大学英语中西方文化第三讲 (1)
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• • • • • • • 1. Form or Idea 2. Caveman 3. Divided line 4. The philosopher-king 5.His aesthetics 6. Platonic love Women’s potential and the family
The form Plato’s theory of the Forms is his most significant philosophical contribution. In a nutshell, the Forms are those changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essences or patterns of which the actual visible objects we see are only poor copies. There is the Form of the Beauty, and all the beautiful things we see are mere copies of that form.
The cavemen
柏拉圖的「洞穴說」指出：人們滿足於地窖裡的燈火與牆上影像，不知道 外邊地面上的陽光才是真實的。
現代的電影院，對影 像的依賴是柏拉圖洞 穴說的翻版。 後現代的電視及電腦 螢幕之扎頻，資訊影 像也是如。
The Divided Line
objects The Good [Forms] Mathematica l Objects Things
He is the oldest and most influential sophist.
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Socrates (469-399 BC)
His insistence that the grander tasks of philosophy will have to wait until we achieve understanding of what we take for granted –courage, justice and other virtues, the idea of living a good life, our claims to understanding.
Plato (427-347BC) Plato was profoundly impressed by Socrates’ insistence on putting enquiry before doctrines, and the search for understanding before ambitious claims.
The safest characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. ---Alfred North Whitehead
Plato’s distinctive ideas
• Socrates
•Plato and his doctrines
•Reading and discussion 3
The Sophists and Socrates
The Eleatic philosophers Parmenides and Zeno were interested chiefly in arguing that reality consists of a changeless single reality, the ONE. Heraclitus and the Pythagoreans, on the other hand, described reality as always changing, full of flux, and consisting of a multitude of different things. Socrates and the Sophists showed less interest in physical nature and, instead, steered philosophy into the arena of morality: Could there be a universal concept of goodness if people were incapable of knowing any universal truth?
1. Virtue is knowledge (美德即知识） 2. “The only thing I know is that I know nothing”. 3. Socrates the intellectual midwife （助产婆） 4. Socratic irony （苏格拉底式反讽） 5. An unexamined life is not worth living. 6. I eat to live not live to eat. 7. He compared himself as a “gadfly” on the big strong horse. Socrates quickly became the symbolic figure of the Philosopher, the person devoting their life to philosophical enquiry and willing to die for it.
Socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens and to place it in cities, and even to introduce it into homes and compel it to inquire about life and standards and goods and evils. -----Cicero
Socrates’ Trial and Death
In 399 B.C. at the age of 70 Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue “The Apology of Socrates(《申辩篇》).
1.What does the charges brought against Socrates? 2. Since Socrates does not believe that he is wise, why does he not reject the oracle as false? 3. What was his final interpretation of the meaning of the oracle? Explain why he adopted this interpretation. 4. What reason does Socrates give for his conviction? 5. What prophecy does Socrates make with regard to the effect of his death on the Athenians? Why does Socrates assume that his condemnation is actually something good? 6. How does the “gadfly” analogy help interpret Socrates the man?
y
Modes of Thought
Knowledge Knowledge
[The Good] Intelligible World
Thinking
Belief opinion Imaging
来自百度文库
[The Sun] Visible World
Images
x
Knowledge does not involve simply the passing facts and appearance. Knowledge seeks what truly is: its concern is with Being. There are 4 ways to know the Form: 1. recollection. 2. dialectic: the power of abstracting the essence of things and discovering the relationships of all divisions of knowledge to each other. 3. desire. 4. Love, which leads people step by step, from the beautiful object to the beautiful thought and then to the very essence of Beauty itself.
Protagoras (about 490-420B.C.) “人是万物的尺度，是存在事 物存在的尺度，也是不存在事物 不存在的尺度。” ——普罗泰格拉 “Man is the measure of all things, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not.”
• Socrates’ Pedagogics: Socrates was convinced that the surest way to attain reliable knowledge was through the practice of disciplined conversation, with this conversation acting as an intellectual midwife. He would often expose contradictions lurking beneath the other person’s view__ a technique called elenchus__ and thereby force the person to abandon his or her misdirected opinion. 1.“讥讽”即通过不断追问，使对方自相矛盾，承认对 此问题无知；２．“助产术”即帮助对方抛弃谬见， 找到正确普遍的东西，即帮助真理问世；３．“归纳” 即从个别事物中找出共性，通过个别的分析比较来寻 找一般规律；４．“定义”即把单一的概念归到一般 中去．
5. What is Socrates' view of death? 6. Why does Socrates especially want to talk to Palamedes and Ajax (son of Telamon) in the afterlife? 7. Was Socrates trying to get himself acquitted? If he was not, what effect was he trying to exert on the jury? 8. What moral values does Socrates uphold?
The Sophists（智者）
The sophists were primarily practical people and especially competent in grammar, writing, and public discourse. These skills made them uniquely qualified to address a special social need within Athenian society.
The change in the philosophical concerns: Focus on nature--asking large cosmic questions moral behavior--asking basic ethical questions universal truth.
