耶鲁大学心理学导论笔记__讲师：Paul_Bloom
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕12
我们今天要做的是So what we're doing today继续情感这一主题is continuing on the theme of emotions.情感这课分两次讲"Emotions" Is a two-part lecture我们会继续一些话题and we're continuing along certain themes.首先我想先回答一个问题I want to begin by responding to a question这是上节课提出的关于微笑which was raised in the last class concerning smiling和非人灵长类动物and nonhuman primates.这个问题非常好It was a very good question.问题是The issue was:我们知道人类有不同种类的微笑we know that humans have different sorts of smiles传递不同种类的信息to convey different sorts of information.问题是非人灵长类动物The question was, "Do nonhuman primates,像黑猩猩和长臂猿like chimpanzees or gorillas or gibbons,也像人类一样有这么多种微笑吗have the same many sorts of smiles?"我联系了世界第一的微笑研究专家So, I contacted the world's expert on smiling,他没回我邮件who did not return my e-mails.于是我联系了世界第二微笑研究专家So, I contacted the second world's expert on smiling这位专家告诉我答案是否who told me that the answer is "No,"非人灵长类动物的微笑that primate--nonhuman primate smiles其实基本全都是用来安抚及缓和情绪的actually correspond almost entirely to appeasement smiles.像是别伤害我的微笑They're "Don't hurt me" Smiles.还有像人类一样害羞地微笑They're equivalent to the "Coy smile" that we saw on humans.但非人灵长类动物不会用微笑打招呼But that nonhuman primates do not use smiles for greetings;它们没有像问候式微笑或空姐式微笑there's no equivalent to the "Greeting smile" Or "Pan Am smile";也不把微笑当作是对幸福的真情流露nor do they use them as genuine expressions of happiness. 也没有杜乡式微笑[完全真实的微笑]There's no equivalent to the "Duchenne smile."这就是我目前所知道的That's as far as I know.如果世界第一那位专家给我回复了If the world's expert gets back to me若不同的内容我会告诉你们的and says something different, I'll keep you posted.还有件事Another thing.回到情感的开课主题Going back to the beginning theme of the class,回顾一下当时讲的内容what we started--just to review,我们讲了感情的不同功能we talked about the different functions of emotions.然后是微笑和面部表情And then we talked about smiling and facial expressions.然后讲了And then we turned to some--恐惧这一非社会性情感to a nonsocial emotion, the case of fear.又讲了社会性情感And then we shifted to social emotions.然后我们讲了对亲属的社会性情感And we talked about social emotions towards kin和使这种情感发生进化的and the special evolutionary reasons特殊原因that would lead them to evolve.快下课的时候And as we were ending,我们讲了动物和we were talking about the relationship它们的子女之间的关系between an animal and its children,重点讲了人类鸟类哺乳类动物particularly in cases like humans and birds and mammals与他们子女的关系尤为亲近where there tends to be a close relationship with our children.我们注重子女质量而非数量We invest in quality, not quantity.我可能一辈子生不了几个孩子I might produce very few children in my life.而进化的作用使得我对他们非常关注And my evolutionary trick then is to focus very intently on them确保他们都能存活and make sure they survive.如果我生了一百个孩子If I were to produce 100 children,那失去几个我也能受得了I could stand to lose a few,但如果我一辈子就生了五个或两个或一个but if I just produce five in my lifetime or two or one,对我而言他们就十分珍贵了they become very precious to me.因此在像人类这样的物种进化过程中And so, the story of the evolution of a species like us包含着父母和孩子之间形成的长期依赖和involves a long period of dependence and deep, deep bonds很深很深的情感纽带between the parent and the child.这是我所讲的父母是如何对待孩子的And that's part of what I talked about,其中的一部分内容how parents respond to children.我想在这堂课的开头放部有关父母如何And I want to begin this class by giving an illustration 对待子女的纪录片并以此为例from a documentary about parental response to children,但我想用非人类物种but I want to give it in a species that's not us.原因为何我将会用类比来解释And here is why. I'll explain why with an analogy.我有一个研究宗教心理学的朋友I have a friend of mine who studies the psychology of religion. 他研究人们信仰宗教的原因He studies why people hold religious beliefs.他告诉我当他跟一个非专业人士And he tells me that when he's talking to a non specialist,一个不是该领域的人说话时somebody not in the field,他从来不会说he doesn't ever tell them,为什么人类相信圣经里的话"Yeah, I'm really interested in why people believe in the Bible为什么人们在安息日点蜡烛or why people light the candles on Sabbath人们为何去教堂我对这些特别感兴趣or why people go to church"因为周围的人都信仰宗教because these are religions that people around here hold,如果你告诉他们你在研究这些问题and if you tell people you study them他们就会有点儿诧异they'll sort of be puzzled,为什么你会研究这些"Why would you want to study something like that"或者感觉遭到了冒犯Or offended.如果你想跟这样的听众If you want to talk about the psychology of religion讨论宗教心理学to an audience like this,那你应该以异域风情为话题what you do is you start with the exotic.给他们讲讲那些把黄油So, you start by talking about people放在头上的人who put butter on their heads.丹·斯珀伯谈到这样一种文明Dan Sperber talks about a culture那儿的人夏天把黄油放在头上where the men put butter on their heads in the summer.黄油就会融化And it kind of melts这是他们的风俗之一and that's part of--one of the things that they do或者你说有一种文明or--you talk about a culture他们相信鬼神相信树能说话that believes in spirits or that trees can talk.你说你在研究这个他们就会说You say you're studying it and they say,真有趣"Oh, that's interesting.我想知道他们为什么会相信那些I wonder why they believe that?"你用这种方法能看到And you use that as a way to look at more general facts我们文明中一些更加普遍的事实that exist even in our culture.用我们不熟悉的异域文化You use the fact that we don't take the exotic for granted促进我们熟悉的as a way to motivate the scientific study科学研究of things we do take for granted.这点当然更加普遍And this is, of course, true more generally.这是威廉·詹姆斯一段话中的观点This was the point in the William James quote他说有些事对人类而言很自然when he talked about things that are natural to us and noticed并注意到有些奇怪的事情that some very odd things对其它物种而言也很自然are equally natural to other species.我认为的确如此尤其是And it's true, I think, in particular当我们谈到when we talk about things比如说我们对自己孩子的爱时like the love we have for our children.一种科学看待So, one way to look at the love we have我们爱孩子的方式for our children scientifically,就是不感性地直接看待isn't to look at it head-on,因为我们对孩子的爱是神圣的because the love we feel towards our own children feels sacred, 我们觉得这种爱是独有的it feels special,但其他物种呢but look at it in other species.