讲加拿大经济的,全英文版本
关于加拿大经济的英语作文
关于加拿大经济的英语作文Introduction:The Canadian economy is a fascinating subject for many, as it is a tapestry of diverse industries and robust economic policies. Known for its stability and strong performance on the global stage, Canada has established itself as a leading nation in areas such as natural resources, trade, and technology.Body:1. Natural Resources:Canada is blessed with an abundance of natural resources, which form the backbone of its economy. The country is the third-largest exporter of timber and a significant producer of minerals, including gold, silver, and uranium. The oil sands of Alberta are a major source of crude oil,contributing substantially to the nation's GDP.2. Trade and International Relations:Trade is a vital component of the Canadian economy, with the United States being its largest trading partner. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), now replaced by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), has further solidified trade relations in the region. Canada's trade policies are designed to promote economic growth and job creation through international commerce.3. Technology and Innovation:Canada has been making waves in the technology sector, with thriving hubs in cities like Toronto, Vancouver, and Ottawa. The country is home to numerous tech start-ups and global giants like Shopify and BlackBerry. The government's support for innovation and research is a key driver in the growth of the tech industry.4. Banking and Financial Services:The Canadian banking system is one of the most stable and secure in the world, with a strong regulatory framework that has helped it weather financial crises. Financial services are a significant part of the economy, providing employment and contributing to the country's economic stability.5. Tourism:Tourism is another sector that significantly contributes to the Canadian economy. With its breathtaking landscapes, diverse culture, and friendly locals, Canada attractsmillions of visitors each year. The government actively promotes tourism through various initiatives and campaigns.Conclusion:The Canadian economy is a dynamic and resilient force, driven by a combination of natural resources, trade, technology, financial services, and tourism. As the country continues to diversify and innovate, it remains an important player on the global economic stage, offering a wealth of opportunities for growth and development. Understanding the Canadian economy is not just about numbers and statistics; it's about recognizingthe interplay of various sectors that make up this vibrant and thriving nation.。
以canada为题的一篇英语作文
以canada为题的一篇英语作文英文回答：Canada: A Land of Diversity and Opportunity.Canada, the land of maple syrup, hockey, and breathtaking landscapes, holds a special place in my heart. From the bustling streets of Toronto to the serene beauty of Banff National Park, Canada offers a rich tapestry of experiences that captivate the soul.One of the most striking aspects of Canada is its cultural diversity. As a melting pot of ethnicities, languages, and traditions, Canada celebrates its multicultural heritage with pride. Walking down the streets of Vancouver, you can hear conversations in Mandarin, Punjabi, French, and many other languages, a testament to the country's inclusivity.Moreover, Canada is renowned for its commitment toequality and human rights. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms enshrines principles of liberty, tolerance, and dignity for all citizens. This commitment toinclusivity extends to its immigration policies, which welcome newcomers from around the globe to contribute to the country's social and economic fabric.In addition to its cultural richness, Canada boasts a thriving economy and world-class education system. Cities like Montreal and Toronto are vibrant hubs of innovation and entrepreneurship, attracting talent from across the globe. Whether you're pursuing a degree in engineering at the University of Waterloo or launching a tech startup in Silicon Valley North (a nickname for Canada's tech scene), opportunities abound for those willing to seize them.Furthermore, Canada's natural beauty never fails to astound me. From the rugged shores of Newfoundland to the majestic Rocky Mountains, the country is a playground for outdoor enthusiasts. Whether skiing in Whistler, kayaking in the Thousand Islands, or hiking in Gros Morne National Park, there's no shortage of adventures to be had.In conclusion, Canada is more than just a country; it's a mosaic of cultures, a beacon of opportunity, and a havenof natural wonders. Its welcoming spirit, commitment to diversity, and abundance of opportunities make it a placeI'm proud to call home.中文回答：加拿大，多元与机遇的国度。
英语作文加拿大的经济状况
英语作文加拿大的经济状况Introduction:Canada, the second-largest country by land area, boasts a strong and diverse economy that has been a subject ofinterest for many. This essay will explore the current economic situation in Canada, touching upon its key sectors, challenges, and potential for growth.Paragraph 1 - Key Economic Sectors:Canada's economy is driven by a combination of natural resource extraction, manufacturing, and service industries. The country is a leading exporter of energy products, particularly oil, and also has a significant presence in the mining sector. Additionally, the agricultural sector contributes to Canada's economic stability by exporting grains and other commodities. The service sector, which includes finance, tourism, and technology, has grown to become the largest component of the economy.Paragraph 2 - Trade and International Relations:Trade is a vital part of Canada's economic landscape. The United States remains Canada's largest trading partner, with a significant portion of Canadian exports and imports passing between the two countries. Canada is also a member of the G7 and has been actively involved in international trade agreements, such as the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) with the European Union and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which has replacedNAFTA.Paragraph 3 - Challenges and Economic Fluctuations:Like any other economy, Canada faces challenges that can impact its economic stability. Fluctuations in global commodity prices can significantly affect the country'sexport revenues. Additionally, the economy is sensitive to changes in the business cycle of its largest trading partner, the United States. The Canadian government has been implementing various fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate these risks and maintain economic growth.Paragraph 4 - Innovation and Future Prospects:Canada has been investing in innovation and technology to diversify its economy and reduce reliance on natural resources. The government supports research and developmentin sectors such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology,and clean energy. These efforts are expected to create newjob opportunities and contribute to long-term economic growth.Conclusion:In conclusion, Canada's economy is robust and well-diversified, with a strong foundation in natural resourcesand a growing emphasis on innovation and technology. While challenges such as global market volatility and trade uncertainties persist, the country's strategic international relations and commitment to economic diversification position it well for future growth and stability.。
加拿大经济完整版资料
Canada Economy
Financial indusry
Canada Economy
• financial services creat $50,000,000,000 annual.
