慎重的；精明的；节俭的pseudo a.假的，冒充的psychiatry n.精神病学psychic a.精神的,心理的psychological a.心理的,心理学的psychology n.心理学psychosis n.精神病,精神极度不安puberty n.青春期puff n.(一)喷，(一)吹；一阵，一股(气味)；隆起的小块pulmonary a.肺的pumpkin n.南瓜,南瓜藤punch v.冲压, 穿孔n．冲压机；穿孔机punctual a.准时的；不误期的；正确的；精确的puncture n./v.穿刺，刺puppet n.木偶，玩具；傀儡puppy n.小狗，幼犬purification n.纯化，净化；提纯purify vt. 使纯净，使洁净；纯化purple n.紫色a．紫的，紫红的v．(使)成紫色purse n. 钱包pursue v. 追逐；追击；从事；进行pursuit n. 追赶，追求；职业；事务purulent a. 化脓的；脓性的pus n. 脓；脓液pajama n.(pl.)睡衣裤pylorus n.幽门pyrexia n.发热quack n.庸医；江湖医生；冒充内行的人;骗子quadrant n.四分体；象线quake v./n.震动，颤动；发抖quantities v. 测定(估计)…的数量quarantine n. 检疫；检疫处；隔离；隔离区quarterly n.季刊a．季度的ad．季度地quartz n.石英queer a.奇怪的，古怪的；眩晕的；不舒服的；想呕吐的quench v.熄灭；扑灭；抑制quest n./v.寻找；探求；搜索questionnaire n.调查表；问题单queue n.辫子；行列；长队v．排长队quiescence n.静止;休眠;(疾病的)被遏制状态quilt n.被(子)；被状物v.缝(被)；用垫料填塞quinine n.奎宁quinsy n.扁桃体周脓肿quiver v.颤抖n．颤动；箭袋quiz n.恶作剧；挖苦；小型考试；测验；知识竞赛quota n. 定额quote v. 引用,援引rabies n.狂犬病racial a.人种的；种族的；种族间的racism n.种族主义；种族歧视racist n.种族主义者rack n.搁板，行李架radial a.光线的；射线的；辐射状的；桡骨的n．放射部；射线radiate v.散发，发光，辐射a．有射线的radiation n.辐射，发光，发热；放射物radical a.根本的，重要的；彻底的；激进的radicle n.根；基radioactive a.放射性的radiograph n.放射照片radiology n.放射学radiotherapy n.放射疗法radius n.半径；放射线; 桡骨rag n.破布，碎布rage n.愤怒v．发怒raid n./v.袭击；搜查rail n.栏杆，围栏；铁路v．用栏杆围隔rake n. (长柄的)耙子，钉齿耙；耙状的用具v．耙rale n.罗音；水泡音rally n.集合；恢复；振作；大会v.集合；召集；振作；恢复ramble v./n.闲逛；漫步ramify v.分枝；成网状rancher n.大牧场主(或工人)；大农场主(或工人)；大牧场(或农场)管理人员rarity n.罕见的事物rascal n.流氓；无赖rash n.疹a．急躁的ratify v.批准；认可rating n.级别，等级；额定值,定额；责骂，申斥ration n.定量；给养；口粮rational a.理性的；合理的rationale n.基本原理；理论基础；原理的阐述ravage v./n.蹂躏，劫掠，毁坏razor n.剃刀reactionary a.反动的n．反动分子reactivate v.使恢复活动；使复能readily ad.乐意地；容易地reagent n.试剂；反应力；反应物realm n.王国，国土；领域，范围ream n.令；大量v．铰大,钻大;榨出…的汁reap v. 收割；收获rear n. 后部，尾部a．后方的，后部的v．抚养；栽种；饲养reassure v.使放心；再次保证rebellious a.造反的，反抗的；(疾病等)难治的rebuke v./n.训斥，指责；非难,谴责recede v.退；退去；收回，撤回receptacle n.容器，贮藏器；插座，插孔recipe n.菜谱；配方；处方recipient n.接受者；受血者；受体reciprocal a.相互的；往复的；互利的n.有相互关系的事物；倒数recite v.背诵，朗诵；列举reck v.顾虑，介意；有关系，相干；注意，对…有关系recklessly a.不在乎的；不顾后果的reckon v.数，计数；看作，认为reclaim v.开垦；回收；改造；感化recline v.向后靠；斜倚recoil v./n.撤回；退位；跳回;弹回；产生反作用recollect v.回忆；追忆；想起recombination n.再组合；再化合；复合recommend v.劝告，建议；介绍,推荐recommendation n.建议，劝告；推荐recompensce n.酬报；赔偿reconcile v.使和解；调解reconciliation n.和解recondition v.修理，修复，修整；改革，改善reconstruct v.重建，再建recreation n.娱乐，消遣recrudesce v.(病痛)复发recruit n.补充；恢复健康;复原rectify v.纠正；整顿rectitis n.直肠炎rectum n.直肠recumbent a.躺着的；斜靠的recur v.复发；再发reel n.卷轴，卷筒；卷盘，一盘v.卷，绕；拉起referral n.工作的分派；治疗安排refine v.精练；精制；提纯；精炼refluent a.倒流的，回流的refractary a.难治疗的；顽固性的refrain v.抑制；忍住refresh v.提神，振作,使清新refreshment n.茶点，点心;恢复;爽快refugee n.难民；流亡者refusal n.拒绝，回绝refute v.反驳，驳斥regimen n.社会制度；生活制度；服药时间(表)regression n.退化；退步；消退；回归rehabilitate v.使复原，恢复(正常生活)rehearsal n. 排练，排演；练习，演习；背诵；详述，复述reign v./n.统治reinforce v.增援，加强n．加固物relapse n./v.复发；再发relaxant a.弛张的；n．弛缓药relay v.中继，转播；接力；再放；重新涂；重新铺设relevance n.相关；中肯；恰当relevant a.相关的；适当的；中肯的reliability n.可靠性reliable a.可靠的relic n. (p1.)遗体，尸体；遗物；遗迹；废墟relief n.缓解，消除；救济，援救relieve v.缓解，消除，减轻；救济religion n.宗教，信仰religious a.宗教的；信教的；虔诚的reluctance n.勉强，不情愿reluctant a.不愿的，勉强的remedy n.药品；治疗措施；补救办法v.治疗；补救remit v.缓解，减轻remittent a.弛张的；忽重忽轻的remnant n.a.残余(的)；剩余(的)removal n.排除；切除；搬迁，移动renal a.肾的render v.使得，使变为；提出,提供；给予；呈报n．缴纳repeal v./n.撤消，废除repel v.拒绝，排斥repent v.悔悟；后悔repetition n.重复，反复replicate v.复制；重复represent v.表示，说明；描写，表现，象征；代表，代理；演出；提出representative n.代表；代理人a．代表性的repress v.镇压；抑制；约束repression n.抑制；约束；镇压reproach v./n.责备，申斥，指责reproduce v.繁殖，生殖；复制，仿造repulsion n.排斥；反感；厌恶reputation n.名声；声望requisite a.必不可少的n．必需品rescue v./n.营救，救援resect v.切除resemblance n.相似；相似点；相似物resemble v.相似，象resent v.不满于；愤恨；怨恨reserve v.保留；储备；预定n．储备；储备品；储备金reservoir n.水库，蓄水池；贮主reside v.居住；驻扎residence n.住处；住宅resident n.居民；常住者；住院医师residual a./n.残留(的)；剩余(的)residue n.残余；剩余；残渣resign v.辞去；辞职；顺从；听从resignation n.辞职；辞呈；听从；屈从resin n.树脂；松香resistant a.有抵抗力的；反抗的；有耐药性的resoluble a.可分解的；可溶解的；可解决的resolute a.坚决的，果断的resolution n.决心，坚决；决定;决议;消除；消退；分解resonance n.回声，反响；共振；共鸣resonate v.共振，谐振；共鸣resort v.求助；凭借；诉诸n．胜地；常去之处respective a. 各自的;各个的respire v. 呼吸respiration n. 呼吸respond v. 回答, 答复, 响应, 起反应response n.回音，回答；反应, 响应responsibility n.责任；职责responsible a. 应负责的, 有责任的, 责任重大的；认真负责的restore v. 归还，放回；修复;恢复restrain v. 抑制；制止restraint n. 抑制；约束restrict v.限制；约束restriction n.限制；约束resultant a.作为结果而发生的n. 结果；组合；生成物resume n.梗概；个人简历v.重新开始，继续；恢复retail v./n.零售，零卖a．零售的。
山东专升本英语大纲
山东专升本英语大纲The Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus is a comprehensive and rigorous academic program designed to prepare students for the challenges of higher education. This syllabus covers a wide range of topics and skills essential for success in both academic and professional settings. The program emphasizes the development of strong language proficiency, critical thinking abilities, and cultural awareness, all of which are crucial for navigating the complex landscape of modern academia and the global workforce.One of the key components of the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus is its focus on language proficiency. The curriculum is structured to systematically improve students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in English. Through a combination of classroom instruction, interactive exercises, and practical application, students are equipped with the necessary linguistic tools to effectively communicate in academic and professional environments.The reading component of the syllabus is particularly noteworthy.Students are exposed to a diverse range of texts, including academic articles, literary works, and professional publications. By engaging with these materials, students develop their ability to comprehend complex ideas, analyze arguments, and extract relevant information. This skill set is essential for success in university-level coursework, where students are expected to engage with a wide variety of written materials.The writing component of the syllabus is equally important. Students are trained in the art of academic writing, learning how to craft well-structured essays, research papers, and reports. They are taught the fundamentals of effective organization, coherent argumentation, and proper citation of sources. This emphasis on writing proficiency prepares students for the rigorous demands of university-level assignments and research projects.Alongside the development of language skills, the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus also places a strong emphasis on critical thinking. Students are encouraged to engage in active and analytical discussions, challenging their own assumptions and exploring diverse perspectives. They are taught to question, evaluate, and synthesize information, equipping them with the intellectual tools necessary for success in higher education and beyond.The cultural awareness component of the syllabus is another crucial aspect of the program. Students are exposed to a wide range of cultural traditions, customs, and perspectives, both within the Chinese context and in a global context. This exposure fosters a deeper understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity, which is essential for navigating the increasingly interconnected world of academia and the workplace.One of the unique features of the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus is its integration of technology. The program leverages various digital tools and platforms to enhance the learning experience. Students have access to online resources, interactive learning modules, and collaborative platforms, allowing them to engage with the material in innovative and engaging ways.The assessment methods used in the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus are also noteworthy. In addition to traditional examinations, the program incorporates a range