对舐犊之情最好的例证之一And so, one of the nicest illustrations of this就是帝企鹅is the Emperor penguin,有人将帝企鹅对子女的爱护which was--which--whose和交配拍成了一部childcare and mating practices were dramatized精彩的电影帝企鹅日记in a wonderful movie called "March of the Penguins."非常有趣And this is interesting因为它们生育照顾子女的方式because they had this incredibly elaborate异常精细复杂and quite precarious system of generating并且还非常危险and taking care of offspring.我想给你们看一小段电影So, I want to show you a brief clip of the movie看看其中一些部分to illustrate some parts of this.它们在开始所做的What they do at the beginning,生育子女的准备which is not--which leads up to this,就是从水中进行长途的艰苦跋涉is they take a very long trek from the water去它们的繁殖地to their breeding grounds.它们的繁殖地是一个不受风雨侵害的地方Their breeding grounds is--are protected from the wind它们在一快很厚的冰上and they're on a firm piece of ice这样它们就能完成整个生育过程了so they could hold the whole pack.它们在那里繁殖They do the breeding there在那里孕育了帝企鹅蛋and it's there that the eggs are created.电影就是从这儿开始的So, this is where the movie begins at this point.帝企鹅日记是"March of the Penguins" Was the second best--有史以来第二受欢迎的纪录片second most popular documentary of all time,仅次于华氏九一一beaten only by "Fahrenheit 9/11."人们对该片反映不一And people responded to it in different ways,值得注意的是当我们想到普遍的爱时which are informative when we think about the generalizations就能从动物行为联想到人类行为you could make from animal behavior to human behavior.一些保守的评论家把这视为Some conservative commentators saw this对家庭价值的颂扬as a celebration of family values,如爱信任一夫一妻制such as love and trust and monogamy.一些厌恶一切美好真实事物的自由主义者Some liberals, who hate everything that's good and true,回应道responded by saying,对它们是在一个交配季节一夫一妻"Well, yeah, they're monogamous for one breeding season. 这只是一年It's a year.第二年它们就分道扬镳另找配偶Then they go and find another mate.如果把这些年份加起来那相当淫荡If you add it up, it's pretty slutty."我想这更多说明了I think more to the point,这些动物表现出来的people were impressed and stunned by the rich丰富清晰并且系统化的行为and articulate and systematic behavior令人们印象深刻叹为观止that these animals were showing.显然它们的这些行为并不是从电视Plainly, they didn't pick it up from television,电影文化学习movies, culture, learning,学校等地方学到的schooling, and so on.从某种程度来说To some extent,这种复杂的行为是天生的this sort of complicated behavior came natural to them.那么就可以理解为什么智力设计论And it's understandable或是神造论的支持者that some proponents of intelligent design,将此视为上帝造物的例证or creationism, pointed to this as an example上帝创造了这些非常细致无比精巧的生命of how God creates things that are deeply, richly intricate影响了不同动物的生存so as to perpetrate the survival of different animals.从达尔文主义者的立场来说From a Darwinian standpoint,他们同意神造论者的这个观点the Darwinian would agree with the creationist这些精巧生命的形成并非偶然that this couldn't have happened by accident,这简直太复杂了但他们会认为这是this is just far too complicated, but would appeal to the--生物学适应性的非凡典范to this as an exquisite example of a biological adaptation,尤其是这一生物适应性in particular a biological adaptation即父母关怀子女是因为regarding parental care to children shaped by the fact子女继承了父母的基因that children share the parents' genes因此父母就会逐渐以各种方式and so parents will evolve in ways使其子女生存下来that perpetrate the survival of their children.还有其他研究方向Then there's the other direction,关于孩子如何对待父母which is how children respond to parents,年幼的孩子怎样以不同方式how the young ones are wired up to resonate响应周围的成年者与他们产生共鸣and respond in different ways to the adults around them.对此我们简单讲了一些理论And we quickly talked about some different theories of this.回顾一下上节课我们讲的内容And I'll just review what we talked about last class.婴儿会对与他最亲近的人产生依恋Babies will develop an attachment to whoever is closest.他们通常更喜欢他们的妈妈They'll usually prefer their mothers因为妈妈一般是because their mothers are typically他们最亲近的人those who are closest to them.他们喜欢她的声音They'll prefer her voice,她的面容她的微笑her face, her smell.人们常常认为It used to be thought当婴儿出生时会有某种that there is some sort of magical moment of imprinting神奇的铭记时刻that when the baby is born,婴儿必须看到他们的妈妈嘭的一下the baby must see his or her mother and "Boom,"母婴之间的联系就生成了a connection is made.如果婴儿没有这么做If the baby doesn't,以后这种依恋关系就会产生很严重的问题terrible things will happen with attachment later on. 这种说法很傻This is silly.那些什么特别时刻是没有道理的There is no reason to believe there's some special moment什么特别五分钟或是特别一小时or special five minutes or special hour.只是在适当的时间It's just in the fullness of time婴儿会对于他们babies will develop an attachment最亲近的人产生依恋to the animal that's closest to it.他们会以暗示的方式They will recognize it as, at an implicit level,下意识地将那个人视作他们的亲属at an unconscious level, as their kin.那么这是怎样形成的呢Well, how does this work?婴儿的大脑是怎样形成How does the baby's brain develop--一种对那个生物的情感依赖呢come to develop an emotional attachment to that creature?你们记得斯金纳[行为主义心理学家]Well, you remember from Skinner他的操作性条件理论会作出很好的解答that operant conditioning could provide a good answer to this.这被称为碗柜理论And this is known as the "Cupboard Theory,"婴儿爱他们的妈妈因为妈妈给予他们食物which is babies love their moms because their moms provide food.这就是规律效应操作性条件的作用It's the law of effect. It's operant conditioning.他们接近他们的妈妈They will approach their mothers从她们那里得到食物to get the food from them.而后他们会对母亲产生依恋And they will develop an attachment因为妈妈提供食物because their mother provides food.这与鲍尔贝那更具本土主义者风格And this is contrasted with a more nativist,在心理上更根深蒂固的理论截然相反hard-wired theory developed by Bowlby鲍尔贝称有两件事相关which claims that there's two things going on.对婴儿来说妈妈安慰他与他进行There is a draw to mom for comfort社会互动但他也对陌生人心存恐惧and social interaction and afraid of strangers.在现实世界中Now, in the real world,很难将这两种情况分开it's difficult to pull apart these two means of attraction因为给予你安慰的那个女人because the very same woman who's giving you comfort同样为你提供母乳and social interaction is also the one giving you milk.但是在实验中就能将两者进行区分了But in the laboratory you can pull them apart.这正是亨利·哈洛在你们And that's what Henry Harlow did上周看的那部电影里所做的in the movies you saw last week.