The form Plato’s theory of the Forms is his most significant philosophical contribution. In a nutshell, the Forms are those changeless, eternal, and nonmaterial essences or patterns of which the actual visible objects we see are only poor copies. There is the Form of the Beauty, and all the beautiful things we see are mere copies of that form.
The cavemen
柏拉圖的「洞穴說」指出：人們滿足於地窖裡的燈火與牆上影像，不知道 外邊地面上的陽光才是真實的。
現代的電影院，對影 像的依賴是柏拉圖洞 穴說的翻版。 後現代的電視及電腦 螢幕之扎頻，資訊影 像也是如。
The Divided Line
objects The Good [Forms] Mathematica l Objects Things
He is the oldest and most influential sophist.
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Socrates (469-399 BC)
His insistence that the grander tasks of philosophy will have to wait until we achieve understanding of what we take for granted –courage, justice and other virtues, the idea of living a good life, our claims to understanding.
Plato (427-347BC) Plato was profoundly impressed by Socrates’ insistence on putting enquiry before doctrines, and the search for understanding before ambitious claims.
The safest characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. ---Alfred North Whitehead
Plato’s distinctive ideas
• Socrates
•Plato and his doctrines
•Reading and discussion 3
The Sophists and Socrates
The Eleatic philosophers Parmenides and Zeno were interested chiefly in arguing that reality consists of a changeless single reality, the ONE. Heraclitus and the Pythagoreans, on the other hand, described reality as always changing, full of flux, and consisting of a multitude of different things. Socrates and the Sophists showed less interest in physical nature and, instead, steered philosophy into the arena of morality: Could there be a universal concept of goodness if people were incapable of knowing any universal truth?
1. Virtue is knowledge (美德即知识） 2. “The only thing I know is that I know nothing”. 3. Socrates the intellectual midwife （助产婆） 4. Socratic irony （苏格拉底式反讽） 5. An unexamined life is not worth living. 6. I eat to live not live to eat. 7. He compared himself as a “gadfly” on the big strong horse. Socrates quickly became the symbolic figure of the Philosopher, the person devoting their life to philosophical enquiry and willing to die for it.
Socrates was the first to call philosophy down from the heavens and to place it in cities, and even to introduce it into homes and compel it to inquire about life and standards and goods and evils. -----Cicero
Socrates’ Trial and Death
In 399 B.C. at the age of 70 Socrates was put on trial on a charge of “injuring the city” by not acknowledging its gods and corrupting the young. This trial was recorded by Plato in the dialogue “The Apology of Socrates(《申辩篇》).
1.What does the charges brought against Socrates? 2. Since Socrates does not believe that he is wise, why does he not reject the oracle as false? 3. What was his final interpretation of the meaning of the oracle? Explain why he adopted this interpretation. 4. What reason does Socrates give for his conviction? 5. What prophecy does Socrates make with regard to the effect of his death on the Athenians? Why does Socrates assume that his condemnation is actually something good? 6. How does the “gadfly” analogy help interpret Socrates the man?
y
Modes of Thought
Knowledge Knowledge
[The Good] Intelligible World
Thinking
Belief opinion Imaging
来自百度文库
[The Sun] Visible World
Images
x
Knowledge does not involve simply the passing facts and appearance. Knowledge seeks what truly is: its concern is with Being. There are 4 ways to know the Form: 1. recollection. 2. dialectic: the power of abstracting the essence of things and discovering the relationships of all divisions of knowledge to each other. 3. desire. 4. Love, which leads people step by step, from the beautiful object to the beautiful thought and then to the very essence of Beauty itself.
Protagoras (about 490-420B.C.) “人是万物的尺度，是存在事 物存在的尺度，也是不存在事物 不存在的尺度。” ——普罗泰格拉 “Man is the measure of all things, of the things that are, that they are, and of the things that are not, that they are not.”
• Socrates’ Pedagogics: Socrates was convinced that the surest way to attain reliable knowledge was through the practice of disciplined conversation, with this conversation acting as an intellectual midwife. He would often expose contradictions lurking beneath the other person’s view__ a technique called elenchus__ and thereby force the person to abandon his or her misdirected opinion. 1.“讥讽”即通过不断追问，使对方自相矛盾，承认对 此问题无知；２．“助产术”即帮助对方抛弃谬见， 找到正确普遍的东西，即帮助真理问世；３．“归纳” 即从个别事物中找出共性，通过个别的分析比较来寻 找一般规律；４．“定义”即把单一的概念归到一般 中去．
5. What is Socrates' view of death? 6. Why does Socrates especially want to talk to Palamedes and Ajax (son of Telamon) in the afterlife? 7. Was Socrates trying to get himself acquitted? If he was not, what effect was he trying to exert on the jury? 8. What moral values does Socrates uphold?
The Sophists（智者）
The sophists were primarily practical people and especially competent in grammar, writing, and public discourse. These skills made them uniquely qualified to address a special social need within Athenian society.
The change in the philosophical concerns: Focus on nature--asking large cosmic questions moral behavior--asking basic ethical questions universal truth.