• the financial industry GDP of Canada (GDP) contribution rate of 5%, second only to manufacturing.
Canada Economy
• Coins are made by Royal Bank of Canada（加拿 大皇家银行）.
• Notes are printed by the Canadian Bank Note Company and BA international company (BA International Inc) .
• Canada's publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction, as it exempts companies from the high health insurance costs they must pay in the United States.
2．（Banque Kanadienne Impérial de Kommerce/Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce加拿大帝国商业银行）：由加拿大商业银行（1867年成 立）与加拿大帝国银行（1875年成立）于1961年6月1日合并而成，2003年 总资产为2771.47亿加元。
Canada Economy
Currency
加拿大中英文双语介绍
世界上福利最好的国家——加拿大加拿大-全球最适宜居住的国家据联合国发表的报告，加拿大在就业水平、人均国民生产总值、收入、教育及卫生水平等综合指标在全球160多个国家中名列第一。
优美的自然环境和安全先进的生活方式加拿大位于北美洲的北半部，总面积997万平方公里，仅次于俄罗斯，是世界第二大国。
人口2900多万，是世界上平均人口密度最低的国家之一，每3人占有一平方公里的土地。
89%的土地没有永久性居民点。
南部与美国为邻约5000公里，石油、矿产、木材、海产、水利资源十分丰富。
加拿大四季分明，西面受太平洋季风的影响，四季宜人春季郁金香花争艳，夏季阳光明媚，秋季枫叶层林尽染，冬季万里雪飘，极具风情。
加拿大是由十个省和两个地区组成的联邦国家。
民族构成一英裔、法裔、荷兰裔、德裔、波兰裔和华裔。
官方语言为英语和法语。
加拿大有26个人口超过10万的市区和3个人口超过100万的城市。
其中不少是北美洲最安全、最清洁、风光最美的市中心区。
加拿大城市的严重犯罪率不到美国城市的一半。
更为人称道的是多个不同种族的人们在一个国际性的环境中和睦相处。
政府和工业界致力保持空气和食品的清洁，共同努力维护健康的环境。
加拿大的城市都有高素质的歌剧院、乐团和舞蹈团、美术馆、博物馆以及公共图书馆。
加拿大城市有国际著名的芭蕾舞团、歌剧团和交响乐团。
同时亦经常邀请世界各国最优秀的艺术家到访演出。
加拿大政府对艺术的人均补助位于世界前列。
加拿大的城市融合了欧洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲和非洲的各种文化。
例如，温哥华是众多的亚裔人聚居之地；多伦多融合了欧、亚及其他文化；魁北克则为北美洲添上一份英、法双语的欧洲风味。
加拿大的气候各地不一，往往令预计天气较冷的访客诧异。
全国绝大多数人口聚居在离美国边境250公里以内的地区，而加拿大最南部的地区与美国加州北部处于同一纬度。
因此，加拿大各大城市的气候多数与美国北部或北欧地区相似。
加拿大的城镇提供舒适的生活设施，但是与其他国际性商业中心相比，生活费用确保持在很容易负担的水平上。
《加拿大》教案：学习加拿大的经济发展
《加拿大》教案：学习加拿大的经济发展。
一、加拿大的经济概览加拿大是一个G8成员国家，也是世界上最丰富的发达国家之一。
加拿大的GDP总量在全球排名第十位，中等规模、资源丰富、工业不发达、技术较为成熟的经济体。
加拿大经济的特征是知识密集型、服务业占比较高，资源和制造业方面表现也较为突出。
加拿大是世界上主要为原材料出口不依赖原油进口能量为个中之一。
主要出口产品有石油、天然气、木材、麦芽、成品木材、纸浆及纸张等。
加拿大也是世界上第二大森林面积国和第二大面积的能源主产国之一，因此天然资源产业一直是加拿大的支柱型行业，同时制造业支柱型行业已经成为了加拿大经济的重要组成部分。
二、加拿大的经济转型历程加拿大经济的转型始于20世纪70年代初。
在这个时候，加拿大的经济结构主要集中在天然资源的开采和加工方面。
但是，在1973年石油危机期间，加拿大的经济依赖石油产值的一面受到了极大的冲击，这也促使了加拿大政府和经济学家开始思考经济结构的转型。
在这个时候，加拿大政府开始注重刺激服务和高技术产业的发展。
特别是在1995年，加拿大工业政策及就业发展部成立，加强了加拿大政府对支持科技及创业领域的投资。
到了21世纪，加拿大经济结构逐渐转型，以华丽的迅猛技术进步，加拿大经济的服务业不断发展，其中特别是加拿大的信息技术及通讯产业的飞速发展。
信息科技是加拿大经济发展的三大支柱之一。
三、加拿大经济的特点加拿大经济的特点包括极佳的资源优势、说部分实行自由市场决策、外向型经济、高度分散化和多元化的经济体系、高度知识密集型和服务业占比较高，以及产业结构的持续创新和优化。
这些特点使加拿大成为了一个具有国际竞争力的发达国家，也使加拿大经济的发展持续稳健。
四、加拿大在全球贸易和经济中的角色加拿大是一个全球化程度较高的国家，也是一个开放的经济体系，其贸易活动占据着国内经济活动的重要地位。
与此同时，加拿大也是一个国际化程度较高的投资国，其对外直接投资规模庞大。
商业背景理解加拿大商业环境Chapter 6 - 经济力Economic Forces
22
Types of Unemployment
Frictional Cyclical Structural Seasonal
Copyright 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
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Think Pair Share:
What types of unemployment do you think present the most challenges for the economy and why?