哈洛揭示了灵长类动物的两种不同的妈妈So, Harlow exposed primates to two different mothers.一种是铁丝代母斯金纳理论的妈妈One is a wire mother. That's a Skinnerian mother.给予食物的妈妈That's a mother who gave food.另一种是绒布代母The other is a cloth mother手感很好这样抱上去很舒服set-up so that she'd be comfortable并且给予婴儿温暖和拥抱and give warmth and cuddling.问题是婴儿喜欢哪个妈妈And the question is, "Which one do babies go for?"你能从电影中回忆起来的话And as you can remember from the movies,结果是很明确的the results are fairly decisive.婴儿去铁丝代母那里要食物Babies go to the wire mother to eat--正如其中一位研究员所言as one of the characters said,你要活着就得吃饭"You've got to eat to live."但是他们发现他们更爱绒布代母But they viewed the--they loved the cloth mother.他们对给予温暖和拥抱的代母产生依恋They developed an attachment to the warm, cuddly mother.当他们遇到威胁时她就是他们的依靠That's the one they used as a base when they were threatened.当他们开始探索世界时That's the one they used as a base她就是他们的港湾from which to explore.好的那实际上Okay. And that actually--那是我有张照片Oh, that's just--I have a picture.我马上就会讲到And that actually takes me to the--还有一件事Oh, except for one thing,我马上就要讲完it almost takes me to the end我们对亲人的感情问题of the question of our emotions towards kin.你们可能会问一个问题One question you could ask is,如果什么交流也没有怎么办"What if there's no contact at all?"你可以想象Now, you could imagine the effects of很多人对这个问题的答案感兴趣how--A lot of people are interested in the question孩子早期与周围的成年人的关系of the effects of the child's early relationship会如何影响孩子的未来to adults around him or her in how the child turns out later.这与很多社会讨论This becomes hugely relevant如日托关系巨大for social debates like daycare.比如很多心理学家So for instance, a lot of psychologists非常关心一个问题are interested in the question,孩子被父母通常是母亲"Is it better for a child to be raised by a parent,养大是否更好usually a mother,把孩子送到托儿所是否会造成什么差别or does it make a difference if the child goes to daycare?如果孩子六个月就被送到托儿所会怎样What if the child goes to daycare at six months?如果孩子岁两再送到托儿所会怎样What if the child goes to daycare at two years?这会如何影响孩子How does this affect the child?"简单的答案是没人知道The short answer is, nobody really knows.针对是否会有微妙差异的讨论There's a lot of debate over whether or not一直存在并且争议巨大there are subtle differences and it's deeply controversial.但是我们能确定的是差异并不大But we do know that it doesn't make a big difference.我们知道如果你被妈妈养大We do know that if you got raised by mom,或者妈妈和爸爸或者只有爸爸or perhaps mom and dad, or maybe just dad直到你去上学而我all through your life until going off for school and I--父母在我三个月的时候就把我送到托儿所my parents threw me in a daycare at age three months--这不会使我们存在巨大的差异it's not going to make a big difference for us,也许会有细微的差异maybe a subtle difference但是并不能确定是哪方面的差异though it's not clear which way it would go.反正不会有很大区别But it won't make a big difference.但是如果完全没有联系呢But what if there's no contact at all?如果在某些可怕的情况下What if--What about terrible circumstances人们失去绒布代母where people get no cloth mother,没有任何人可依赖they get nobody for attachment?这当然存在于现实生活中This is a really--In the real world, of course,你不能拿这个做实验you can't do experiments on this.在人类的现实生活中And in the real world with humans,这只会在悲惨的情况下发生this only happens in tragic cases.但是这已经有人研究过But this has been studied.哈洛又是他So Harlow, again,他将猴子隔离raised monkeys in solitary confinement喂养在铁笼中so they were raised in steel cages只有一个铁丝代母with only a wire mother.换言之In other words,他们能够获得所需的营养they got all the nutrition they needed但是没有母亲抚育but they got no mothering.最后你会发现猴子们疯了It turned out that you kind of get monkey psychotics.他们孤僻不会玩耍甚至咬伤自己They're withdrawn. They don't play. They bite themselves.他们缺乏性能力They're incompetent sexually.缺乏社交能力They're incompetent socially.缺乏做母亲的能力They're incompetent maternally.在一个实验中一只隔离喂养的猴子In one case, one of these monkeys raised in solitary confinement被人工受精was artificially inseminated.她生下孩子后拿孩子的头撞地板When she had a child she banged its head on the floor最后将它咬死and then bit it to death.所以你需要这表明So, you need to be--you need--This shows--这残酷地证明This is kind of a stark demonstration that某些早期关系某些早期依赖some early connection,some early attachment对灵长类动物的生长十分重要is critical for the developing of a primate.显然你不会用人类做这样的实验Obviously, you don't do these experiments with people但是有现实情况but there are natural experiments,在某些严苛的孤儿院长大humans raised in harsh orphanages没有社会接触的人with little social contact,这些孩子换言之and these children--If the--In other words,他们仅能吃饱they get fed, barely,但是没人会抱起他们拥抱他们but nobody picks them up and cuddles them.这些孩子如果时间足够长These children, if this happens for long enough,他们的社会和情感发展会出现严重问题they end up with severe problems with social and emotional development.从情感观点说他们总是无法满足From an emotional point of view, they're often insatiable.他们非常需要拥抱和支持They really need cuddling and support否则他们就会很冷淡完全不关心or they're apathetic, they don't care at all.但是有些好消息Now, there's some sort of good news,如果能够早些给人们或者猴子一些改变which is if you get these people or these monkeys early enough就能转变这一不良发展的影响you can reverse the effects of this bad development.猴子治疗师做了些研究So, there's some research done with monkey therapists.他们所做的是选一个猴子So then, what they do is they take the monkey,把他养在铁笼中等猴子出来they raise it in a steel cage, the monkey comes out,他有些神经质the monkey is kind of psycho,然后他们将一个小猴子送进笼子and then they send in a younger monkey小猴子四处闲逛who is just goofing around,在笼子里上蹿下跳jumping all around the place and everything.小猴子跟着他们And experience with this younger monkey紧挨着他们这些与小猴子相处的经历who just follows them around and clings to them使他们逐渐改善leads to gradual improvement.使孤僻的猴子得到改善It makes the solitary monkey become better.这对人类可能有相似的效果There might be a similar effect with humans.有个故事是个真事不是实验So one story more about--of an anecdote than an experiment一群一岁半的孩子was a situation where at the age of one and a half,被从一个不给孩子任何交流的children were taken away from a really harsh orphanage严苛的孤儿院带出来where they had no contact送到一个收留精神失常妇女的收容所中and brought into a home for mentally retarded women 在这女人们给予他们很多交流和拥抱where these women gave them plenty of contact andcuddling结果我们知道and apparently, from what we know,使他们恢复正常brought them back to normal.