of alternative assessment techniques, such as project-based learning, presentations, and portfolio evaluations. This diverse approach to assessment ensures that students' progress is evaluated holistically, capturing their overall development and mastery of the material.The Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus is not only a rigorous academic program but also a transformative experience forstudents. By the end of the program, students emerge as confident and competent communicators, critical thinkers, and culturally aware individuals, ready to tackle the challenges of higher education and the global workforce.The impact of the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus extends beyond the academic realm. Graduates of the program often go on to pursue leadership roles in various sectors, leveraging their language proficiency, critical thinking abilities, and cultural awareness to drive innovation and make meaningful contributions to their communities.In conclusion, the Shandong Undergraduate Transfer English Syllabus is a remarkable program that prepares students for the demands of higher education and the global landscape. By emphasizing language proficiency, critical thinking, and cultural awareness, the syllabus equips students with the necessary skills and knowledge to thrive in the 21st century. As a testament to its excellence, the program has garnered widespread recognition and acclaim, making it a sought-after destination for aspiring scholars and professionals alike.。
《博士研究生英语》教学大纲资料.doc
《博士研究生英语》教学大纲（English for Postgraduates）一、编写说明本课程学分4分，总课时4 x 15周 = 60 课时，必修课。
课程简介：本课程由英语读写和英语视说组成。
上课主要学习精读课文、解疑释惑、视说训练，课后需要完成听、说、读、写等各种形式的作业。
（一）、本课程的教学目的和要求本课程的对象为博士生，其英语水平在6级或以上。
教学目的：巩固和提高博士生的英语阅读水平，英语交流水平，尝试用英语撰写学术论文的水平，用英语参加国际学术会议的水平。
教学要求：读：能运用各项阅读技能，熟练阅读并正确理解难度较大、结构复杂的文献。
读后能够理解文章内容，归纳中心思想。
阅读应该以准确理解与大量阅读并重。
在博士生阶段，总阅读量一般不低于20万词，为达到上述要求，应理解性掌握至少6000个常用单词及600个左右词组，复用性掌握其中2300个左右的基本词。
认知200个左右词根和词缀，并能根据构词法识别派生词。
写、译：较熟练地运用基本写作技能，按要求在一小时内写出300词左右的短文，正确表达思想，无重大语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯。
能借助词典，将难度较大、结构复杂的文章译成汉语，理解正确，译文达意。
速度为每小时350个左右英文词。
能借助词典，将中等难度的短文译成英语，无重大语言错误，基本符合英语表达习惯。
速度为每小时250左右汉字。
视、听、说对语速为每分钟140词的一般性题材和科普材料可以一遍听懂，理解中心思想和主要内容。
对基本标准语音语调的一般原版视频节目能看懂大意。
能基本听懂本专业的学术报告，并作简要的笔记。
能进行一般性对话，能基本表达自己的学术见解。
要求学生积极配合课堂教学，参与课堂讨论，认真完成视听、说写等各项作业。
（二）、大纲的教学体系精读为主，提高原作阅读水平。
视听为辅，提高话语理解水平。
说写并举，提高学术表达水平。
二、教学大纲内容第一单元Text A: Cyberspace Writing：Four Kinds第二单元Text A: Why is it so hard ……Writing: Expressive Discourse第三单元Text A: The Case against Man Writing: Affirming Discourse 第四单元Text A: The Future of English Writing: Persuasive Discourse第五单元Text A: Love in L.A. Writing: Letters & Invitations第六单元Text A: Billion-dollar Babies Writing: Application Letters 第七单元Text A: They Dared Cocaine ……Writing: Resume三、考核方式及成绩评定标准考核方式：闭卷成绩评定标准：总成绩（百分制）= 平时成绩30% + 期末考试70% （其中平时成绩由课堂表现、作业、小型测试组成。
东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
东华大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲东华大学博士研究生入学英语考试是为招收博士研究生而设置，属选拔考试。
根据国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》的规定：博士生入学时英语水平原则上应达到或略高于硕士生毕业时应达到的水平，本考试以《大学英语教学大纲（文理科用）》中对大学英语六级水平的具体要求为主要依据，兼顾其他同等程度的教材和硕士毕业生应达到的英语水平要求，测试考生在英语语法、词汇、阅读、写作及翻译等方面的语言应用能力，择优选拔，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平和应用能力。
一、评价目标要求考生掌握下列语言知识和技能：二、考试形式考试形式为笔试，时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
整份试卷包括试题集和答题纸两部份。
考生应将试题集Paper One 部分的1 –80题的答案按要求用2B铅笔做在答题纸上，将Paper Two 部分的翻译和写作用蓝、黑色钢笔或水笔字迹工整地写在相应的答题纸上。
三、试卷结构和内容试题集有两部分构成：Paper One 为客观题，共四大项80题（占总分75%），包括词汇和句子结构（10%），辨错（10%），阅读（45%）和完形填空（10%）；Paper Two 为主观题，共二大项，（占总分25%），包括翻译（汉译英10%）和写作（15%）。
第一部分词汇（10%）由20题组成（20题x 0.5分）。
词汇题主要测试考生所掌握的词汇水平和运用词汇的能力。
按原国家教委颁布的《硕士、博士英语教学大纲》明确的定性和定量要求的规定，硕士生毕业时应理解性地掌握大约6000个英语常用词（组）。
第二部分辨错并改错（10%）由10题组成（10题x 1分)。
主要测试考生掌握并正确运用语言的能力。
考查的重点语法项目是：制约句子逻辑关系的连词和关系词；体现句子行为者主语其情感、意图、行为、判断的动词的时态、语态、情态动词和虚拟语气；使句子变得多姿多彩的非谓语动词、省略和倒装。
第三部分完形填空（10%）该部分为一篇240-280的文章，题材包括科技，经济，文化，教育，社会生活，人物传记等。
2024年全国博士英语考试大纲
2024年全国博士英语考试大纲In 2024, the National English Doctoral Examination in China will continue to assess candidates' proficiency in English language skills, academic writing, critical thinking, and research abilities. The exam aims to evaluate candidates' readiness for doctoral studies in English-related fields and their potential to contribute to academic research and scholarship.The exam consists of four sections: listening comprehension, reading comprehension, writing, and speaking. Each section is designed to test different aspects of the candidates' English language abilities. The listening comprehension section assesses candidates' ability to understand spoken English in academic and professional contexts. Candidates will listen to a series of recordings and answer questions based on the content of the recordings.The reading comprehension section evaluates candidates' ability to understand and analyze written English texts. Candidates will read a variety of academic articles, essays, and reports, and answer questions that test their comprehension, interpretation, and critical thinking skills. This section also assesses candidates' ability to synthesize information from multiple sources and form coherent arguments.The writing section requires candidates to demonstrate their academic writing skills by completing a series of tasks, such as writing essays, research proposals, and literature reviews. Candidates are expected to present well-structured arguments, support their claims with evidence and examples, and demonstrate a strong command of academic English vocabulary and grammar.The speaking section assesses candidates' ability to communicate effectively in English. Candidates will participate in a series of speaking tasks, such as giving presentations, participating in group discussions, and responding to interview questions. This section evaluates candidates' fluency, pronunciation, vocabulary, and ability to express ideas clearly and coherently.Overall, the National English Doctoral Examination in 2024 aims to evaluate candidates' English language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and readiness for doctoral studies in English-related fields. Candidates are encouraged to prepare thoroughly for the exam by practicing listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills, familiarizing themselves with academic English texts, and honing their analytical and research abilities. Success in the exam will not only demonstrate candidates' academic potential but also pave the way for their future academic and professional success in English-related fields.。
【最新】我的四个考博面试经历人大,山大,华科,华理工
【最新】我的四个考博面试经历：人大，山大，华科，华理工2019年我参加了中国人民大学、山东大学、华中科技大学和华南理工大学的博士招生考试，并有幸被山东大学录取。
现将自己考博中笔试和面试经历和大家分享，希望对2020考博者有所帮助。
1. 中国人民大学笔试和面试经历我所报考的中国人民大学实行申请考核制，笔试和面试紧接着进行。
首先，笔试。
2019年4月23日参加复试，先笔试，后面试。
笔试成绩排名进入各专业拟录取人数前150%的，可获得面试资格。
笔试为闭卷考核，总分100分，考试时间3小时，笔试三张试卷，其中包括英语和专业课课程同时进行，自己要合理安排好每门课程的作答时间，不要顾此失彼。
其中英语考题为词汇和语法单选题（像高中单选），之后就是两篇阅读（像高中阅读），之后就是一篇写作，写作是关于研究方法的（比较难）。
两门专业课都是考的大题，每个课程考试3道题。
其次，面试。
笔试完第二天下午就进行面试（此时笔试成绩还没有出来，所以所有的考生都要参加面试），面试前提前在一个教室，之后依次到另外一个面试教室等候，面试老师很多（有一排，目测10个左右）。
面试第一个环节是面试主考官让你用汉语自我介绍（我们当初都没有英语自我介绍），第二个环节是一位老师用英语提问你一个问题，此时提问的问题比较随机，比如你为什么报考我们学院，比如你介绍以下自己的硕士学校等，所以英语的问答比较简单，时间也比较短。
第三个环节是让你抽题回答（有两次机会，第一次抽到完全不懂的可以放回去重新抽取一次），抽题回答完全靠运气。
2. 山东大学笔试和面试经历我参加的山东大学博士招生实行统考制，首先，笔试。
笔试内容包括英语和两门专业课，每门课程考试时间为3个小时，其中英语笔记内容主要包括单项选择题20道、完形填空题1篇（20个题）、阅读理解4篇（20个题）、翻译1篇（横线标出5处句子）、作文1篇（200个单词左右），考试内容和考试考试内容相似，考试难度略大于六级，考试满分100分。
博士学位英语考试大纲
8. A. The woman argued for her innocence at court. B. The woman complained that she was forced to pay the fine. C. The woman has got away with many violations of traffic law. D. The woman pleaded ignorance this time of her violation of the traffic law.
