光谱线展宽的物理机制

光谱线展宽的物理机制

摘要

本文首先介绍了原子光谱的形成和原子谱线的轮廓，以及用来定量描述谱线轮廓的三个物理量——谱线强度、中心频率和谱线半高宽。

接下来对光谱线展宽的各种物理机制作了定性或定量地分析。详细地推导了谱线的自然展宽、多普勒展宽（高斯展宽）和洛伦兹展宽的半高宽公式。并推导出了佛克脱半高宽、多普勒半高宽和洛伦兹半高宽之间的关系式。给出了赫鲁兹马克展宽（共振展宽）的半高宽公式。定性地分析了谱线的自吸展宽。以类氢离子为例说明了同位素效应引起的同位素展宽。定性地分析了原子的核自旋对谱线宽度的影响。说明了在有外电场或内部不均匀强电场存在的情况下谱线会产生斯塔克变宽，在有外磁场存在的情况下谱线会产生塞曼变宽。

最后对光谱线展宽的各种物理机制做了一个简单的总结，指出光谱线展宽的实质是光的频率发生了变化，各种新频率光的叠加导致了光谱线的展宽。并说明了对光谱线展宽的物理机制的研究，在提高光的单色性和物理量测量等方面具有重要的意义。

关键词：谱线展宽；物理机制；谱线轮廓；半高宽

THE PHYSICAL MECHANISM OF SPECTRAL LINE

BROADENING

ABSTRACT

Firstly, we introduce the formation of atomic spectrum and the outline of atomic spectral line in this paper, as well as three physical quantities—intensity of spectral line, center frequency and half width of spectral line profile which are used to describe spectral line profile quantitatively.

Next we analyze various physical mechanism of spectral line broadening qualitatively or quantitatively. The natural half width of spectral line, half width of Doppler spectral line profile (Gaussian spectral line profile) and half width of Lorentz spectral line profile are derived detailedly. And the relationship of half width of Voigt spectral line profile, half width of Doppler spectral line profile and half width of Lorentz spectral line profile is also derived detailedly. We introduce Holtsmark broadening (resonance broadening) and give half width of Holtsmark spectral line profile. It is introduced qualitatively how the Self-absorption broadening affects spectral line profile. Taking Hydrogenic ions for an example, we explain isotope broadening caused by Isotope effect. Spectral line broadening caused by nuclear spin is analyzed qualitatively. Stark effect can cause Stark broadening when there is external electric field or internal non-uniform strong electric field, and Zeeman effect can cause Zeeman broadening when there is external magnetic field.

Finally, we make a summary on the physilcal mechanism of spectral line broadening, pointing out spectral line broadening is essentially a change in the frequency of spectral lines, and superposition of various spectral lines having a new frequency component leads to spectral line broadening. The study on the physilcal mechanism of spectral line broadening has very important significance in many aspects, for example, the improving of spectral line's monochromaticity,

the measurement of physical quantities and so on.

KEY WORDS: spectral line broadening; physical mechanism; spectral Line profile; half width

前言 (1)

第一章原子谱线的轮廓 (2)

§1.1 原子发光机理和光谱线的形成 (2)

§1.2 原子谱线的轮廓 (2)

第二章光谱线展宽的各种物理机制 (4)

§2.1 自然宽度 (4)

§2.2 多普勒展宽 (5)

§2.3 洛伦兹展宽 (7)

§2.4 赫鲁兹马克展宽 (9)

§2.5 自吸展宽 (9)

§2.6 佛克脱谱线宽度 (10)

§2.7 谱线的超精细结构 (12)

§2.7.1 同位素效应 (12)

§2.7.2 原子的核自旋 (13)

§2.8 场致变宽 (14)

§2.8.1 斯塔克变宽 (14)

§2.8.2 塞曼变宽 (15)

总结 (17)

参考文献 (18)

致谢 (20)