Copyright 2015 Pearson Canada Inc.
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Types of economic systems
Market economy Communism Socialism Mixed Economy
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Types of Competition
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2. Businesses Five Factors of Production
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3. Government
Creates laws Promotes tax credits Ensures qualified labour
2. What non-economic or other related factors are contributing to Saskatoon’s growing economy?
3. What do you think are the most important factors for Saskatoon to sustain long-term economic growth?
讲加拿大经济的,全英文版本
Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there are some important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier Inc.. This has raised several concerns for Canadians. Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the United States.
Canada Economy
Canada Economy
wheat
The most important single crop in Canada is wheat .
The Prairie Provinces of Alberta ,Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are the largest wheat producing provinces in Canada, and the area is usually given the name as “the breakfast of Canada” and “the barn of the world”.
Canada Economy
Canada Economy
fishery
• Fish products are highly processed, and 95 pre cent of the fish goods are processed.
英语作文加拿大的经济发展
英语作文加拿大的经济发展Canada's Economic Development。
Canada is a country with a strong and diversified economy. Over the years, it has experienced steady growth and has become one of the world's most prosperous nations. The country's economic development can be attributed to several factors, including its natural resources, skilled workforce, and stable political environment.Natural Resources。
Canada is rich in natural resources, which have played a significant role in its economic development. The country is a major producer of oil, natural gas, minerals, and timber, and these resources have contributed significantly to the country's GDP. Canada is also home to some of the world's largest reserves of uranium, nickel, and copper, which are essential to the global economy.Skilled Workforce。
Another factor that has contributed to Canada's economic success is its skilled workforce. The country has a highly educated population, with a strong emphasis on science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education. This has helped to create a workforce that is well-equipped to handle the demands of a modern economy. Additionally, Canada has a strong system of vocational training and apprenticeships, which helps to ensure that workers have the skills they need to succeed in their chosen fields.Stable Political Environment。
Economy of Canada(09旅游英语 胡娜)
Three factoeconomy !!!: 1.Rich natural resources. 2.Its neighbouring country----USA. 3.Federal governments.
加拿大是世界上最富有的国家之一， 加拿大是世界上最富有的国家之一，也是西 方七大工业国家和世界十大贸易国之一。
Transportation equipment
Paper industry
Metal products
Hydroelectric projects Hi-techresearch and development
Food processing
Transportation equipment
Hi-techresearch and development
Agriculture
英语作文加拿大的经济
英语作文加拿大的经济Canada's Economy。
Canada is a prosperous country with a strong and stable economy. It is the world's tenth-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 16th largest by purchasing power parity.One of the key factors contributing to Canada's economic success is its abundant natural resources. The country is rich in minerals, oil, gas, and timber, which are all major exports. Canada is also the world's largest producer of potash, a key ingredient in fertilizer.Another important factor is Canada's highly skilled workforce. The country has a well-educated population, with a high percentage of the population holding post-secondary degrees. This has helped to attract investment from companies looking for a highly skilled workforce.Canada's economy is also highly diversified, with a mixof industries including manufacturing, services, and agriculture. The country is home to a number of major corporations, including Bombardier, BlackBerry, and Suncor Energy.In recent years, Canada has been focused on increasing its trade relationships with other countries. The country has signed a number of free trade agreements, including the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) and the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA). These agreements have helped to increase Canada's access to international markets and have boosted the country's exports.Despite its strong economy, Canada faces some challenges. One of the biggest challenges is the country's aging population, which is putting pressure on social programs and healthcare. Canada is also facing a shortage of skilled workers in some industries, which could limit the country's economic growth in the future.Overall, Canada's economy is strong and well-positioned for future growth. With its abundant natural resources, skilled workforce, and diversified economy, Canada is a country that is poised for success in the years to come.。
Ganada Economy
The service sector dominates (占据主导地 位)the Canadian economy, which employs about 75 percent of the nation's population. Canada is unique(独特的) among developed nations due to the importance of its primary sector, with logging(测井) and oil being two of Canada's most important industries. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, which largely focuses on the automobile and aircraft industry. Canada has the eighth largest commercial fishing and seafood industry in the world and a well-developed technology sector that includes a world-leading entertainment software industry.