5. A. He forgot to mail the letter. B. He left the letter in his office. C. The letter slipped off his desk. D. He should have put the letter in his bag.
Questions 11 to 15 are based on a talk about the concept of community.
You now have 30 seconds to read Questions 11 to 15.
11. A village, or town, or ____________ can be called an area of social life. 12. The speaker states that it is ____________ that people in a community should
山东高等学历继续教育学士学位英语考试大纲
山东高等学历继续教育学士学位英语考试大纲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam OutlineⅠ. IntroductionShandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is a standardized test designed to assess the English proficiency of students pursuing a bachelor's degree through continuing education in Shandong province. The exam aims to evaluate students' reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills in English and ensure that they possess the necessary language proficiency to succeed in their academic endeavors.Ⅱ. Exam Format1. Reading Section- Multiple-choice questions assessing comprehension of academic texts, general knowledge, and vocabulary.- Cloze passages to test understanding of context and grammar.- True/false questions based on the given text.2. Writing Section- Essay writing on a given topic to evaluate writing proficiency and critical thinking skills.- Summarizing or paraphrasing exercises to test ability to convey information clearly and concisely.3. Listening Section- Listening to lectures or conversations followed by multiple-choice questions.- Fill-in-the-blank exercises to test understanding of spoken English.- Short-answer questions based on the audio clips.4. Speaking Section- Dialogue or monologue tasks to assess speaking fluency and pronunciation.- Role-playing exercises to evaluate communication skills in different scenarios.Ⅲ. Exam Content1. Vocabulary and Grammar- Vocabulary exercises to expand students' word bank and improve language fluency.- Grammar tasks to reinforce understanding of sentence structure and usage.2. Reading Comprehension- Academic passages on a variety of topics to enhance reading skills and critical thinking.- Reading strategies to improve comprehension and speed.3. Writing Skills- Essay writing practice to develop coherent arguments and convey ideas effectively.- Editing tasks to improve grammar, punctuation, and spelling.4. Listening Comprehension- Listening to authentic materials such as lectures, interviews, and discussions to enhance listening skills.- Note-taking exercises to improve retention and understanding of spoken English.5. Speaking Proficiency- Speaking tasks to practice fluency, accuracy, and pronunciation.- Feedback and guidance to help students improve their oral communication skills.Ⅳ. Preparation Tips1. Practice regularly: Allocate time for daily practice in all four language skills.2. Use authentic materials: Listen to podcasts, watch movies, and read newspapers in English to improve language proficiency.3. Join study groups: Collaborate with peers to practice speaking and writing together.4. Take practice tests: Familiarize yourself with the exam format and timing by taking mock exams.5. Seek feedback: Ask for feedback from teachers or tutors to identify areas for improvement.By following the Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam Outline and incorporating these preparation tips, students can enhance their English proficiency and succeed in the exam. Good luck!篇2Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam OutlineIntroduction:The Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is designed for students pursuing a bachelor's degree through continuing education programs in Shandong Province. This exam aims to assess students' proficiency in English language skills, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking. The following is an outline of the exam content and format.Exam Format:The Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam consists of four sections: Listening, Reading, Writing, and Speaking. The exam is conducted in paper-and-pencil format.Section 1: Listening (30%)This section tests students' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts. Students will listen to audio recordings of conversations, lectures, and other spoken English materials. They will answer multiple-choice questions based on the information presented in the recordings.Section 2: Reading (30%)This section assesses students' reading comprehension skills. Students will read a variety of texts, such as articles, essays, and reports. They will answer multiple-choice and short-answer questions to demonstrate their understanding of the texts.Section 3: Writing (30%)In this section, students will be required to write an essay on a given topic. The essay should demonstrate the students' ability to organize their thoughts, present coherent arguments, and use appropriate language and grammar. Students will be evaluated on the content, organization, and language proficiency of their writing.Section 4: Speaking (10%)The speaking section tests students' ability to communicate effectively in spoken English. Students will participate in aone-on-one interview with an examiner, during which they will be asked a series of questions on various topics. They will be assessed on their pronunciation, fluency, vocabulary, and grammar.Exam Preparation:Students preparing for the Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam are encouraged to practice their English language skills regularly. They should expose themselves to a variety of English language materials, such as books, articles, movies, and TV shows. Additionally, students can take practice tests to familiarize themselves with the exam format and types of questions.Conclusion:The Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is an important assessment for students pursuing a bachelor's degree through continuing education programs in Shandong Province. By understanding the exam content and format, students can better prepare themselves to demonstrate their proficiency in English language skills. Good luck to all students taking the exam!篇3Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam OutlineI. IntroductionThe Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is designed to assess the English language proficiency of students enrolled in continuing education programs in Shandong province in China. The exam tests students' abilities in listening, reading, writing, and speaking in English. It is an important component of the curriculum for students seeking to earn a bachelor's degree through continuing education programs.II. Exam StructureThe Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam consists of four main sections:1. Listening Comprehension: This section tests students' ability to understand spoken English. Students will listen to a series of recordings and answer questions based on the content of the recordings.2. Reading Comprehension: This section tests students' ability to understand written English. Students will read a seriesof passages and answer questions based on the content of the passages.3. Writing: This section tests students' ability to write in English. Students will be asked to write essays, reports, or letters on various topics.4. Speaking: This section tests students' ability to speak in English. Students will engage in conversations, give presentations, and participate in group discussions.III. Exam ScoringThe Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is scored on a scale of 0-100. Each section of the exam is weighted differently, with listening and reading comprehension accounting for 30% each, writing accounting for 20%, and speaking accounting for 20%. Students must achieve a minimum score of 60 to pass the exam.IV. PreparationTo prepare for the Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam, students should practice listening to English recordings, reading English passages, writing essays and reports, and engaging in conversations inEnglish. They should also familiarize themselves with the format of the exam and practice answering sample questions.V. ConclusionThe Shandong Higher Education Continuing Education Bachelor's Degree English Exam is an important assessment tool for students seeking to earn a bachelor's degree through continuing education programs in Shandong province. By adequately preparing for the exam and demonstrating proficiency in English, students can enhance their academic and professional opportunities.。
2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案
2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题及参考答案2021年山东大学考博英语部分试题完形填空A recent poll indicated that half the teenagers in the United States believe that communication between them and their parents is__1__and further that one of the prime causes of this gap is __2__listening behavior. As a(an)__3__ in point，one parent believed that her daughter had a severe__4__problem. She was so __5__that she took her to an audiologist to have her ear tested. The audiologist carefully tested both ears and reported back to the parent：“There‘s nothing wrong with her hearing. She’s just __6__you out.”A leading cause of the __7__divorce rate(more than half of all marriages end in divorce)is the failure of husbands and wives to__8__effectively. They don‘t listen to each other. Neither person__9__to the actual message sent by the other.In __10__fashion，political scientists report that a growing number of people believe that their elected and __11__officials are outof__12__with the constituents they are supposedly __13__. Why?Because they don‘t believe that they listen to them. In fact，it seems that sometimes our politicians don’t even listen to themselves. The following is a true story：At a national__14__conference held in Albuquerque some years ago，then Senator Joseph Montoya was__15__a copy of a press release by a press aide shortly before he got up before the audience to__16__ a speech. When he rose to speak，__17__the horror of the press aide and the__18__of his audience，Montoya began reading the press release，not his speech. He began，“For immediate release. Senator Joseph M. Montoya，Democrat of New Mexico，last night told the National??”Montoya read theentire six-page release，__19__ with the statement that he“was repeatedly __20__by applause.” 1.[A] scarce [B] little [C] rare [D] poor2.[A] malignant [B] deficient [C] ineffective [D] feeble3.[A] case [B] example [C] lesson [D] suggestion4.[A] audio [B] aural [C] hearing [D] listening5.[A] believing [B] convinced [C] assured [D] doubtless6.[A] turning[B] tuning [C] tucking [D] tugging 7.[A] rising [B] arising [C] raising[D] arousing8.[A] exchange [B] interchange [C] encounter [D] interact 9.[A] relates[B] refers [C] responds [D] resorts 10.[A] like [B] alike [C] likely [D] likewise11.[A] nominated [B] selected [C] appointed [D] supported 12.[A] connection [B] reach [C] association [D] touch 13.[A] leading [B] representing [C]delegating [D] supporting 14.[A] legislative [B] legitimate [C] legalized [D] liberal 15.[A] distributed [B] awarded [C] handed [D] submitted 16.[A] present [B] publish [C] deliver [D] pursue17.[A] to [B] with [C] for [D] on18.[A] joy [B] enjoyment [C] amusement [D] delight19.[A] conclude [B] to conclude [C] concluding [D] concluded 20.[A] disrupted [B] interfered [C] interrupted [D] stopped 阅读理解第一篇 I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction(区别)and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so.Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying tocapture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand. You must learn to create first and then criticize if you want to make writing the tool for thinking that it is.The practice that can help you past your learned bad habits of trying to edit as you write is what Elbow calls “free writing.” In free writing, the objective is to get words down on paper non-stop, usually for 15-20 minutes. No stopping, no going back, no criticizing. The goal is to get the words flowing. As the words begin to flow, the ideas will come from the shadows and let themselves be captured on your notepad or your screen. Now you have raw materials that you can begin to work with using the critical mind that you’ve persuaded to sit on the side and watch quietly. Most likely, you will believe that this will take more time than you actually have and you will end up staring blankly at the pages as the deadline draws near.Instead of staring at a blank start filling it with words no matter how bad. Halfway through your available time, stop and rework your raw writing into something closer to finished product. Move back and forth until you run out of time and the final result will most likely be far better than your current practices.1 When the author says the creative mind and the critical mind “cannot work in parallel” in the writing process, he means . A．