关于我们对亲人And this is all I want to talk about,孩子和父母的感情问题about the emotions we feel towards our kin,我就说这些towards our children, and towards our parents.谁有问题或者想法Any questions or thoughts?请讲Yes.孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗Do children in orphanages comfort each other?这个问题很好Professor Paul Bloom: It's a good question.孤儿院的孩子互相安抚吗Do children in orphanages comfort each other?我不知道I don't know.可能不存在这样的条件The situation probably wouldn't be there--问题在于遭遇这种情况的The problem is children in orphanages孤儿院孩子who are in these terrible situations一般都是婴儿或者很小tend to be babies and very young他们可能不会被聚集到一起and they wouldn't be thrown together in situations有机会互相安抚where they could comfort each other.这是个很有意思的问题It's a really interesting question.如果在一种情形下孩子虽然What if it was a situation where children没有绒布代母were raised without a supportive cloth mother at all,不能抱起他们拥抱他们would not be able to pick them up and hold them,但是他们是否能够一起玩互相支持but they could play amongst themselves and support each other?我不知道这个问题的答案I don't know the answer to that.助教:可以Teaching Assistant: Yes.可以吗有依据吗Professor Paul Bloom: Yes? Is there evidence on that?助教:有Teaching Assistant: Yes, there is.有Professor Paul Bloom: Yes.答案是有依据The answer is there is evidence,众所周知as everybody knows,这种幼儿之间的that this sort of--amongst the young,互相支持可以帮助猴子和孩子support can actually help the monkey and the children.还有人有问题吗Somebody else had a question here?请讲Yes.中间情况会怎样What does that tell us about the middle ground,如果父母只给与很少的安抚if the parent is comforting just a little bit却不够多会怎样and then not that much好的问题是Professor Paul Bloom: Right. So this is--The question is,中间情况会怎样"What does that tell us about the middle ground?"前面说的是极端情况So this is an extreme case那中间情况会怎样but what do we know about the middle case?假设你的父母你不是被养在笼子里Say your parent--You're not raised in a cage,也不在罗马尼亚的孤儿院you're not in a Romanian orphanage,但是你的父母就是不怎么抱你but your parents just don't pick you up very much.他们不太爱你They don't love you very much.暂时没有充足证据证明There's no good evidence that这会对一个人产生任何影响that has any effect on a person.问题是几周以后我们会The problem is, and we're going to talk about this详细地讲这个问题in much more detail in a couple of weeks,确实有不太亲近的父母is it's true that parents who aren't affectionate孩子也不太近人have kids that aren't affectionate but it's not clear但是还不清楚这是由于遗传原因this is because of a genetic connection还是环境原因or an environmental connection.能确定的是在中间情况下The one thing we do know is that in the middle ground,影响不太明显effects tend not to be dramatic.除非在极端情况下So when you get away from extreme cases,否则影响很难观察effects are hard to see需要仔细的实验来梳理结论and require careful experimental research to tease out.我认为对很多对所有事情来说I think what it's safe to say for a lot--for everything可以确定的是除非是极端情况but the severe conditions否则我们不知道会有什么样的影响is we don't know what kind of effects there are.即使有影响也不会很大很明显But if there are effects they are not big and dramatic ones.好的Okay.动物的好感Animals' good feelings,动物对亲属的感情吸引animals' emotional attraction to their kin,从进化论观点看并不特别费解is not a huge puzzle from an evolutionary point of view.进化是由你的后代遗传和复制了Evolution is driven by forces that operate on the fact of多少你的基因所决定的how many genes get reproduced and replicated among your descendants. 所以不难理解为什么动物热衷于So, it makes sense that animals would be wired-up会照顾他们的孩子to care for their kids.也不难理解It would make sense that kids得以存活的孩子who are wired-up to survive会对他们的父母产生依赖would develop attachments to their parents.但是令人疑惑的是动物What's more of a puzzle though is that animals,包括人类including humans,与非亲属也有微妙复杂的关系seem to have exquisitely complicated relationships with non-kin. 确切地说动物对非亲属很好In particular, animals are nice to non-kin.你也会对完全没有关系的人很友善You are nice to people that you're not related to.这有很多例子There are a lot of examples of this.动物们互相照顾Animals groom one another.你会把虱子和虫子从你朋友的身上抓走You go, you pick off the lice and the bugs off your friend;他们也会帮你抓走they pick it off you.动物会发出危险警告They give warning cries.危险警告很多动物会发出危险警告So, warning cries--All sorts of animals give warning cries. 假设你是我不知道You are--I don't know.假设你是个小动物大的敌人来了You're a little animal and a big animal comes charging你会喊喂and you say, "Hey!"你会喊叫然后大家闻风而逃Oh. You may sort of cry and everybody runs away.这对你很危险And that's very risky for you但你还是会做but you do it anyway,为了保护跟你没关系的人often to protect people you aren't related to.动物们还会互相照顾孩子Often animals share childcare.如果从一个冷血的自然选择And from a cold-blooded, natural selection,保存自身基因的观点来看survival-of-the-gene point of view,你可以想象you would imagine that假如你将孩子交给我白天照顾if you lend me your kid for the day我会将他吃掉以获得营养I would eat him for the protein这不是我的基因and "It's not my genes这样对我的孩子有好处and actually it gives more for my kids."实际上并不是这样的That's not quite how it works though.动物们分享食物Animals share food.事实上那种动物In fact, that animal,及其丑陋的吸血蝙蝠就分享食物hugely ugly, the vampire bat, shares food.吸血蝙蝠会What happens is the vampire bat--吸血蝙蝠住在洞穴中飞出去觅食vampire bats live in caves and they fly out.经常会有一只蝙蝠收获丰厚And what they do is often a bat will strike it big.比如说她发现了一匹马咬了它She'll find a horse, for instance, bite the horse,吸取了大量的鲜血然后飞回来pump in tons of blood and then fly back.她不会自己全部留下And what it does is it doesn't keep it to itself.取而代之她飞遍整个洞穴Rather, it goes around the whole cave将血吐给所有的吸血蝙蝠and vomits blood into the mouth of all the other vampire bats这样所有蝙蝠都会受益so everybody benefits.难道这不好吗Isn't that nice?现在你会说Now, what you're tempted to say is,这很好所有蝙蝠都能受益"Well, that's really nice. Everybody benefits,"但是从进化论角度but this raises a puzzle这产生了一个问题from the evolutionary point of view.记住这样动物获益更多Remember, animals benefit more,在这种情形下and to this situation,动物们共同工作比单独工作获益更多animals benefit more by working together than by working alone.益处超过代价The benefits outweigh the costs.这被称作互惠利他主义This is known as "Reciprocal altruism"指我对你的行为meaning my behavior to you,我对你的帮助对你的利他主义my good behavior to you, my altruism for you,是建立在互惠的基础上is predicated on the idea of reciprocation,我也会受惠于你"I'll benefit from you."假设吸血蝙蝠比如说And you imagine how vampire bats, for instance,为什么这样合情合理why this makes sense.假设你是一只吸血蝙蝠This is--If you're a vampire bat,。