加拿大英文介绍
加拿大简介加拿大-全球最适宜居住的国家据联合国发表的报告，加拿大在就业水平、人均国民生产总值、收入、教育及卫生水平等综合指标在全球160多个国家中名列第一。
优美的自然环境和安全先进的生活方式加拿大位于北美洲的北半部，总面积997万平方公里，仅次于俄罗斯，是世界第二大国。
人口2900多万，是世界上平均人口密度最低的国家之一，每3人占有一平方公里的土地。
89%的土地没有永久性居民点。
南部与美国为邻约5000公里，石油、矿产、木材、海产、水利资源十分丰富。
加拿大四季分明，西面受太平洋季风的影响，四季宜人春季郁金香花争艳，夏季阳光明媚，秋季枫叶层林尽染，冬季万里雪飘，极具风情。
加拿大是由十个省和两个地区组成的联邦国家。
民族构成一英裔、法裔、荷兰裔、德裔、波兰裔和华裔。
官方语言为英语和法语。
加拿大有26个人口超过10万的市区和3个人口超过100万的城市。
其中不少是北美洲最安全、最清洁、风光最美的市中心区。
加拿大城市的严重犯罪率不到美国城市的一半。
更为人称道的是多个不同种族的人们在一个国际性的环境中和睦相处。
政府和工业界致力保持空气和食品的清洁，共同努力维护健康的环境。
加拿大的城市都有高素质的歌剧院、乐团和舞蹈团、美术馆、博物馆以及公共图书馆。
加拿大城市有国际著名的芭蕾舞团、歌剧团和交响乐团。
同时亦经常邀请世界各国最优秀的艺术家到访演出。
加拿大政府对艺术的人均补助位于世界前列。
加拿大的城市融合了欧洲、亚洲、拉丁美洲和非洲的各种文化。
例如，温哥华是众多的亚裔人聚居之地；多伦多融合了欧、亚及其他文化；魁北克则为北美洲添上一份英、法双语的欧洲风味。
加拿大的气候各地不一，往往令预计天气较冷的访客诧异。
全国绝大多数人口聚居在离美国边境250公里以内的地区，而加拿大最南部的地区与美国加州北部处于同一纬度。
因此，加拿大各大城市的气候多数与美国北部或北欧地区相似。
加拿大的城镇提供舒适的生活设施，但是与其他国际性商业中心相比，生活费用确保持在很容易负担的水平上。
canadian economy加拿大经济
Inte rve ntioni st gove rnm e nt
N ow a da ys , the da ys of such gove rnm e nt inte rve ntionism we re dra w ing to a close .
e m bra ce the principle s of fre e tra de a nd of a llow ing the m a rke t-pla ce to ma na ge the econo my, ra the r tha n the
At the end of World War Ⅱ, the U nite d S ta te s be ca m e a n im porta nt role of C a na dia n e conom y.
Afte r 1966, the Am e rica n e conom y be ga n to founde r a nd affe cte d C a na da.
Huang Rong 0113587 &
Li Xiaoxia 0124279Locati源自n:North America
Total area: 9,976, 139 square kilometers Population: 31.9 million Capital: Ottawa Official languages: French and English National tree: maple
Even in Ontario, the manufacturing heartland of the country, more workers are employed in hospitals than in the automobile industry; and more people work in universities than in colleges than in iron and steel mills.
全方位介绍加拿大的经济状况(英文版)National Economy of Canada
Prairie Provinces
Para 3
• The Canadian Prairies is a region of Canada, specifically in Western Canada, which may correspond to several different definitions, natural or political. • Notably, the Prairie provinces or simply the Prairies comprise the provinces of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, as they are much covered by prairie.
般若黑洞 C&C
PowerPoint Template
/paratop
Vencouver
般若黑洞 C&C
PowerPoint Template
Montreal
/paratop
The World’s Highest Standards of Living
般若黑洞 C&C National Economy of Canada
PowerPoint Template
/paratop
Individuals and Government
Lead-in
What kinds of industries might be flurishing in Canada? Why can’t China enjoy a dynamic market?
Natural Resources
Para 2
• Canada’s economy was and still is strongly built upon the exploitah, forestry, minerals and energy. • in the 20th century, Canada’s manufacturing industries grew diversified.
关于canada的英语作文
关于canada的英语作文英文回答：Canada, officially known as Canada, is a country located in the northern part of North America. It is the second-largest country in the world by total area, spanning over 9.98 million square kilometers, and it is bordered by the United States to the south and the Arctic Ocean to the north. Canada is a diverse country with a rich history, culture, and natural beauty.Canada has a population of approximately 38 million people, making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. The majority of the population is concentrated in urban areas, with the largest cities being Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary. Canada is a multicultural country, with people from all over the world calling it home. The official languages of Canada are English and French, and there are many other languages spoken throughout the country.The Canadian economy is one of the strongest in the world, with a GDP of over $2 trillion. The country is rich in natural resources, including oil, gas, minerals, and timber. Canada is also a major agricultural producer, and it is the world's largest exporter of wheat and barley.Canada has a long and rich history. The first inhabitants of Canada were the First Nations, who arrived in the region thousands of years ago. The first European settlers arrived in Canada in the 16th century, and the country was later colonized by France and Great Britain. Canada became a self-governing dominion in 1867, and it achieved full independence in 1982.Canada is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The head of state is the Queen of Canada, who is represented by the Governor General. The Prime Minister of Canada is the head of government. Canada has a strong tradition of democracy and human rights, and it is ranked as one of the best countries in the world to live in.Canada is known for its beautiful natural scenery, including its mountains, forests, lakes, and rivers. The country is also home to a variety of wildlife, including bears, moose, wolves, and caribou. Canada is a populartourist destination, and it is known for its friendlypeople and welcoming atmosphere.中文回答：加拿大，全称加拿大，是位于北美北部的国家。
中国-加拿大经济互补性研究(英文)
Canada-ChinaEconomic Complementarities Study Economic Partnership Working Group May 20121.Executive Summary2.Introduction3.Overview of Economic Bilateral Relations4.Sector Analysisa.Agriculture and Agri-Food (Including Fish and Seafood)b.Clean Technology and Environmental Goods and Servicesc.Machinery and Equipmentd.Natural Resources and Derived Productse.Servicesf.Textiles and Related Goodsg.Transportation Infrastructure and Aerospace5.Conclusions6.Annex 1: Snapshot of the Canadian and Chinese Economies7.Annex 2: Canada-China Trade, Investment and Related Consultative and Cooperative MechanismsExecutive SummaryFollowing the June 2010 meeting between Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Chinese President Hu Jintao in Canada, officials from both countries jointly undertook a study to provide an analytical basis to evaluate potential bilateral economic complementarities in a selected range of sectors. Economic complementarities are defined as the interests and requirements of one country that can be matched with a capacity to supply in the other country. The study’s completion helps to set the stage for the two countries to launch exploratory discussions on further deepening our trade and economic relations, as announced by the two leaders during Prime Minister Harper’s most recent visit to China in February 2012.Canada and China are strong trading nations. For both, external trade is integral to past and future economic growth. Today, China is Canada’s second-largest trading partner,1 while Canada ranks 13th among China’s trading partners.2 In addition to increasing two-way trade in goods, services and investment, people-to-people ties have never been stronger, with substantial annual increases in the number of visitors and students to each other’s country. Extensive government-to-government cooperation is also reflected across a broad range of priority areas.The study covers seven sectors—reflecting specific interests on one side or the other—in which growth