one cannot use them at the same time B．they cannot be regarded as equally important C．they are in constant conflict with each other D．no one can be both creative and critical2 What prevents people from writing onis . A．putting their ideas in raw form B．ignoring grammatical soundness C．attempting to edit as they write D．trying tocapture fleeting thoughts 3 What is the chief objective of the first stage of writing?A．To organize one’s thoughts logically. B．To get one’s ideas down. C．To choose an appropriate topic. D．To collect raw materials.4 One common concern of writers about “free writing” isthat . A．it overstresses the role of the creative mind B．it does not help them to think clearly C．it may bring about too much criticism D．it takes too much time to edit afterwards 5 In what way does the critical mind help the writer in the writing process?A．It allows him to sit on the side and observe. B．It helps him to come up with new ideas. C．It saves the writing time available to him. D．It improves his writing into better shape.第二篇 2002年1月六级\world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.\If that were an examination topic, most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog ( 烟雾 )to global climate change, from the felling ( 砍伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The list would largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given the highest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how good things are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world output has risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived, consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), the world by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous. But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been mined, have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation in re-sponse to popular pressure. That is why, today's environmental problems in the poor countries ought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must: the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened is that every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, people have looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the material, or looked for a new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real temp3s during the century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disasters and political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supply become available. But they always do, assisted by new famp3ing and crop technology. The long temp3 trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的 ) trend begins to stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy. If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fish is the best example of this.1. According to the author, most students________.A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to be C) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environment D) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment 2. The huge increase in world production and population ________. A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environment C) has not significantly affected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in3. One of the reasons why the long-temp3 trend of prices has been downwards is that________. A) technological innovation can promote social stability B) political instability will cause consumption to drop C) new famp3ing and crop technology can lead to overproduction D) new sources are always becoming available4. Fish resources are diminishing because________. A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have mined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious5. The primary solution to environmental problems is________. A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resources C) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in prices第三篇 2005年6月六级Low-level slash-and-burn farming doesn’t harm rainforest. On the contrary, it helps farmers and improves forest soils. This is the unorthodox view of a German soil scientist who has shown that burnt clearings in the Amazon, dating back more than 1,000 years, helped creates patches of rich, fertile soil that farmers still benefit from today. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because they lack minerals and because the heat and heavy rainfall destroy most organic matter in the soils within four years of it reaching the forest floor. This means topsoil contains few of the ingredients needed for long-term successful farming. But Bruno Glaser, a soil scientist of the University of Bayreuth, has studied unexpected patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon. These soils contain lots of organic matter.Glaser has shown that most of this fertile organic matter comes from “ black carbon” --- the organic particles from camp fires and charred (烧成炭的) wood left over from thousands of years of slash-and-burnfarming. “ The soils, known as Terra Preta, contained up to 70 times more black carbon than the surrounding soils,” says Glaser.Unburnt vegetation rots quickly, but black carbon persists in the soil for many centuries. Radiocarbon dating shows that the charred wood in Terra Preta soils is typically more than 1,000 years old.“Slash-and-burn farming can be good for soils provided it doesn’t completely burn all the vegetation, and leaves behind charred wood,”says Glaser. “It can be better than manure (粪肥).” Burning the forest just once can leave behind enough black carbon to keep the soil fertile for thousands of years. And rainforests easily regrow after small-scale clearing. Contrary to the conventional view that human activities damage the environment, Glaser says: “ Black carbon combines with human wastes is responsible for the richness of Terra Preta soils.”Terra Preta soils turn up in large patches all over the Amazon, where they are highly prized by farmers. All the patches fall within 500 square kilometers in the central Amazon. Glaser says the widespread presence of pottery (陶器) confirms the soil’s human origins.The findings add weight to the theory that large areas of the Amazon have recovered so well from past periods of agricultural use that the regrowth has been mistaken by generations of biologists for “virgin”forest.During the past decade, researchers have discovered hundreds of large earth works deep in the jungle. They are up to 20 meters high and cover up to a square kilometer. Glaser claims that these earth works, built between AD 400 and 1400, were at the heart of urban civilizations managed to feed themselves.1. We learn from the passage that the traditional view of slash-and-burn farming is that _______. A) it does no harm to the topsoil of the rainforest B) it destroys rainforest soils C) it helps improve rainforest soilsD) it diminishes the organic matter in rainforest soils 2. Most rainforest soils are thin and poor because _________. A) the composition of the topsoil is rather unstable B) black carbon is washed away by heavy rainsC) organic matter is quickly lost due to heat and rainD) long-term farming has exhausted the ingredients essential to plant growth 3. Glaser made his discovery by __________.A) studying patches of fertile soils in the central Amazon B) examining pottery left over by ancient civilizations C) test-burning patches of trees in the central Amazon D) radiocarbon-dating ingredients contained in forest soils 4. What does Glaser say about the regrowth of rainforest?A) They take centuries to regrow after being burnt.B) They cannot recover unless the vegetation is burnt completely. C) Their regrowth will be hampered by human habitation. D) They can recover easily after slash-and-burn farming 5. From the passage it can be inferred that __________. A) human activities will do grave damage to rainforestsB) Amazon rainforest soils used to be the richest in the worldC) farming is responsible for the destruction of the Amazon rainforestsD) there once existed an urban civilization in the Amazon rainforests 第四篇 2006年12月六级In a purely biological sense, fear begins with the body's system for reacting to things that can harm us- the so-called fight-or-flight response. \stay alive,\processing information about potential threats. At its core is a cluster of neurons(神经元) deep in the brain known as the amygdala (扁桃核).LeDoux studies the way animals and humans respond to threats to understand how we form memories of significant events in our lives. The amygdala receives input from many parts of the brain, including regions responsible for retrieving memories. Using this information, the amygdalaappraised a situation- I think this charging dog wants to bite me-and triggers a response by radiating nerve signals throughout the body. These signals produce the familiar signs of distress: trembling, perspiration and fast-moving feet, just to name three.This fear mechanism is critical to the survival of all animals, but no one can say for sure whether beasts other than humans know they're afraid. That is, as LeDoux says, \system into a brain that has consciousness, then you get the feeling of fear.\Humans, says Edward M. Hallowell, have the ability to call up images of bad things that happened in the past and to anticipate future events. Combine these higher thought processes with our hardwireddanger-detection systems, and you get a near-universal human phenomenon: worry.。
(完整版)博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲
福州大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲一、考查目标本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不指定任何参考书）。
具体要求如下：1. 词汇要求考生掌握约5000个英语词汇和约500个常用词组。
此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。
2．语法要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。
3．阅读要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。
要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。
4．语篇完形处理在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。
5．翻译（1）英译汉要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。
（2）汉译英要求考生能在30分钟内把一篇150字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。
要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。
6．写作要求考生能根据命题或图表等在30分钟内写出一篇200字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出200字以上的英文摘要。
写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。
所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
二、题型、题量、分值本考试所制定的试卷为笔试，卷面分为试卷一和试卷二，共有五个部分，包括词汇与语法、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作。
考博英语-532
考博英语-532(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Reading Comprehension(总题数：4，分数：30.00)The antigen-antibody immunological reaction used to be regarded as typical of immunological responses. Antibodies are proteins synthesized by specialized cells called plasma cells, which are funned by lymphocytes (cells from the lymph system when an antigen, a substance foreign to the organism's body, comes in contact with lymphocytes. Two important manifestations of antigen- antibody immunity are lysis, the rapid physical rupture of antigenic cells and the liberation of their contents into the surrounding medium, and phagocytosis, a process in which antigenic particles are engulfed by and very often digested by macrophages and polymorphs. The process of lysis is executed by a complex and unstable blood constituent known as complement, which will not work unless it is activated by a specific antibody; the process of pbagocytosis is greatly facilitated when the particles to be engulfed are coated by a specific antibody directed against them.The reluctance to abandon this hypothesis, however well it explains specific processes, impeded new research, and for many years antigens and antibodies dominated the thoughts of immunologists so completely that those immunologists overlooked certain difficulties. Perhaps the primary difficulty with the antigen-antibody explanation is the informational problem of how an antigen is recognized and how a structure exactly complementary to it is then synthesized. When molecular biologists discovered, moreover, that such information cannot flow from protein to protein, hut only from nucleic acid to protein, the theory that an antigen itself provided the mold that directed the synthesis of an antibody had to be seriously qualified. The attempts at qualification and the information provided by research in molecular biology led scientists to realize that a second immunological reaction is mediated through the lymphocytes that are hostile to and bring about the destruction of the antigen. This type of immunological response is called cell- mediated immunity.Recent research in cell-mediated immunity has been concerned not only with the development of new and better vaccines, but also with the problem of transplanting tissues and organs from one organism to another, for although circulating antibodies play a part in the rejection of transplanted tissues, the primary role is played by cell-mediated reactions. During cell-mediated responses, receptor sites on specific lymphoeytes and surface antigens on the foreign tissue cells form a complex that binds the lymphocytes to the tissue. Such lymphocytes do not give rise to antibody- producing plasma cells but themselves bring about the death of the foreign-tissue cells, probably by secreting a variety of substances, some of which are toxic to the tissue cells and some of which stimulate increased phagocyte activity by white blood cells of the macrophage type. Cell-mediated immunity also accounts for the destruction of intracellular parasites.