心理学导论笔记2
Introduction to PsychologyDr. Paul Bloom Lecture 2 Foundations: This is Your BrainNobel Prize winning biologist Francis Crick“The Astonishing Hypothesis” is summarized like this:You, your joys and your sorrows, your memories and your ambitions, your sense of personal identity and free will are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules.As Lewis Carroll’s Alice might have phrased it: “You’re nothing but a pack of neurons”.（你不过是一堆神经元罢了）Most people are dualists. Dualism is a very different doctrine. It’s a doctrine that can be found in every religion and in most philosophical systems throughout history.Plato（柏拉图）Philosopher Rene Descarts (勒奈.笛卡尔) explicitly asked a question “Are human merely physical machines, merely physical things?” And he answered “No”.He agreed that animals are machines, but people are different. There’s a duality of people. Like animals, we possess physical material bodies, but unlike animals, what we are is not physical. We’re immaterial souls that possess physical bodies. The claim is for humans at least, there are two separate things, there’s our material bodies and there’s our immaterial minds.Descarts made two arguments for dualism:One argument involved observations of a human action. Humans are not limited to reflexive action. Rather humans are capable of coordinated, creative, spontaneous things. We can use language, for instance. We can choose what we want to say, and machines can’t.The second argument is quite famous and this he came to use method of doubt.He started to ask a question, what can I be sure of ? And he said, well, I believe there’s a God, but honestly I can’t be sure there’s a God. I believed I lived in a rich country, but maybe I’ve been fooled”. He even said, I believe I have had friends and family but maybe I am being tricked. He even doubt that whether he has a body.But He concluded that he can’t doubt that he is himself thinking. There is something really different about having a body, there’s always uncertain, from having a mind. He used this to support that bodies and minds are separate.And so he concluded, I knew that I was a substance, the whole essence or nature of which is to think and that for its existence, there is no need of any place nor does it depend on any material thing. That is to say, the soul by which I am, what I am, is entirely distinct from body.I want to illustrate the common sense nature of this in a few ways:One thing is our dualism is enmeshed in our language, so we have a certain mode of talking about things that we own or things that are closed to us. We talk about owning our brains as if we’re somehow separate from them.Our dualism shows up in intuitions about personal identity. This means that common sense tells us that somebody can be the same person even if their body undergoes radical and profound changes.Franz Kafka:（卡夫卡）ᯛAs Gregor Samsa woke one morning from uneasy dreams, he found himself transformed in his bed into a gigantic insect.”Homer (荷马) described the fate of the companions of Odysseus（奥德赛）who were transformed by a witch into pigs.One analysis of multiple personality disorder is that you have many people inside a single body fighting it out for control.Common sense tells us you could have more than one person inside a single body.Most people believe that people can survive the destruction of their bodies. Now, cultures differ according to the fate of the soul. Some cultures have the body going to Heaven or descending to hell. Others have you occupying another body. Still, others have you occupying an amorphous spirit world. But what they share in the idea that what you are is separable from this physical thing you carry around and the physical thing that you carry around can be destroyed while you live on.As Crick pointed out the scientific consensus now is the dualism is wrong. There is no “you” separable or separate from your body. In particular, there is no “you” separable from your brain. To put in the way cognitive scientists and psychologists and neuroscientists like to put it, “the mind is what the brain does.” The mind reflects the working of the brain just like computation reflects the working of a computer.The reasons for supporting this view:One reason is dualism has always had its own problems. For one thing, it’s a profoundly unscientific doctrine. We want to know as curious people how children learn language, what we find attractive or unattractive, what’s the basis for mental illness. And dualism simply says, “It’s all nonphysical, it’s part of the ether” and hence fails to explain it. More specifically, dualists struggle to explain how a physical body connects to an immaterial soul. What’s the conduit?Now we know physical bodies can do complicated and interesting things, and this opens to a possibility that humans are physical things, in particular, that humans are brains.Finally, there is strong evidence that the brain is involved in mental life. What’s new is we can now in different ways see the direct effects of mental