opportunities appear to be strong. While not exhaustive in scope, the study provides a broad basis of analysis on bilateral economic complementarities. As with any comprehensive trading relationship, Canada-China trade and investment relations can be enhanced. The study therefore also examines barriers and challenges to growth in these sectors.Key findings of the study are:Agriculture and agri-food (including fish and seafood)Canada and China are both significant producers and exporters of agriculture and agri-food products, with distinct supply and demand profiles. Growth opportunities extend well beyond two-way trade in goods and investment. Government and industry on both sides are increasingly cooperating on technical and scientific exchanges to assist China in addressing domestic challenges and to advance third-market opportunities for both countries. On the challenges side, trade barriers include tariffs, regulatory measures (e.g. sanitary and 1 Goods only. According to Canadian statistics.2 Goods only. According to Chinese statistics, and includes the European Union (EU) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) as a trading bloc.phytosanitary measures) and delays in resolving market access issues arising from administrative capacity constraints.Clean technology and environmental goods and servicesThe clean technology sector is an innovative and rapidly growing sector globally. The Canadian side is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which, despite their technological innovations and commercially viable solutions, often face challenges related to their relatively small size, such as access to capital and concerns regarding intellectual property rights protection. China has a keen interest in this sector, highlighting in its most recent Five Year Plan the role of clean technology in addressing growing domestic environmental challenges. In addition to bilateral trade in clean technology goods and services, Canadian and Chinese partnerships could help meet the increasing worldwide demand for cleantech solutions. Machinery and equipmentTwo-way trade in this sector has exhibited strong growth over the last decade. Canadian technology and know-how complements Chinese production needs and demand, especially in the area of agricultural and mining equipment as well as related services. Advancing cooperation in this sector would offer Canadian companies increased export opportunities. Concerns about intellectual property protection, standards and certification requirements, and remaining applied tariffs may be hindering growth in bilateral trade in this sector.Natural resources and derived productsCanada and China have abundant natural resources and are leading global traders in this sector. China is facing supply-side pressures when it comes to certain commodities, making it difficult to meet the demands of its rapidly growing economy. Canada is well positioned as a reliable supplier to meet China’s needs and to provide innovative solutions for the sustainable use and efficient management of China’s natural resources. In Canada, China’s growing interest in natural resources is adding to the diversity of investment sources available to develop capital-intensive Canadian natural resources projects. To take advantage of complementarities in this sector, further improvements could be made to the clarity, efficiency and predictability of inward investment-related regulations, the compatibility of certification systems and the expediency of approval processes on goods such as equipment.ServicesServices are an important and growing component of the Canadian and Chinese economies. They represent an essential source of growth in a competitive, knowledge-based world market. While the scope of services trade between the two countries is significant, there is potential for this relationship to grow even further. China’s steady economic growth and projected infrastructure expansion will likely lead to strong demand for key services sectors in which Canada has leading expertise. China’s services sector is growing rapidly, and Canada is able to export best practices that would be helpful to such a developing industry. Furthermore, the people-to-people connections that already exist between Canada and China will further facilitate bilateral trade in services.Textiles and related productsCanadian textile and apparel manufacturers are increasingly focusing on high value-added products and depend on sales to export markets to remain viable. China has made significant advancements in the textile and apparel industries over recent years, becoming a world leader in some subsectors. China’s current Five Year Plan highlights the importance of continued textile industry development. Canada and China have complementary capacities in textiles, each producing goods for different market segments. Specifically, Canada’s strength in engineered textiles can be incorporated into China’s value chains to serve both its domestic market and global markets, while Canadian branded and technical apparel product offerings can serve China’s increasingly discerning customers. Similarly, China’s wide variety of textiles and apparel can be used to meet Canadian demand in sectors where there are no longer Canadian manufacturers.Transportation infrastructure and aerospaceThese two sectors occupy a strategic place in the two countries’ economies, not least because of the critical role they play in facilitating the movement of goods and people. Opportunities exist for Canada and China to collaborate on the development of safer systems for China’s growing transportation infrastructure networks. Given their complementary expertise, Canada and China could also cooperate on infrastructure projects in third-country markets. Canada is a world leader in aerospace technology and research and development capacity. These strengths, combined with the Canadian industry’s diversified manufacturing and internationally recognized regulations, are assets that can complement Chinese needs and goals to develop world-class aerospace products.ConclusionSince Prime Minister Stephen Harper and President Hu Jintao met in June 2010, the bilateral economic relationship has continued to gain momentum, with trade and investment expanding rapidly. Robust growth in bilateral merchandise trade was sustained throughout the recent global economic crisis. The stock of foreign direct investment into Canada from China reached approximately US$10.7 billion at the end of 2011, representing a 36-fold increase in the last 10 years. Chinese statistics put the stock of Canadian foreign direct investment in China at approximately US$8.3 billion in 2011.Notwithstanding these impressive gains, bilateral trade and investment represent a surprisingly small proportion of each country’s total international activity. There is room for much