（分数：7.50）(1).The passage suggests that scientists might not have developed the theory of cell-mediated immunological reactions if______.（分数：1.50）A.proteins existed in specific group typesB.proteins could have been shown to direct the synthesis of other proteins √C.antigens were always destroyed by proteinsD.antibodies were composed only of protein解析：(2).The author argues that the antigen-antibody explanation of immunity "had to be seriously qualified" because______.（分数：1.50）A.antibodies were found to activate unstable components in the bloodB.antigens are not exactly complementary to antibodies √C.lymphocytes have the ability to bind to the surface of antigensD.antibodies are synthesized from protein whereas antigens are made from nucleic acid解析：(3).The author most probably believes that the antigen-antibody theory of immunological reaction______.（分数：1.50）A.is wrongB.was accepted without evidenceC.is unverifiableD.is a partial explanation √解析：(4).The author mentions all of the following as being involved in antigen-antibody immunological reactions EXCEPT the______.（分数：1.50）A.synthesis of a proteinB.activation of complement in the bloodstreamC.destruction of antibodies √D.entrapment of antigens by macrophages解析：(5).The author supports the theory of cell-mediated reactions primarily by ______.（分数：1.50）A.pointing out a contradiction in the assumption leading to the antigen-antibody theory √B.explaining how cell mediation accounts for phenomena that the antigen-antibody theory cannot account forC.revealing new data that scientists arguing for the antigen-antibody theory have continued to ignoreD.showing that the antigen-antibody theory fails to account for the breakup of antigens解析：Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And ff scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barely notice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tireless robot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone.But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world."Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries.What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundredbillion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on the earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neuroscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（分数：7.50）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.（分数：1.50）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous work √D.the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work解析：(2).The word "gizmos" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) most probably means ______.（分数：1.50）A.programsB.expertsC.devices √D.creatures解析：(3).According to the passage, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can______.（分数：1.50）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world √解析：(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.（分数：1.50）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human intervention √C.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity解析：(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.（分数：1.50）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant information √D.best used in a controlled environment解析：About twice every century, one of the massive stars in our galaxy blows itself apart in a supernova explosion that sends massive quantities of radiation and matter into space and generates shock waves that sweep through the arms (a narrow extension of a larger area, mass, or group) of the galaxy. The shock waves heat the interstellar gas, evaporate small clouds, and compress larger ones to the point at which they collapse under their own gravity to form new stars. The general picture that has been developed for the supernova explosion and its aftermath goes something like this. Throughout its evolution, a star is much like a leaky balloon. It keeps its equilibrium figure through a balance of internal pressure against the tendency to collapse under its own weight. The pressure is generated by nuclear reactions in the core of the star which must continuallysupply energy to balance the energy that leaks out in the form of radiation. Eventually the nuclear fuel is exhausted, and the pressure drops in the core. With nothing to hold it up, the matter in the center of the star collapses inward, creating higher and higher densities and temperatures, until the nuclei and electrons are fused into a super-dense lump of matter known as a neutron star.As the overlying layers rain down on the surface of the neutron star, the temperature rises, until with a blinding flash of radiation, the collapse is reversed. A thermonuclear shock wave runs through the now expanding stellar envelope, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones and producing a brilliant visual outburst that can be as intense as the light of 10 billion suns. The shell of matter thrown off by the explosion plows through the surrounding gas, producing an expanding bubble of hot gas, with gas temperatures in the millions of degrees. This gas will emit most of its energy at X-ray wavelengths, so it is not surprising that X-ray observatories have provided some of the most useful insights into the nature of the supernova phenomenon. More than twenty supernova remnants have now been detected in X-ray studies.Recent discoveries of meteorites with anomalous concentrations of certain isotopes indicate that a supernova might have precipitated the' birth of our solar system more than four and a half billion years ago, Although the cloud that collapsed to form the sun and the planets was composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, it also contained carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, elements essential for life as we know it. Elements heavier than helium are manufactured deep in the interior of stars and would, for the most part, remain there if it were not for the cataclysmic supernova explosions that blow giant stars apart. Additionally, supernovas produce clouds of high- energy particles called cosmic rays. These high-energy particles continually bombard the earth and are responsible for many of the genetic mutations that are the driving force of the evolution of species.（分数：7.50）(1).Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage?（分数：1.50）A.The Origins and Effects of Supernovas. √B.The Life and Death of Stars.C.The Origins and Evolution of Life on the Earth.D.The Aftermath of a Supernov解析：(2).According to the passage, we can expect a supernova to occur in our galaxy ______.（分数：1.50）A.about twice each yearB.hundreds of times each centuryC.about once every fifty years √D.about once every other century解析：(3).According to the passage a neutron star is ______.（分数：1.50）A.a gaseous cloud containing heavy elementsB.an intermediate stage between an ordinary star and a supernova √C.the residue that is left by a supernovaD.the core of an ordinary star that houses the thermonuclear reactions解析：(4).Which of the following methods does the author employ to develop the first paragraph?（分数：1.50）A.Analogy. √B.Deduction.C.Generalization.D.Exampl解析：(5).The author implies that ______.（分数：1.50）A.it is sometimes easier to detect supernovas by observation of the X-ray spectrum than by observation of visible wavelengths of light √B.life on the earth is endangered by its constant exposure to radiation forces that are released by a supernovaC.recently discovered meteorites indicate that the earth and other planets of our solar system survived the explosion of a supernova several billion years agoD.lighter elements are formed from heavier elements during a supernova as the heavier elements are torn apart解析：The uniqueness of the Japanese character is the result of two seemingly contradictory forces: the strength of traditions and selective receptivity to foreign achievements and inventions. As early as the 1860s, there were counter movements to the traditional orientation. Yukichi Fukuzawa, the most eloquent spokesman of Japan's "Enlightenment", claimed: "The Confucian civilization of the East seems to me to lack two things possessed by Western civilization: science in the material sphere and a sense of independence in the spiritual sphere." Fukuzawa's great influence is found in the free and individualistic philosophy of the Education Code of 1872, but he was not able to prevent the government from turning back to the canons of Confucian thought in the Imperial Rescript of 1890. Another interlude of relative liberalism followed World War I, when the democratic idealism of President Woodrow Wilson had an important impact on Japanese intellectuals and, especially students; but more important was the Leninist ideology of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. Again in the early 1930s, nationalism and militarism became dominant, largely as a result of failing economic conditions.Following the end of World War II, substantial changes were undertaken in Japan to liberate the individual from authoritarian restraints. The new democratic value system was accepted by many teachers, students, intellectuals, and old liberals, but it was not immediately embraced by the society as a whole. Japanese traditions were dominated by group values, and notions of personal freedom and individual rights were unfamiliar.Today, democratic processes are clearly evident in the widespread participation of the Japanese people in social and political life; yet, there is no universally accepted and stable value system. Values are constantly modified by strong infusions of Western ideas, both democratic and Marxist. School textbooks expound democratic principles, emphasizing equality over hierarchy and rationalism over tradition; but in practice these values arc often misinterpreted and distorted, particularly by the youth who translate the individualistic and humanistic goals of democracy into egoistic and materialistic ones.Most Japanese people have consciously rejected Confucianism, but vestiges of the old order remain. An important feature of relationships in many institutions such as political parties, large corporations, and university faculties is the oyabun-kobun or parent-child relation. A party leader, supervisor, or professor, in return for loyalty, protects those subordinate to him and takes general responsibility for their interests throughout their entire lives, an obligation that sometimes even extends to arranging marriages. The corresponding loyalty of the individual to his patron reinforces his allegiance to the group to which they both belong. A willingness to cooperate with other members of the group and to support without qualification the interests of the group in all its external relations is still a widely respected virtue. The oyabun-kohun creates ladders of mobility which an individual can ascend, rising as far as abilities permit, so long as he maintains successful personal ties with a superior in the vertical channel, the latter requirement usually taking precedence over a need for exceptional competence. As aconsequence, there is little horizontal relationship between people even within the same profession.（分数：7.50）(1).The author is mainly concerned with ______.（分数：1.50）A.explaining the influence of Confucianism on modem JapanB.analyzing the reasons for Japan's postwar economic successC.discussing some important determinants of Japanese values √D.describing managerial practices in Japanese industry解析：(2).Which of the following is most like the relationship of the oyabun-kobun described in the passage?（分数：1.50）A.A political candidate and the voting public.B.A gifted scientist and his protege. √C.Two brothers who are partners in a business.D.A judge presiding at the trial of a criminal defendant.解析：(3).It can be inferred that the Imperial Rescript of 1890 ______.（分数：1.50）A.was a protest by liberals against the lack of individual liberty in JapanB.marked a return in government policies to conservative values √C.implemented the ideals set forth in the Education Code of 1872D.was influenced by the Leninist ideology of the Bolshevik Revolution解析：(4).The author implies that ______.