life.The scientific consensus is that all of mental life including consciousness and emotions and choice and morality are the products of brain activities.The brain is grey, when you take it out of the mind, it’s called grey matter.The neurons, the basic building blocks of the thought, combine to other mental structures and into different subparts of the brain and finally to the whole thing.So, one of the discoveries of psychology is that the basic unit of the brain appears to be the neuron. The neuron is a specific sort of the cell and the neuron has three major parts.There are the dendrites, these little tentacles here. And the dendrites get signals from other neurons, there signals can be either excitatory which is that they raise the likelihood the neuron will fire or inhibitory in that they lower the likelihood that the neuron will fire. And it fires along the axon. The axon is much longer than the dendrites. Surrounding the axon is the myelin sheath, which is actually just insulation. It helps the firing work quicker.Some facts about neurons:There are a lot of them, about one thousand billion of them and each neuron can be connected to around thousands, perhaps tens of thousand, other neurons.Neurons come in three flavors. There are sensory neurons, which take information from the world. So when you see me, for instance, there are neuronsfiring from you retina sending signals to your brain. There are motor neurons. If you decide to raise your hand, those are motor neurons telling the muscles what to do. And there are interneurons which connect the two. And basically, the interneurons do the thinking. They make the connection between the sensation and action. There are parts of the brain in which neurons can re-grow.One interesting thing about the neurons is a neuron is like a gun. It either fires or it doesn’t. It’s all or nothing. If you squeeze the trigger of a gun really hard and really fast, it doesn’t fire any faster or harder than if you just squeeze it gently. How could neurons be all or nothing when sensation is very graded? And the answer is although neurons are all or nothing, there are ways to code intensity. So one simple way to code intensity is the number of the neurons firing, the more neurons the more intense. Another way to increase intensity is the frequency of firing.Neurons are connected and they talk to one another. Neurons relate to one another chemically in a kind of interesting way. Between any neurons, between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another, there’s a tiny gap. The gap could be one ten-thousandth of a millimeter wide. This infinitesimal gap is known as a synapse. And what happens is when a neuron fires, an axon sends chemical shooting through the gap. These chemicals are known as neurotransmitters and they affected the dendrites.There are two sorts of ways you could fiddle with neurotransmitters and correspondingly two sorts of drugs. There are agonists. And what a agonist does is increases the effect of the neurotransmitters either by making more neurotransmitters or stopping the cleanup of the neurotransmitters or in some cases by faking a neurotransmitter, by mimicking its effects. Then there are antagonists that slow down the amount of neurotransmitters either because they destroy neurotransmitters or they make it hard to create more or in some cases they go to the dendrite of the neuron and they kind of put a paste over it so that the neurotransmitters can’t connect. And it’s through these clever ways that neurons can affect your mental life.For instance, there is a drug known as Curare, and Curare is an antagonist. It blocks motor neurons from affecting muscle fibers. What it does then is it paralyzesyou.Alcohol is inhibitory. It inhibits the inhibitory parts of your brain. If you take enough alcohol, it then goes down to inhibit the excitatory parts of your brain and then you fall on the floor and pass out.Amphetamines (安非他命) increase the amount of arousal, in particularly, they increase the amount of norepinephrine（肾上腺素），a neurotransmitter that’s responsible for just general arousal. Amphetamines include drugs like “speed” and “coke”.There are Prozac（百忧解）works on serotonin(血清素). And one problem is that “For depression” is that there’s too little a neurotransmitter known as serotonin. Prozac makes serotonin more prevalent and so in some extent might help alleviate depression.Parkinson’s disease is a disease involving destruction of motor control and loss of motor control, difficulty moving. And one factor in Parkinson’s is too little of neurotransmitter known as dopamine（多巴胺）。
耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录
耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录耶鲁大学开放课程《心理学导论》第一讲摘录Paul Bloom教授：欢迎来到《心理学导论》课堂。
我是Paul Bloom博士，这堂课的讲师。
本课程将对人类心理学进行全面的介绍，课程涉及内容广泛，包括大脑、儿童、语言、性、记忆、疯狂、作呕、种族歧视和爱，以及其他方面。
我们要讨论一些内容，例如，为什么会有男女差别？动物能否学会语言？是什么让我们作呕？为什么我们当中有些人暴饮暴食，如何纠正？为什么有人会发疯？为什么一些人会变得抑郁而其他人不会？《心理学导论》是讲什么的？与其他课程不同的是，一些人是带着特殊目的来学习这门课的。
或许你觉得你疯了，希望能减轻这种症状；或许你想了解怎样提高学习成绩，怎样改善性生活，怎样实现理想，或是怎样结交朋友以及影响他人【笑】。
这些原因都不无道理，除了改善性生活，这门课确实能帮到你不少。
学习科学心理学能增加你对与我们日常生活所发生的问题息息相关的现实世界的了解。
当遇到这些问题时，我会强调这些问题，并希望你们思考我接下来要讲的这些实验室里的研究工作对你的日常生活会产生多大影响，包括你如何学习，如何与人交往，你如何说服别人接受另一种观点，怎样的治疗对你最有效。
我认为你从这门课程学到的东西要远比你想象的有趣得多。
首先我们要介绍一个最重要的话题：我们。
人类的大脑是怎样工作的？我们怎样思考？是什么使我们成为现在这样的人？我们将从几方面来讲授这些内容。
心理学通常分为五个板块：1、神经科学，通过观察、了解大脑的反应来研究心理学。
2、发展心理学，这是我重点研究的领域，研究人们如何成长、发育和学习。
3、认知心理学，对这个术语一些同学可能不太熟悉，它通过计算机来进行研究，观察并分析人的行为，例如，理解语言、认知物体和做游戏之类。
4、社会心理学，研究人在群体中的行为、交往方式。
5、临床心理学，听到心理学一词时，或许人们第一个想到的就是临床心理学，这部分是研究心理健康和心理疾病的。
心理学导论~笔记