growth. This study provides a starting point for bilateral discussions on getting there.2. Introduction2.1 OverviewCanada and China have a long-standing and healthy bilateral relationship. The two countries have a shared interest in strengthening the bilateral economic relationship through increased two-way trade in goods and services, investment, and people-to-people and cultural exchanges. During Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s first visit to China in 2009, the two governments issued a joint statement highlighting the strong trade and economic complementarities between the two countries. The leaders further agreed to enhance cooperation in order to increase bilateral trade and investment.Since that visit, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited Canada in June 2010 and Prime Minister Stephen Harper returned to China for a second visit in February 2012. In between, over 30 ministerial-level bilateral visits took place, supporting closer ties in key trade and investment portfolios. The Canadian and Chinese economies have both been exceptionally resilient in the face of the recent global financial crisis. These strengths have prompted closer mutual attention to the benefits of deepening trade and investment ties between the two countries. Canadian and Chinese officials collaborate regularly through a variety of bilateral trade and investment mechanisms, notably the annual Joint Economic and Trade Commission (JETC), which is a long-standing Deputy Minister/Vice Minister-level forum to discuss key Canadian and Chinese trade and investment issues. A more recent mechanism (2005), the Strategic Working Group, brings together Canada’s Deputy Ministers of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Natural Resources, and China’s Vice Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Commerce and the National Development and Reform Commission, to discuss cross-cutting economic and political priorities. Both forums met in Ottawa in 2011.In June 2010, Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Chinese President Hu Jintao instructed officials to explore means of deepening the Canada-China economic relations by establishing a working group under the JETC. Once established, the Economic Partnership Working Group launched a joint study to examine in greater depth bilateral trade and investment complementarities and potential.2.2 Objectives and Structure of the StudyThe economic complementarities study represents an important step toward strengthening Canada-China economic relations. By examining the current status of bilateral trade and investment relations in selected sectors, the study provides an analytical basis for discussions on how to deepen the relationship. The study analyzes seven sectors, examining the complementarities between various aspects of the Canadian and Chinese economies. The seven sectors included in this study are:•agriculture and agri-food (including fish and seafood);•clean technology and environmental goods and services;•machinery and equipment;•natural resources and derived products;•services;•textiles and related products; and•transportation infrastructure and aerospace.The first part of the study provides: (i) an overview of the structure and key characteristics of the Chinese and Canadian economies; (ii) a description of trade and economic cooperation; and (iii) a description and assessment of historical and recent patterns in bilateral trade and investment and likely future trends. The second part of the study analyzes the seven different sectors. Each sectoral analysis includes an overview of the sector in each country, a description of bilateral trade patterns, highlights of ongoing cooperation, a discussion of challenges, and a review of complementarities and opportunities for growth.2.3 Methodology2.3.1 BILATERAL TRADE AND INVESTMENT STATISTICSData that describe Canada-China trade and investment flows in this study are quoted in U.S. dollars, the most widely used currency for the settlement of international payments, to draw a comparative statistical analysis. National currencies have been converted using annual average exchange rates provided by domestic central banks over the relevant time period as described below:TABLE 1: EXCHANGE RATES USED IN THE STUDY (AGAINST US DOLLAR)2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Canadi an1.548 1.570 1.401 1.301 1.211 1.134 1.074 1.066 1.141 1.029 0.989DollarChinese8.277 8.277 8.277 8.276 8.193 7.972 7.605 6.947 6.830 6.769 6.463RMBSource: Bank of Canada and People’s Bank of ChinaIt is common to observe differences in the level of trade each country reports in the context of bilateral trade statistics. Canadian and Chinese statistics are no exception in this regard. A number of factors account for the observed differences, including the shipment of goods to the trading partner via third economies and differing customs valuation methods. For the purposes of this study, imports from each country will be used to characterize Canada-China bilateral trade wherever possible. In line with this methodology, the import statistics of each country will be summed up when identifying the value of two-way trade. As for stocks of foreign direct investment (FDI), inward investment data will be sourced from the destination country. Unless otherwise noted, merchandise trade statistics have been sourced from the Global Trade Atlas and reference data submitted by Statistics Canada and the General Administration of Customs of China.2.3.2 DOMESTIC STATISTICSValues describing domestic sector features (i.e. output, sales) are quoted in the national currency of the country to which these statistics relate. These statistics are sourced from the leading national statistical agencies of each country.3.Economic Overview3.1 A Foundation for Deeper Economic Ties3Canada and China are important trading partners and economic players in the Asia-Pacific region as well as in the global marketplace. China is the world’s second-largest economy and most populous country, with 1.34 billion people. Canada is the world’s 10th-largest economy, with a population of 34.5 million. With a combined gross domestic product (GDP) reaching US$9.0 trillion in 2011, the economic weight and relevance of both countries in the global economy is indisputable. For a snapshot of the Canadian and Chinese economies, see Annex 1. Canada and China are open and dynamic economies that depend on international trade and investment to stimulate growth. With trade-to-GDP ratios of 70.3% and 57.0% respectively, Canada and China view trade expansion as a key priority.4 The trade relationship between the two countries has grown significantly over the past decade, largely reflecting comparative economic strengths and an expanding investment relationship.3.2 Canadian and Chinese Economies at a Glance3.2.1 THE CANADIAN