（分数：1.50）A.decisions about promotions are often based on personal feelings √B.students and intellectuals do not understand the basic tenets of Western democracyC.Western values have completely overwhelmed traditional Japanese attitudesD.respect for authority was introduced into Japan following World War II解析：(5).Which of the following methods does the author employ to develop the passage?（分数：1.50）A.Introducing an analogy.B.Defining a term. √C.Presenting statistics.D.Citing an authority.解析：二、Part Ⅱ Vocabulary(总题数：30，分数：15.00)1.This popular sports car is now being ______ at the rate of a thousands per week.（分数：0.50）A.turned downB.turned out √C.turned upD.turned on解析：2.Max, a student of Chinese literature from Australia, is very ______ Beijing oper（分数：0.50）A.A. fond inB. fond forC. keen forD. keen on解析：3.There's little chance that mankind would______ a nuclear war.（分数：0.50）A.retainB.endureC.maintainD.survive √解析：4.Their request was ______ and consequently rejected.（分数：0.50）A.ridiculous √B.excessiveC.feasibleD.harsh解析：5.The bridge looked so unsafe that we all______.（分数：0.50）A.hung upB.hung aroundC.hung back √D.hung onto解析：6.This development is______ with the company's aims of reducing its costs.（分数：0.50）A.convenientB.controversialC.conventionalD.consistent √解析：7.The family looked on ______ as their house bummed down.（分数：0.50）plaininglyB.carefullyC.strangelyD.helplessly √解析：8.The governor's ______ remarks caused his political party much embarrassment.（分数：0.50）A.forcefulB.impromptu √C.rehearsedD.unrestrained解析：9.The pilgrims came to America after being ______ for their religious beliefs.（分数：0.50）A.punishedB.excusedC.imprisonedD.persecuted √解析：10.You really ought to ______; all these late nights are doing you no good.（分数：0.50）A.bring downB.slow downC.pull through √D.pass through解析：11.I admire the way she's still so cheerful after all she has ______.（分数：0.50）A.gone byB.gone offC.gone through √D.gone for解析：12.Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which ______ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.（分数：0.50）A.rejectsB.denies √C.deprivesD.restricts解析：13.Soon after he left the hospital, his lung cancer ______again.（分数：0.50）A.flared up √B.caught upC.sprang upD.came back解析：14.He was given imprisonment without the ______ a fine.（分数：0.50）A.punishmentB.requestC.freedom to choose √D.demand解析：15.Patty Sheehan, the 1983 Ladies Professional Golf Association Player of the Year, is known for her______ and self-reliance.（分数：0.50）A.persistence √B.prudenceC.constancyD.perfectionism解析：16.It's going to be two months before I ______ my full strength.（分数：0.50）A.repealB.restoreC.recover √D.return解析：17.His parents began to ______ a small sum of money every month for his college education when he was still a little child.（分数：0.50）A.put upy downC.set aside √D.place apart解析：18.Researchers have discovered in recent years that there is a system to the actions almost as consistent and______ as language.（分数：0.50）prehensiveprehensibleC.observantD.conceivable √解析：19.Located in Washington D. C. the library of Congress contains an______ array of books on every conceivable subject.（分数：0.50）A.extensiveB.impressive √C.obviousD.insignificant解析：20.A dog's most ______sense is that of smell.（分数：0.50）A.remarkableB.enviableC.noticeableD.significant √解析：21.His long service with the company was ______ with a present.（分数：0.50）A.admittedB.acknowledgedC.attributed √D.accepted解析：22.A laser beam is used to ______even the hardest substance.（分数：0.50）A.light upB.repairC.identifyD.penetrate √解析：23.The rule only applies to nationals of the country, as ______ from foreign visitors.（分数：0.50）A.distinct √B.distinctiveC.distinguishableD.distinguished解析：24.They ______ due praise to him for exceeding his fellow workers in production.（分数：0.50）A.matchedB.sublimedC.awarded √D.revealed解析：25.We are extremely ______ to anything that reflects of us personally, good or had.（分数：0.50）A.senselessB.sensationalC.sensitive √D.sensible解析：26.Florida's______ warm climate and plentiful rainfall make the state a center of citrus productions,（分数：0.50）A.perennially √B.world-famousC.predictablyD.impressively解析：27.It usually takes some time to ______ the shock of somebody' s death.（分数：0.50）A.overcome √B.do withoutC.ignoreD.deal with解析：28.The ______ was typical of the Lake District, with high mountains, lakes, and deep valleys.（分数：0.50）A.sceneB.sceneryC.viewndscape √解析：29.It is unwise for the government to ______ the growing dissatisfaction with its economic policies.（分数：0.50）A.overlookB.ignore √C.neglectD.omit解析：30.The university generously offered the ______ of its grounds and buildings.（分数：0.50）A.hospitality √B.excellenceC.discomfortD.resemblance'解析：三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Most people who travel long distances complain of jetlag. Jetlag makes business travelers less productive and more prone (51) making mistakes. It is actually caused by (52) of your "body clock"—a small cluster of brain cells that controls the timing of biological (53) .The body clock is designed for a (54) rhythm of daylight and darkness, so that it is thrown out of balance when i (55) daylight and darkness at the "wrong'' times in a new time zone. The (56) of jetlag often persist for days (57) the internal body clock slowly adjusts to the new time zone. Now a new anti-jetlag system is (58) that is based on proven (59) pioneering scientific research. Dr. Martin Moore-Ede has (60) a practical strategy to adjust the body clock much sooner to the new time zone(61) controlled exposure to bright light. The time zone shift is easy to accomplish and eliminates(62) of the discomfort of jetlag.A successful time zone shift depends on knowing the exact time to either (63) or avoid bright light. Exposure to light at the wrong time can actually make jetlag worse. The proper schedule (64) light exposure depends a great deal on (65) travel plans. Data on a specific flight itinerary and the individual's sleep (66) are used to produce a Trip Guide with (67) on exactly when to be exposed to bright light.When the Trip Guide calls (68) bright light you should spend time outdoors if possible. If it is dark out-side, or the weather is bad, (69) you are on an aeroplane, you can use a special light device to provide the necessary light (70) for a range of activities such as reading, watching TV or working.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：to）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：disruption）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：functions）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：regular）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：encounters）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：symptoms）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：while）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：available）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：tentative）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：devised）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：through）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：most）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：retrieve）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：for）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：specific）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：pattern）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：instructions）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：for）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：or）解析：填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：acceleration）解析：四、Part Ⅳ English-Chinese Translation(总题数：1，分数：15.00)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers.71. Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases.72. Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation。
最新山东大学考博英语真题2014-2010附答案
2014山大考博英语2014-04-07语法词汇题比较难，30个单选题，一个0.5分，基本上是考查词意的完型题20个，一个0.5分，01年考研真题阅读理解4篇，每个题 1.5分，30分，都是六级和考研原题（最近两年阅读没出专八题）7选5，共10分，关于奥巴马的英译汉五个，一个3分，长句子翻译比较难，费得时间比较长作文20分，关于children surfing the net2013山大考博英语Part I Grammar and Vocabulary1. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that __________ the speakers stopped for deferments.A. at largeB. at intervalsC. at easeD. at random2. When traveling, you are advised to take travelers’ checks, which providea secure__________ to carrying your money in cash.A. substituteB. selectionC. inferenceD. alternative3. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.A. graciousB. suspiciousC. uniqueD. particular4. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and this__________produces artificial cold surrounding it.A. absorptionB. transitionC. consumptionD. interaction5. Language, culture, and personality may be considered__________of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A. IndistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently6. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December25th__________the birth of Jesus Christ.A. in accordance withB. in terms ofC. in favor ofD. in honor of7. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must__________the qualities and varieties of products we make t o the world market demand.A. improveB. enhanceC. guaranteeD. gear8. To give you a general idea of our products, we enclose the catalogues showing various products handled by us with detailed __________and means of packing.A. specimensB. inspectionsC. samplesD. specifications9. Many of the conditions that __________population pressures --- overcrowding, unemployment, poverty, hunger and illness --- lead to dissatisfaction.A. bring forwardB. give rise toC. feed up withD. result from10. Arriving anywhere with these possessions, he might just aseasily__________for a month or a year as for a single day.A. put upB. stay upC. speed upD. make up11. The fact that the earth’s surface heats__________provides a convenient way to divide it into temperature region.A. infrequentlyB. irregularlyC. unsteadilyD. uneverny12. If a cat comes too close to its nest, the mockingbird __________a set ofactions to protect its offspring.A. hastensB. releasesC. devisesD. initiates13. How large a proportion of the sales of stores in or near resort areas canbe__________to tourist spending?A. attributedB. appliedC. contributedD. attached14. Knowledge is a comfortable and necessary retreat and __________for us inan advanced age; and if we do not plant it while young, it will give us no shadewhen we grow old.A. ingredientB. relianceC. shelterD. inclination15. Some people would like to do shopping on Sundays since they expect to__________wonderful bargains in the market.A. pick upB. bump intoC. pile upD. bring back16. Scientists are searching for the oldest tree __________because it can teach them a great deal about many issues related with climate change.A. livelyB. aliveC. livingD. live17. The destruction of the Twin Towers in New Y ork City __________shock and anger throughout the world.A. temptedB. provokedC. summonedD. enveloped18. A 1994 World Bank report concluded that __________girls in school wasprobably the single most effective anti-poverty policy in the developing worldtoday.A. enrollingB. assigningC. involvingD. consenting19. The UN o fficial said aid programs will be __________until there is adequate protection for relief personnel.A. multipliedB. arrestedC. spannedD. suspended20. Despite almost universal__________of the vital importance of women’s literacy, education remains a dream for many women i n far too many countries of the world.A. confessionB. identificationC. acknowledgementD. compliment21. Since the island soil has been barren for so many years, the natives mustnow __________much of their food.A. deliverB. importC. produceD. develop22. Because Jenkins neither __________nor defends either management or thestriking workers, both aides admire his journalisticA. criticizes...acumenB. attacks,neutralityC. confronts,aptitudeD.dismis ses,flair23. Some anthropologists claim that a few aps have been taught a rudimentarysign languages, but skeptics argue that the apes are only __________their trainers.A. imitatingB. condoningC. instructingD. acknowledging24. It is ironic that the__________insights of the great thinkers are voicedso often that they have become mereA. oriinal, clichesB. banal, beliefsC. dubious, habitsD.philosophical-questions 25. The most frustrating periods of any diet are theinevitable__________, when weight loss if not stops.A. moods, acceleratesB. feasts, haltsC. holidays, contractsD. plateaus, slows26. Since the author’s unflattering references to her friends were so__________, she was surprised that her__________were recognized.A. laud atory, stylesB. obvious, anecdotesC. oblique, allusionsD.critical, eulogies27. If it is true that morality cannot exist without religion, then does notthe erosion of religion herald the __________of moraliy?A, regulation B. basis C. belief D. collapse28. Certain animal behaviors, such as mating rituals, seem