耶鲁大学心理学导论讲师名称:Paul Bloom职业:耶鲁大学心理学教授学位:加拿大麦基尔大学学士学位他多次发表文章在科学期刊Nature和Science以及流行杂志如《纽约时报》和《大西洋月刊》上面课程介绍你的梦应该如何解析？男人和女人在两性需求的性质和程度是否不同？猩猩能否学习手语？为什么我们不能胳肢自己？本课程试图回答这些以及其他诸如此类的问题，并提供了思想和行为科学的研究等全面的概述。
第一讲介绍本课程旨在让大家在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识，因此我们讨论的主题会非常之广泛，其中囊括了大脑、儿童、语言、性、记忆、狂躁、厌恶、歧视以及爱恋等等。
我们将会探讨的问题诸如，如何合理解释两性差异，动物究竟能否学习语言，我们作呕究竟因何而起，为何我们有些人会进食过量而我们又该如何阻止，为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂。
我们同样关注，你能否相信自己的儿时记忆以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中。
我们的教材是彼得·格雷的《心理学》第五版，我们的阅读书目是格雷·马库斯主编的《诺顿读本》。
这是一本非常经典的教材，当然读本也同样精彩。
这是一门大班课程。
如果你并不打算和周围人相互介绍的话，也就不会有什么人能够认识你了，也许你们有些人会选择这种做法。
当然这样做是完全可以的，但我还是建议你们与我们大家建立些联系，不论是和我还是和研究生助教。
科学的心理学研究，能让你们更多地了解与我们日常面对的真实问题有关的真实的世界。
我所要做的，就是向大家介绍在人文领域里，对最重要主题，也就是对我们人类的研究现状，人类大脑如何运作，我们如何思考，又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子，我们将从多个方面来理解这些问题。
所以，传统上，心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域：神经科学，通过观察大脑反应来研究心理；发展心理学，这是我的主要研究方向，研究人类是如何成长、发育以及学习的；认知心理学，也许是五个子领域里，对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域，它用计算机方法来研究心理，通常将心理比作计算机，并探究人类如何行动，如言语理解、物体辨认、游戏等等；还有社会心理学，主要研究人类的群体行为，如何与他人交流；最后就是临床心理学，这也许是当人们提到心理学时，最先想到的方面，它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病。
2019年耶鲁大学心理学导论-范文模板 (17页)
本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==耶鲁大学心理学导论篇一：耶鲁大学心理学导论笔记整理精华版耶鲁大学公开课心理学导论讲师：Paul Bloom目录1.Introduction导论2. Foundations: This is Your Brain 这是你的大脑3. Foundations: Freud 弗洛伊德4. Foundations: Skinner 斯金纳5. What Is It Like to Be a Baby: The Development of Thought 思维发展历程6. How Do We Communicate?: Language in the Brain, Mouth and the Hands 我们如何交流7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language (cont.); Vision and Memor当前意识8. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Vision and Memory (cont.) 意识的呈现9. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Love (Guest Lecture by Professor Peter Salovey) 进化和情感10. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Evolution and Rationality 进化情感理性11. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part I 进化情感理性①12. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part II进化情感理性②13. Why Are People Different?: Differences 人们为什么会有差异14. What Motivates Us: Sex 什么激发我们性15. A Person in the World of People: Morality 一个人在这个世界上道德16. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part I 一个人在这个世界上①17. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part II 一个人在这个世界上②18. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part I 精神病①19. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part II 精神病②20. The Good Life: Happiness 最好的生活—高兴第一节课 Introduction一、简介，目的，书目1. 目的本课程旨在让大家在宏观上对人类心智研究形成基本的认识, 科学了解与日常生活相关的真实世界2. 主题:非常广泛，其中囊括了大脑；儿童；语言；性；记忆；狂躁；厌恶；歧视以及爱恋等等..探讨的问题诸如，如何合理解释两性差异，动物究竟能否学习语言；我们作呕究竟因何而起，为何我们有些人会进食过量，而我们又该如何阻止，为何当人们融入团体时会变得疯狂；我们同样关注，你能否相信自己的儿时记忆，以及为何抑郁只存在于一部分人中；最主要的主题，也就是对我们人类的研究现状，人类大脑如何运作，我们如何思考，又是什么让我们变成了现在的样子3. 书目教材：彼得?格雷的《心理学》第五版阅读书目：格雷?马库斯《诺顿读本》二、心理学分支传统上心理学通常被分为以下五个子领域:1. 神经科学:通过观察大脑反应来研究心理；2. 发展心理学:研究人类是如何成长，发育以及学习的；3. 认知心理学:也许是五个子领域里对你们有些人来说最不熟悉的一个领域，它用计算机方法来研究心里，通常将心理比作计算机并探究人类如何行动；如语言理解，物体辨认，游戏等等；4. 社会心理学:主要研究人类的群体行为，如何与他人交流；5. 临床心理学:它主要研究心理健康和心理疾病；心理学学科充满了心理如何发展的问题，经济学和游戏理论如今已经成为了理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法，这些问题涉及哲学、计算机科学、人类学、文学、神学以及许多其他的科学领域；因此这门课程涉及到的方面将相当的广泛三、主题1. 大家对于他人、对于人类如何行动，都多少有些了解，发展心理学家们所关心的问题就是我们如何获得这些知识的，特别是这其中有多少是固有的、内在的、天生的、又有多少是文化的产物、语言的产物、或是教育的产物；发展心理学家们使用了许多巧妙的方运决定的呢，又在多大的程度上可能如果在你五岁的时候我见过你，那我可以描述出现在的你吗；3. 诗人威廉.华兹华斯写道‘三岁定终身’意思是你可以从孩子儿时的身影中看出他或她成人后的样子；我们会去探索并质疑此话的正确性，你的人格真会是这样的吗，你的兴趣也是这样吗，你的智力是这样的吗，与发展有关的另一个问题是什么让我们成为了如今的样子，我们在很多方面都有所不同，大家的口味不尽相同，他们的智商也不同，他们自信还是害羞，他们是否喜欢男人、女人，都喜欢还是都不喜欢；他们是否擅长于音乐，他们是政治上的自由派还是保守派；为什么我们会不同，对我们为什么不同的解释又是什么；再一次，这可以从基因和环境的角度加以理解，在多大程度上我们被我们的基因所决定，在多大程度上我们的个性被如何抚养所决定，在多大的程度上这些区别可以从相互作用的角度得到最佳的解释；4. 我们的父母塑造了我们的人格，这一点被一位英国诗人菲利普.拉金，很好地总结了，他写道‘他们害了你’你爸和你妈；他们不是故意的，但事实却如此，他们将他们身上的毛病传给了你，还有灌输了许多其他的毛病；这是很有争议的；关于父母在多大程度上起作用，在流行文化里是有很大争议的；另一个问题，是什么使一个人如此迷人，这可以在很多层面上问及，但一个简单的层面就是什么才是好看；道德在我们生活中是极为核心的，在大部分课中探讨的一个深入的问题，就是善与恶的问题。
心理学学习笔记(精选多篇)
心理学学习笔记(精选多篇)第一篇：心理学学习笔记这两天听了xx学院xx教授的《学校管理心理学》讲座，有一些自己的看法。
这里我很赞成他提出的做个正常生活的人、克服自己的情绪化倾向这个问题。
卞教授说，人生活在世界上，世事纷繁，扰人之至，作为生命的个体，很容易导致性格解体现象。
也就是说，你的性格解体为另外的一个很陌生的性格类型，甚至你自己都不认识的那种类型。
要解决这个问题，就是要克服性格中的情绪化。
他说，要克服情绪化，就要注意几个方面。
一是心理保健。
每个人要有自己的自我保健意识。
作为一个人，要知道被人接纳、认同是很高的境界，同时在这种境界中还要做到让别人觉得不是被服从的感觉，这是最高的境界。
我理解，就是要和别人愉快良性共处，被别人认同，但是不是为了达到让对方屈从于自己的目的，也就是每个人都要有平等待人的良好心态。
二是学会缓解压力。
卞教授说，每个人最好能规定每周或者每天的专门时间，是自己反思、发泄的时间，作为自己认知自己、调解自己的一种方式。
我也觉得，当一个人心情不快时，到野外走走，胡乱的唱唱歌，和大树、小草说说话，也都是能宣泄从而平静的好的方法。
缓解的宗旨就是先反思再调节。
三是建立运用社会支持系统。
他说，每个人都要行善，要有真心的朋友。
当遇到心理问题时，要有人来诉说和支持。
卞教授说，这个问题要重视，要说，不要不好意思说，把什么都闷在心里对人是很不好的。
记得昨天看到一个小文段，就是说一个人的真诚方面的。
四是学会休闲。
卞教授说，一个人在遇到困难和烦恼时，不要一味的去排除它，你可以换一种方式，可以去游玩、唱歌、钓鱼等，用这种方式去遗忘、淡化心里的烦闷。
五是科学用脑。
一个人不能无休止的用脑，大脑用多了，会造成心理的压迫和紧张感，这样对于人的心理影响就很大。
对于卞教授的说法，很多我是支持的。
作为一个人，在这滚滚的红尘中，很容易迷失、很容易消沉、很容易颓废，如果没有一个能够有效解除烦恼的方法，个体就很容易情绪化，很容易走极端路线，很容易把事情做到成为不可调和得事情。
耶鲁 –公开课 《心理学导论》笔记-13.人类的差异
耶鲁–公开课《心理学导论》笔记13.人类的差异∙人们如何不同，及人类差异的不同理论∙人们之间产生差异的原因人们如何不同？∙归根结底，人类所有差异源于两大因素：一是人格（intelligence？），二是智力；∙描述人格的一种方法：通过人和人在应对世界的风格中体现，尤其是与他人打交道的方式........我们在说人格的时候，实际上也在说其他的东西，我们在说一种稳定的特性，不受环境和时间左右。
我们如何科学的描述人格的差异？任何好的评估必须满足两个条件一个是可信度（reliability），这意味着没有评估错误...如何看待可信度？一个简单的方法：如果你在不同的时间测试同一个人，得出的结论是一样的，那么这个测试就是可信的。
也就是说，可信意味着不以时间为转移...有效性和可信度不同，有效性是指测试评估的是所期望评估的东西......生活中不乏有人格测试，你随处可以做，包括在网上测试........人格差异：“The big five” 理论即当我们描述对方时，我们会用一些形容词（我们可以使用成千上万的形容词），但是从根本上说，我们是从五大维度来描述的。
这意味着用一个心理学测试来评估某人时，人格方面的...如果是一个不错的测试，当我们和其他人交流时，这是我们感兴趣的五个方面。
∙神经性 ( N ) VS 情绪稳定性忧心忡忡还是心如止水？∙外倾性（E）VS 内倾性∙开放性（O） VS 封闭性∙宜人性（A）直率，友好或者讨厌，粗鲁，自私？∙有责任心（C）VS 不负责任细心，可靠或者粗心，不可靠？“Ocean”简称为，海洋。
每个因素的开头字母....这个理论被很多观察确认：你在责任心维度上处于什么位置？这和你对配偶的忠诚度相关；开放性，和你跳槽的可能性相关；外向的人，较多的直视人的眼睛，有更多性伴侣；你在五个维度中所处的位置，似乎能反映真实的世界。