ECONOMYCanada’s economy has shown steady growth, expanding at an average rate of 1.8% annually over the last 10 years. During the recent global economic crisis, the Canadian economy was among the most resilient, fully recovering the output lost during the crisis by the third quarter of 2010. The International Monetary Fund forecasts that Canada will continue to be a leader among major industrial economies in terms of average growth in the coming years, due mainly to its strong financial system and institutions, low inflation, sound fiscal management, and investments in knowledge and infrastructure. While Canada continues to have a strong manufacturing base, representing 12.8% of real GDP, the share of services has risen steadily over the past decades, reaching 71.6% of real GDP in 2011. A distinctive feature of the Canadian economy lies in the importance of its primary sector, particularly in terms of its contribution to the country’s total exports. Agriculture and agri-food, energy, forestry and mining account for over 50% of Canada’s total exports.3 Data in this section are sourced from Statistics Canada and the National Bureau of Statistics of China.4 Ratio calculated over the 2001-2010 period.3.2.2 THE CHINESE ECONOMYOver the last decade, the expansion of China’s economy has been particularly remarkable, at an average annual rate of 10.5% from 2001 to 2010. This growth has been fuelled in part by the strengthening of its manufacturing base and exports and has been accompanied by accelerated urbanization, rapid infrastructure development and rising per capita income levels. Going forward, China’s economy will be driven increasingly by domestic consumption, which will be bolstered by supportive labour market conditions and other policy efforts to raise household disposable income. While manufacturing will remain the largest sector of the Chinese economy over the coming years, the country is committed to furthering the development of its services sector.3.3Canada-China Trade and Economic CooperationCanada and China have a long-standing and healthy bilateral relationship. The modern bilateral trade relationship began in the 1960s with sales of Canadian wheat to China. Following the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1970, the first step in formalizing economic and trade cooperation came with the signing of the 1973 Trade Agreement between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of Canada. This agreement sought to enhance trade in goods by, among other things, granting each other most-favoured-nation treatment. In 1979, Canada added China to the list of countries eligible for its General Preferential Tariff, a unilateral tariff treatment that specifies lower than most-favoured-nation rates on a range of products in order to help promote developing country economic growth and export diversification.With China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, the two countries’ commitment to a strong multilateral trading system and to their respective rights and obligations under the WTO has represented a further enhancement in the institutional basis for the commercial relationship. As founding members of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, Canada and China have endeavoured to improve the operating environment for business by reducing the cost of cross-border trade, improving access to trade information, and simplifying regulatory and administrative processes.Canada and China cooperate extensively under a wide range of bilateral agreements and memorandums of understanding in the fields of science and technology, energy, forestry, cleantech, agricultural development, life sciences, maritime transport, and many more (see Annex 2). Furthermore, education is an active area of economic cooperation between the two countries. Education and skills transfers emerge across different sectors as an important complementarity. China is Canada’s top source country for international students, with morethan 68,000 Chinese students already studying in Canadian institutions. During Prime Minister Stephen Harper’s February 2012 visit to China, Canada and China agreed to elevate education as a new strategic priority and explore additional means to expand two-way academic mobility, aspiring to reach a combined goal of 100,000 students studying in each other’s countries within five years.Among the most noteworthy bilateral achievements in recent years was the conclusion of the substantive negotiations toward a Canada-China Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (FIPA), which will facilitate investment flows between the two countries going forward. The FIPA, along with regular high-level contacts, an expanding range of official dialogues (both formal and informal), and healthy and diversifying trade and economic flows in both directions, has elevated the relationship to a strategic partnership of major importance to both countries.3.4 Bilateral Trade and Investment Relationship3.4.1 TWO-WAY MERCHANDISE TRADEOver the last decade, the Canada-China commercial relationship has grown substantially, so that China is now Canada’s second-largest trading partner, while Canada is China’s 13th-largest trading partner.5 The rapid growth in bilateral merchandise trade was even sustained throughout the recent global economic crisis, as evidenced in the Canadian and Chinese statistics presented in Tables 2 and 3.It is common to observe differences in the level of trade each country reports in the context of bilateral trade statistics. Canadian and Chinese statistics are no exception in that regard. A number of factors account for the observed differences, including the shipment of goods to the trading partner via third economies and differing customs valuation methods. In Tables 2 and 3, below, each country’s statistics are presented separately, while in the remainder of this study, imports from each country will be used to characterize Canada-China bilateral trade, wherever possible. In line with this methodology, the import statistics of each country will be summed up when identifying levels of two-way trade.5 According to Chinese statistics, includes the EU and ASEAN as a trading bloc.TABLE 2: CANADA-CHINA MERCHANDISE TRADE (US$ Billions)2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Canada Exports(China Imports) 2.7 2.6 3.4 5.2 6.0 6.9 8.9 9.9 9.7 12.9 17.0Canada Imports8.2 10.2 13.3 18.6 24.4 30.5 35.9 39.9 35.0 43.2 48.6 (China Exports)Total Trade11.0 12.8 16.7 23.8 30.4 37.3 44.8 49.8 44.7 56.1 65.6 Source: Global Trade Atlas (Canadian statistics)TABLE 3: CANADA-CHINA MERCHANDISE TRADE (US$ Billions)2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 China Exports(Canada Imports) 3.3 4.3 5.6 8.2 11.7 15.5 19.4 21.8 17.7 22.2 25.2China Imports4.0 3.6 4.4 7.3 7.5 7.7 11.0 12.8 11.9 14.8 21.6 (Canada Exports)Total Trade7.4 7.9 10.0 15.5 19.2 