to be __________,and therefore external factors such as climate changes, food supply, or the presence of other animals of the same species.A. learned, immune toB. innate, unaffected byC. intricate, belong toD.specific, confused with29. Shaken by two decades of virtual anarchy, the majority of people were ready to buy __________at any price.A. orderB. emancipationC. hopeD. liberty30. As a person who combines care with _________, Marisa completed her dutieswith__________as well as zeal.A. levity, resignationB. enthusiasm, meticulousnessC. vitality,willingness D. empathy, rigorPartⅡ CloseThe study of genetics has given rise to a profitable new industry calledbiotechnology. As the name __31__ , it combines biology and modern technology through such __32__ as genetic engineering. Some of the new biotech companies, as they are called, __33__ in agriculture and are working enthusiastically to patent (取得专利) seeds that give a high yield (产量), that __34__ disease, drought and frost,and that reduce the need for dangerous chemicals. __35__ such goals could be achieved, it would be most beneficial. But some h ave raised __36__ about genetically engineered crops. "In nature, genetic diversity (多样性) is created within certain limits,"says the book Genetic Engineering, Food and Our Environment. "A rose can becrossed(杂交) with a different kind of rose, but a lose will __37__ cross with apotato ..." Genetic engineering, on the other hand, usually involves taking genesfrom one species and inserting them into another in an attempt to __38__ a desiredproperty or character. This could mean, __39__ , selecting a gene which leads tothe production of a chemical with antifreeze properties from an arctic fish, andjoining it into a potato or strawberry to make it frost-resistant. It is now possible for plants to be engineered with genes __40__ from bacteria, viruses, insects,animals or even humans. __41__ , then, biotechnology allows humans to break thegenetic walls that __42__ species. Like the green revolution, (43)what some callthe gene revolution (44)contributes to the problem of genetic uniformity (千篇一律) –some say even more so (45)because geneticists can employ techniques such (46)as cloning and organ culture, processes that produce perfectly (47)identical copies,or clones. Concerns about the biodiversity, therefore, remain. Genetically altered plants, however, raise new(48) issues, such as the effects that they may have onus a nd the environment. ―We are flying blindly into a new (49) of agriculturalbiotechnology with high hopes, few constraints, and little idea of the potensial(50) , ‖ said science writer Jeremy Rifkin.31. A. suggests B. recalls C. concerns D. advises32. A. concepts B. views C. techniques D. courses33. A. participate B. focus C. specialize D. involve34. A. treat B. avoid C. oppose D. resist35. A. If B. Unless C. Since D. As36. A. demands B. topics C. concerns D. lessons37. A. sometimes B. never C. frequently D. eventually38. A. convey B. transfer C. select D. collect39. A. for example B. for one thing C. on one hand D. in any case40. A. resulted B. evolved C. injected D. taken41. A. In contrast B. In that C. In case D. In essence42. A. separate B. form C. create D. vary43. A. what B. where C. as D. so44. A. combines B.contributes mands D. breaks45. A. that B.because C. if D. when46. A. like B. for example C. as D. is47. A. resembling B. alike C. similar D. identical48. A. issues B. height C. difficulties D. goals49. A. spot B. era C. deadline D. scheme50. A. navigations B. mystery C. outcomes D. destinationsPart Ⅲ Reading ComprehensionPassage 1The Carnegie Foundation report says that many col leges have tried to be ―all things to all people‖. In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a narrow minded careerism while failing to cultivate a global vision among their students. Thecurrent crisis, it contends, does not derive from a legitimate desire to put learningto productive ends. The problem is that in too many academic fields, the work hasno context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students are offereda variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, drivenby careerism, ―the nation’s colleges and universities are more successful inproviding credentials (文凭) than in providing a quality education for theirstudents. ―The report concludes that the special challenge confronting theundergraduate college is one of shaping an integrated core of common learning. Such a core would introduce students to essential knowledge, to connections across thedisciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus. ― Although the key to a good college is a high-quality faculty, the Carnegie studyfound that most colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, theydo much to undermine it. As one professor observed: ―Teaching is important, we aretold, and yet faculty know th at research and publication matter most.‖ Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges and universities have failed tograduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty members who dedicatedthemselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure (终身任期), promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculties say their interests lie more in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among y oung scholars is that ―There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators or colleagues in the content of thepublications.‖51. When a college tries to be ―all things to al people‖ (Lines 1-2, Para.1) it aims to ________.A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends52. By saying that ―in too many a cademic fields, the work has no context‖ (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1) the author means that the teaching in these areas ________.A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students53. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges anduniversities is that ________.A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don’t have enough f reedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials54. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of theirfour-year degree candidates because ________.A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching55. It can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for ________. A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting leaning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledge答案51. C 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. BPassage 2Endangered Species Endangered species are plants and animals that are inimmediate danger of extinction. Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Since the formation of the earth, many m ore species have become extinct than those exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of changes ofclimate and their failure to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation (捕食). Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has greatly accelerated as a result of both human population growth and technological encroachment (侵犯) on natural ecology systems. Today the majority of the world’s envir onments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes throughnatural selection.Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primarycause is the destruction of natural habitats (栖息地). Drainage of wetlands (沼泽地), cutting and clearing of forests, growth of cities, and highway and damconstruction have seriously reduced available natural habitats. As the varioussurroundings become fragments, the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further destruction of natural surroundings. Species in these small islands‖ lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thus reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environment changes.Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. Introduced diseases andparasites have also greatly reduced some species. Pollution is another importantcause of their extinction.Some private and governmental efforts have been organized to save decliningspecies. Laws were made i n some c ountries in the early 1900s to protect wild animals from commercial trade and killing. International endeavors are shown in theConvention on International Trade in Endangered Species. approved by 51 nations.Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of wild animals and plants by regulatingand restricting trade in certain species. How e ffective such laws will be in various countries, however, depends on enforcement (实施 ) and support by the people andthe courts. Because of a lack of law enforcement, the willingness of some segmentsof society to trade in endangered species, the activities of people who catch andkill animals illegally and dealers who supply the trade, the future of many species is in doubt in spite of legal protection.56 According to the passage, which of the following is the most important factor causing the rapid extinction of man species since the 17th century?A Human b eings are not aware of the importance of preserving endangered species.B Some e ndangered species have already reached the end of their life span in evolution.C The development of human society has greatly affected natural ecology systems.D The world’s climate has ch anged so greatly that most species cannot survive.57 In the last sentence of the second paragraph, the word islands refers toA the lands that are completely surrounded by water.B the wild animals’ breeding grounds protected by lawC the pieces of land separated by modern buildings and roads.D the small and isolated areas inhabited by certain species.58 This passage mentions all of the following reasons that cause the extinctionof man species exceptA natural selection of species.B various natural disasters.C commercial trade and killing.D destruction of natural surroundings.59 According to the passage, which of the following is most important in saving declining species?A Governments should make some laws to protect endangered species.B People should pay more attention to the protection of natural surroundings.C Relevant laws must be made and enforced with the support of the people.D Some organizations should warn people not to trade in endangered animals.60 How d oes the author feel about the prospect of protecting endangered species from being extinct?A Worried.B Optimistic.C Indifferent.D Confident.Passage 3Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as afactor in world peace. They did not foreseethat the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressivearmies. None of them foresaw that the more weare together-the more chances thereare of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against itcan always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds, catarrhs (粘膜炎) and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire, would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being movedthrough the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In thosewith high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy (中风). The sudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just theopposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize thecirculation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test ofendurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air,the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-classcarriages had cushioned seats; but the second-class had only narrow bare boards,while the third-class had nothing at all; no seats and no roof; they were just open trucks. So that third-class passengers gained nothing from the few mode e xcept speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat,but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic (滑稽的) press. This kind of thing: A man w as seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquiredinto.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second-andthird-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railwaysmust have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the openthird-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rainfrom whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, fromwhose searching power there was no escape.61. All boys and girls in large families know thatA) a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB) people tend to be together more than they used to beC) a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD) Railway leads the world to peace62. According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself shouldinclude all the following except .A) the railway enables people travel fastB) the railway brings comfort to peopleC) the railway makes the world peacefulD) the railway leads the world to war as well.63. According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but .A) tunnels are dangerous to public healthB) the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people's nervesC) the rapid speed through the air does damage to people's lungsD) to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die64. We may safely conclude that .A) the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB) the author belongs to the for-railway groupC) the author speaks highly of the railwayD) the author may never take train because of its potential dangers65. What is the tone of this passage?A)Practical B)Satirical C)Humorous D)Exaggerated答案61.C 62.D 63.D 64.A 65.C PassagePassage 4The Myth of College Many of you young persons out there are seriously thinkingabout going to college. (That is, of course, a lie. The only things you young persons think seriously about are loud music and sex. Trust me: these are closely relatedto college). College is basically a bunch of rooms where you sit for roughly twothousand hours and try to memorize things. The two thousand hours are spread outover four years; you spend the rest of the time sleeping and trying to get dates.Basically, you learn two kinds of things in college:Things you need to know later in life (two hours). These include how to makecollect telephone calls and get beer and crepe-paper stains out of your pajamas.Things you will not need to know in later life (1,998 hours). These are the things you learn in classes whose names end in -ology, -osophy, -istry, -ics, and so on.The idea is you memorize these things, then write them down in little exam books,then forget them. If you fail to forget them, you become a professor and have tostay in college for the rest of your life.It's very difficult to forget everything. For example, when I was in college,I had to memorize - don't ask me why - the names of the metaphysical poets otherthan John Donne. I have managed to forget one of them, but I still remember thatthe other two were named Vaughan and Crashaw.Sometimes, when I'm trying to remember something important, like whether my w ife told me to get tuna packed in oil or tuna packed in water, Vaughan and Crashaw just pop up in my mind, right there in the supermarket. It's a terrible waste of braincells. After you've been in college for a year or so, you're supposed to choose amajor, which is the subject you intend to memorize and forget the most things about. Here is a very important piece of advice: be sure to choose a major that does notinvolve Known Facts and Right Answers.This means t hat you must not major in mathematics, physics, biology or chemistry, because these subjects involve actual facts. If, for example, you major inmathematics, you're going to wander into class one day and the professor will say: "Define the cosine integer of the quadrant of the rhomboid binary axis, andextrapolate your result to five significant vertices." If you don't come up withexactly the answer the professor has in mind, you fail. The same i s true of chemistry: if you write in your exam book that carbon and hydrogen combine to form oak, yourprofessor will flunk you. He wants you to come up with the same answer he and allthe other chemists have agreed on. Scientists are extremely snotty about this.68. When should the college students choose a major?A. The moment they go to collegeB. After they have been in college for nearly two yearsC. After they have been in college for a year or soD. When they become a senior69. The word ―flunk‖ in the last paragraph meansA. floatB. failC. ridiculeD. dupe70. What is the beat title for the passage?A. The Myth of CollegeB. What Can You Learn in College?C. How to Enjoy Your College LifeD. The Importance of CollegePart Ⅳ Use of LanguageThe psychology of warranties保单心理学Protection racket保护之诈tend If extended guarantees are overpriced, why are they so popular? CUSTOMERSto agonise over the relative merits of different models of electronic goods suchas digital cameras or plasma televisions. But when they get to the till, many spend freely on something they barely think about at all: an extended warranty, which is often more profitable to the retailer than the device it covers.Shoppers typically pay 10-50% of the cost of a product to insure it beyond theterm covered by the manufacturer’s guarantee. 71 . Yet products rarely break within the period covered, and repairs tend to cost no more than the warranty itself. 72l.So why, asks a paper published in the December issue of the Journal of Consumer Research, do so many consumers still buy extended warranties? The authors—Tao Chen of the University of Maryland, Ajay Kalra of Rice University and Baohong Sun ofCarnegie Mellon University—examined purchase data from a big electronics retailerfor over 600 households from November 2003 to October 2004. 73 .If a customer is about to buy something fun (ie, a plasma television rather than a vacuum cleaner), he will be more inclined to splash out on extra insurance. Thisis because consumers value ―hedonic‖ items over utilitarian ones, regardless ofthe actual price tag. 74 . The study also found that poorer consumers are more likelyto buy ―potentially unnecessary and overpriced insurance‖, because they are more worried about the expense of replacing a product if it breaks.75 . But although most policies go unused, he admits that the emotionaltranquillity that comes with buying a new warranty is not in itself without value,even if ―rationally, it doesn’t make sense‖．A. This is especially true if the item is on sale, as finding an unexpectedbargain leaves buyers feeling flush and pleased.B. The terms of these deals vary (and there is often a great deal of fine print), but they usually promise to repair or replace a faulty device for between one andfour years.C. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.D. Only in the present century has one species man acquired significant powerto alter the nature of his world.E. They concluded that the decision to buy a warranty had a great deal to dowith a shopper’s mood.F. The popularity of warranties should logically depend on the likelihood ofa product’s failure, says Mr Kalra.G. That makes warranties amazingly profitable: they generate over $16 billionannually for American retailers, according to Warranty Week, a trade journal答案B G E A FPart Ⅴ Translation1. Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food.”2. According to a growing body of exidence, the chemicals that make up manyplastics may migrate out of the material and into foods and fluids, ending up inyour body.3. Consider the survey evidence, which shows that while most Americans want to have both science and religion in their lives, they’ ll only go so far to preserve the former at the expense of the latter.4. The bodies who play major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fitthe growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.5. This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult tocontinue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yieds.Part Ⅵ WritingAs the society develops, interpersonal relationships are getting more and more indifferent. Please make comment on the phenomena。
241英语(外)考试目的.doc
241-英语（外）本大纲为山东大学英语专业硕士研究生入学考试规定科目之一第二外语英语部分的考试大纲。
本大纲参考山东大学英语专业本科生英语（第二外语）教学大纲所规定的有关要求制定。
一、考试目的本考试旨在全面考察考生是否具备开始硕士阶段学习所要求的英语水平，以便顺利完成硕士阶段的学习和科研任务。
二、考试性质与要求本考试是一种测试应试者单项和综合语言能力的基础法语水平考试。
要求考生具有基本的英语语法知识，较强的阅读能力，一定的英汉互译和写作能力等。
考试无参考书目，考试难度相当于全国英语统一考试CET4—6水平。
三、考试形式与内容本考试采取客观试题与主观试题相结合，单项技能测试与综合技能测试相结合的方法。
包括以下五部分：英语用法（完形填空）、阅读理解、段落排序、英译汉及写作。
总分为100分，考试时间为3个小时。
第一部分：英语用法测试本部分旨在测试考生对语法基础知识及惯用法的掌握和运用能力。
20个单项选择，每题1分，合计20分。
第二部分：阅读理解本部分旨在测试考生对词汇及语法的综合运用能力及阅读理解能力。
阅读理解有4篇文章。
每篇后有5个问题，每题2分，合计40分。
第三部分：段落排序本部分旨在测试考生对语篇的逻辑关系的把握及语言综合运用能力。
考试形式为六选五（其中一段给定顺序）每题2分，合计10分。
第四部分：英译汉本部分旨在测试考生的英语理解和翻译能力。
要求译文忠实于原文，无明显误译、漏译；译文通顺，用词正确，表达基本无误。
考试形式：从1篇难度适中的短文中选取五个句子，每句3分，共15分。
第五部分：写作本部分旨在测试考生对常用英语词汇、语法及惯用法的掌握情况及驾驭语言表达基本思想的能力。
要求考生能较为流畅地表述主题，内容切题，文字连贯，表达清楚；句式有变化，句子结构和用词基本正确。
文章长度符合要求。
共计15分。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山东大学考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷18
2022年考研考博-考博英语-山东大学考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Those who welcomed the railway saw it as more than a rapid and comfortable means of passing. They actually saw it as a factor in world peace. They did not foresee that the railway would be just one more means for the rapid movement of aggressive armies. None of them foresaw that the more we are together — the more chances there are of war. Any boy or girl who is one of a large family knows that.Whenever any new invention is put forward, those for it and those against it can always find medical men to approve or condemn. The anti-railway group produced doctors who said that tunnels would be most dangerous to public health: they would produce colds，catarrhs （黏膜炎）and consumptions. The deafening noise and the glare of the engine fire would have a bad effect on the nerves. Further, being moved through the air at a high speed would do grave injury to delicate lungs. In those with high blood-pressure, the movement of the train might produce apoplexy （中风）. Thesudden plunging of a train into the darkness of a tunnel, and the equally sudden rush into full daylight, would cause great damage to eyesight. But the pro-railway group was of course able to produce equally famous medical men to say just the opposite. They said that the speed and swing of the train would equalize the circulation, promote digestion, tranquilize the nerves, and ensure good sleep.The actual rolling-stock was anything but comfortable. If it was a test of endurance to sit for four hours outside a coach in rain, or inside in dirty air, the railway offered little more in the way of comfort. Certainly the first-class carriages had cushioned seats; butfrom the few modes except speed. In the matter of comfort, indeed they lost; they did, on the coaches, have a seat, but now they had to stand all the way, which gave opportunities to the comic （滑稽的）press. This kind of thing: A man was seen yesterday buying a third-class ticket for the new London and Birmingham Railway. The state of his mind is being enquired into.A writer in the early days of railways wrote feelingly of both second- and third-class carriages. He made the suggestion that the directors of the railways must have sent all over the world to find the hardest possible wood. Of the open third-class trucks he said that they had the peculiar property of meeting the rain from whatever quarter it came. He described them as horizontal shower-baths, from whose searching power there was no escape.1.All boys and girls in large families know that______.2.According to those who welcomed the railway, the railway itself should include all the following except______.3.According to the anti-railway group, all the followings are true but_____.4.We may safely conclude that_____.5.What is the tone of this passage?问题1选项A.a boy and a girl usually fight when they are togetherB.people tend to be together more than they used to beC.a lot of people being together makes fights likelyD.railway leads the world to peace问题2选项A.the railway enables people to travel fastB.the railway brings comfort to peopleC.the railway makes the world peacefulD.the railway leads the world to war as well问题3选项A.tunnels are dangerous to public healthB.the noise and the glare of the engine fire may affect people’s nervesC.the rapid speed through the air does d amage to people’s lungsD.to those with high blood-pressure, the rapid speed of the train causes them to die问题4选项A.the author belongs to the anti-railway groupB.the author belongs to the for-railway groupC.the author speaks highly of the railwayD.the author may never take train because of its potential dangers问题5选项A.Practical.B.Satirical.C.Humorous.D.Exaggerated.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:D第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.细节理解题。
全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲
全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲全国医学博士外语统一考试（NMLE）是中国博士研究生入学考试中的一项，旨在测试考生在医学领域外语能力的水平，以达到在国际化背景下进行医学研究和交流的要求。
考试包括听力、阅读、写作三部分。
一、听力部分听力考试主要测试考生对语音、语调、语速和语音连贯性的理解程度。
考试分为两节，每节20道题。
建议考生在平时练习时，注重提高听力理解能力，多听力和口语训练。
二、阅读部分阅读考试主要测试考生对英语阅读理解的能力。
考试分为两节，每节15道题，每题单词量平均在20个左右。
英语阅读能力是医学研究的重要基础，建议考生平时多读英文科技文献。
三、写作部分写作考试主要测试考生的英语表达能力和学术写作能力。
考试分为两部分，第一部分要求考生写一篇400-500个单词的学术文章摘要，第二部分要求考生写一篇400-500个单词的学术文章，论文题目一般涉及医学领域的热点问题。
建议考生多练习写作，多阅读英文学术文献和科技报道。
参考内容：1. 英语听力材料：建议考生学习BBC news，TED Talks，并注重学习新闻报道和学术专题的听力训练。
2. 英语阅读材料：建议考生多读英文医学期刊和书籍，如The Lancet、New England Journal of Medicine、Nature、Science等。
3. 学术写作参考书：英文写作技巧书籍推荐：《Academic Writing for Graduate Students》、《How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper》、《English for Writing Research Papers》。
此外，还可以参考在国内出版的《医学英语写作指南》。
4. 学术写作软件：参考软件Endnote（文献管理）、SPSS（统计分析）等。
总之，医学博士外语统一考试必须要认真备考，平时一定要注重听、说、读、写的全方位训练，提高英语水平，在攻克考试的同时也要为日后的医学研究交流打下扎实的基础。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。