23.2 30.3 34.6 29.6 37.0 46.8 Source: Global Trade Atlas (Chinese statistics)Despite recent growth trends, bilateral trade currently still represents a relatively small percentage of each country’s total international trade. It is clear that there is huge untapped potential to increase trade between China and Canada.In terms of merchandise trade, China is the third-largest importer of Canadian products, with imports of US$21.6 billion in 2011. Resource-related goods such as wood products, pulp and paper, metals and minerals account for the majority of China’s imports from Canada. China’s agricultural imports from Canada are also substantial, particularly oilseeds, fish and seafood.While there have been upward trends in some sectors, notably in high value-added manufacturing exports such as machinery and equipment, aircraft and medical instruments, China’s demand for resource-related goods remains the primary driver of trade even as Canada looks to broaden its product offerings to an increasingly diversified Chinese economy.Canada’s merchandise imports from China have grown very rapidly over the past decade to reach US$48.6 billion in 2011. China has become the second-largest supplier of merchandise to Canada, after the United States. Canada’s imports from China have been concentrated in consumer goods such as textiles and apparel, bags, footwear, toys and furniture. Growing product segments of Canada’s imports from China include electronics, machinery and plastics.3.4.2 TWO-WAY TRADE IN SERVICESServices trade is an important element of the Canada-China relationship. All economic sectors contain significant services elements, and technological advances have expanded the range of services that can be traded across borders. Trade in services is also a key element of value chains, both within an economy and globally.There is significant room for growth in services trade between Canada and China. Canada is one of the most open services economies in the world. China has committed to opening up 62.5% of its total service sector, covering 10 out of 12 service categories of the General Agreement on Trade in Services.Trade in services is difficult to accurately quantify, as official statistics are not fully disaggregated by subsector and/or modes of supply. However, Canadian and Chinese data indicate that bilateral services trade has grown rapidly over the past decade. According to Canadian statistics, bilateral trade in services more than doubled in the last 10 years to reach US$2.2 billion in 2009.6 Chinese statistics indicate that bilateral trade in services more than doubled in the last five years and was estimated at US$5.4 billion in 2010.Travel services are China’s leading service imports from Canada, accounting for 33% of total imports of Canadian services in 2009.7 There is potential for further growth in this area since China’s granting of Approved Destination Status (ADS) to Canada in 2010. Canada welcomed 248,887 travellers from China in 2011, injecting nearly C$390 million into the Canadian economy. Industry experts have forecast that ADS could boost the yearly rate of travel to Canada from China by up to 50% by 2015. China also sources financial, engineering, communications and management services from Canada.Even though China is running a deficit in services trade, it has expanded its share of the global services market. Canada’s imports of Chinese services almost doubled over the 2004-2009 period. Transportation services represent half of Canada’s services imports from China, with commercial and engineering services also showing strong growth. Travel services account for a third of Canada’s imports of Chinese services. In 2010, Canadians made approximately 320,000 outbound trips to China.6 Latest year of data available from Statistics Canada.7 Only Canadian statistics were used for data on services trade by category, as Chinese statistics were unavailable.3.4.3 TWO-WAY INVESTMENTInvestment is a key area of the economic relationship between Canada and China. The bilateral investment relationship started in the early 1980s and has been strengthening steadily ever since. While two-way investment has experienced rapid growth in recent years, it remains modest compared to the level of investment each country receives from the rest of the world. This suggests there remains great potential for expansion. Chinese direct investment in Canada has recorded notable growth over the past decade. China represents an important source of capital that can complement other sources of funds for the development of infrastructure projects and new technologies. According to Canadian statistics, the stock of FDI into Canada from China reached approximately US$10.7 billion at the end of 2011, representing a 36-fold increase in the last 10 years. Chinese firms are actively investing abroad and have expressed a strong interest in investing in Canada. Sectors of interest include primarily natural resources, but also renewable energy, information and communication technologies, food processing, pharmaceuticals and natural medicine, and advanced manufacturing. In 2010, Canada was the eighth most important destination for Chinese direct investment abroad. Chinese investment in Canada also supports China’s industrial policy to climb the value chain, facilitating hands-on training in new technologies, ways of doing business and innovation partnerships. Canada is interested in seeking a greater percentage of Chinese investments in key sectors beyond natural resources.According to Chinese statistics, over 12,110 direct investment projects made up the stock of Canadian FDI in China, which was valued at approximately US$8.3 billion in 2011.8Both countries have adopted recent initiatives in an effort to further facilitate two-way investment flows. The most significant of these initiatives was the conclusion of substantive negotiations of the Canada-China FIPA in 2012. The FIPA will ensure greater protection to foreign investors against discriminatory and arbitrary practices and enhance the predictability of investment policy. The FIPA will preserve the right of both Canada and China to regulate in the public interest. In addition to the FIPA, the China Banking Regulatory Commission recently designated Canada as a destination for Chinese wealth management under China’s Qualified Canadian investment in China covers a broad range of sectors, including transportation, biotechnology, education, finance, information technology, manufacturing and natural resources. As China’s economic importance continues to grow, it will remain a priority market for Canada. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Inward FDI Potential Index consistently ranks China as having a high potential for future direct investment.8 Statistics Canada estimates the stock of Canadian FDI in China to be valued at US$4.4 billion.。