智力差异我们如何定义智力？采访了很多专家，智力包括抽象思维能力，解决问题和获取知识的能力-----这是聪明的关键所在；一些人说到，记忆力、心理速度、语言能力、数学思维、心理速度、知识以及创新能力.....所有都是衡量智力的标准......我集中讨论课本中的有些观点：1. 斯皮尔曼：智力分为G 类和S 类，S 是指特定测试的能力，G 代表一种普遍性（General）的智力因素；2. 现代测试：适用于大人小孩的韦克斯勒智力测验——平均值：100约68%的人位于85-115之间，95%的人位于70和130之间。
耶鲁大学心理学导论笔记__讲师：Paul_Bloom
耶鲁大学开心理学导论笔记讲师：Paul Bloom1.Introduction 导论2. Foundations: This is Your Brain 这是你的大脑3. Foundations: Freud 弗洛伊德4. Foundations: Skinner 斯金纳5. What Is It Like to Be a Baby: The Development of Thought 思维发展历程6. How Do We Communicate?: Language in the Brain, Mouth and the Hands 我们如何交流7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language (cont.); Vision and Memor当前意识8. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Vision and Memory (cont.) 意识的呈现9. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Love (Guest Lecture by Professor Peter Salovey) 进化和情感10. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Evolution and Rationality 进化情感理性11. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part I 进化情感理性①12. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part II进化情感理性②13. Why Are People Different?: Differences 人们为什么会有差异14. What Motivates Us: Sex 什么激发我们性15. A Person in the World of People: Morality 一个人在这个世界上道德16. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part I 一个人在这个世界上①17. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part II 一个人在这个世界上②18. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part I 精神病①19. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part II 精神病②20. The Good Life: Happiness 最好的生活—高兴第一节课Introduction教材：彼得•格雷的《心理学》第五版阅读书目：格雷•马库斯《诺顿读本》心理学研究领域：1、神经科学2、发展心理学（研究人类如何成长、发育以及学习）3、认知心理学（用计算机方法研究心理学）4、社会心理学（研究人类的群体行为，如何与他人交流）5、临床心理学（心理健康、心理疾病）如今，经济学和博弈论已经成为理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法。
《心理学导论》笔记16.看法
耶鲁公开课-《心理学导论》笔记16. 社会心理学——我们对自我，他人，群体的看法（一）个体差异∙属于社会性的∙连接性问题，著名的六度分隔理论....为什么去耶鲁读大学是好事？①学到很多知识，但这个答案不实际；②你能交到有权势的朋友，接近了答案；③社会心理学家给出的答案，你能交到有权势的相识之人，通过耶鲁，你能认识一些人.......在生活的很多方面，相识的人很重要，关系很重要。
自我：1. 你认为大家一直都在注意你聚光灯效应：你认为大家一直都在注意你，其实没有，他们只是在注意他们自己。
透明效应：我们认为自己比实际中更容易看透，我们认为自己很容易被人看透，但其实不是的。
2. 我们自我感觉良好Lake Wobegon effect ：人们都过高的估计了自己，认为自己比一般人做得好，不管是学生、老师、爱人都一样，尤其是司机。
即人都会偏心的认为自己比一般人优秀。
2. 为自己的行为寻找理由我们对他人的看法：基本归因错误.....我们喜欢诚实，善良，聪明，有趣的人。
邻近性：我们倾向于喜欢离我们近的人，身体上空间上离我们近的人，经常和我们相处的人；∙相似性：我们喜欢和自己相似的人，朋友、夫妻间有很大的相似；这能预测到一段婚姻是否会成功。
∙吸引力：人们喜欢长得好看的人。
马太效应：好的事情会扎堆，如果你富有，你能接受更好的教育；如果你聪明，别人会更加喜欢你。
印象形成：1.第一印象非常重要，因为它制约了我们对后来信息的解读；2.第一印象形成的非常快。
问题1：当我们形成对别人的看法时，别人会有什么反应？问题2：是什么理由让我认为别人是聪明的，愚蠢的，同性恋的，异性恋的，紧张的，还是冷静的？他人对你的看法，会对你产生什么样的影响？Pygmalion 效应（皮革马利翁）：指的是如果我相信你有某种特点，就可能导致你表现的好像真的有这种特点一样，出自萧伯纳《茶花女》。
这表明，我们的期望能产生很大的影响。
关于期望：我们如何评价他人？刻板印象：积极作用，我们可以合理的正确的归纳世界；消极作用，它们并不总是准确。
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕09
耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕09篇一：中文心理学导论09耶鲁大学开放课程：心理学导论09进化、情感和理性：爱很高兴为大家介绍。
心理学导论课程的首位客座讲师。
彼得·萨洛维院长。
彼得是我的一位老朋友，老同事。
在座许多人，我想应该是在座所有人。
都知道他是耶鲁学院的院长。
在介绍中我想提一下。
关于他的另外两件事。
首先，无论是做院长之前，。
还是当了院长之后。
他一直是个活跃的科学家。
尤其是作为一位社会心理学家。
他积极地参与对健康心理学的研究。
以及对如何适当运用心理学方法。
来确定健康信息。
他还创立并发展了。
情商这一概念。
他对情商进行了大量研究。
其次，彼得一直以来都是耶鲁学院的。
一位活跃的非常知名的教师。
他曾讲授过耶鲁学院有史以来。
人数最多的课程。
一门关于法律中心理学的课程。
这门课打破了这里的所有记录。
他可以说是一位前无古人后无来者的。
具有传奇色彩的心理学导论老师。
说他是传奇人物是有一定道理的，。
今天就欢迎他来为我们讲述爱情。
非常感谢。
好了吗?。
好的，。
非常感谢，布罗姆教授。
很高兴今天能来这里给大家做讲座。
今天是情人节，我们的主题是"爱"。
我的主要研究领域是人类情感。
爱是一种情感，。
但我并不是针对个人进行研究。
至少不是在实验室里进行研究，。
不过聊起来很有意思。
这个主题也适用于理解。
许多社会心理学现象。
能来这里进行客座演讲也很棒。
自从当了院长，我很怀念的一件事。
就是讲授心理学一一零课程。
尽管我喜欢当院长。
但我真的很怀念讲授心理学导论课的日子。
怀念让人们接触到。
他们从未听过的观点时的那种感觉。
我估计这场讲座中要谈到的一些观点。
你们可能从未听说过，。
而由于种种原因，。
大家在今天的讲座中要注意几点。
今天我谈到的一些实验。
现在已经不能再进行了。
这些实验在伦理上被认为是不可接受的。
但在五六十年代及七十年代早期都有进行。
因为当时伦理标准不同，。
因此我们可以讲授那些实验。
但我无法让你们像。
当时那些大学生一样。
耶鲁大学心理学导论——爱情Love
Intimacy
• Intimacy is the feeling of closeness, of connectedness with someone, of bonding. Operationally, you could think of intimacy as you share secrets, you share information with this person that you don't share with anybody else.
Competence with blundering
• Yes, we're more attracted to Pratfall Effect 出丑效应 people who are competent than people who we think are incompetent. • But, Super Competent=Threatening, making us feel a bit diminished by comparison • So, what we really like — the competent individual who occasionally blunders. • the mediocre person who blunders, you now think is even more mediocreThe effect works both ways
Q&A
• Q: Is are any of these factors, particularly the big three, proximity, familiarity, and similarity — Do they affect the maintenance of relationships or just the initial attraction? • A: My guess is they affect both initial and maintenance over time but the literature mostly focuses on initial attraction, much richer data on that initial attraction and those initial stages of the relationship in part because it's a little hard to follow couples over time.
2024版耶鲁大学公开课《心理学导论》笔记
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遗忘规律及提高记忆方法
遗忘规律
德国心理学家艾宾浩斯研究发现，遗忘在学 习之后立即开始，而且遗忘的进程并不是均 匀的。最初遗忘很快，以后逐渐缓慢。
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提高记忆方法
包括反复复习、尝试回忆、多样化练习、合 理安排学习时间等。此外，还可以通过联想
记忆、形象记忆等技巧来提高记忆效果。
16
认知偏差与决策失误
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13
注意概念及影响因素
注意的定义
指心理活动对一定对象的指向和集中，是 伴随着感知觉、记忆、思维、想象等心理 过程的一种共同的心理特征。
VS
注意的影响因素
包括刺激物的强度、对比度、新颖性、运 动变化等物理特征，以及个体的需要、兴 趣、情感、经验和知识结构等主观因素。
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14
记忆类型与加工过程
记忆类型
记忆加工过程
根据信息保持时间的长短，可分为感觉记忆、 短时记忆和长时记忆。
包括编码、存储和提取三个阶段。编码是对 输入信息进行加工处理，使之转化为易于存 储和提取的形式；存储是将编码后的信息保 存在大脑中；提取则是将存储的信息从大脑 中取出来，以供使用。
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采取主动措施来解决问题或缓解 压力，如寻求帮助、制定计划、
调整心态等。
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接受与适应
当无法改变压力源时，接受现实 并适应环境，通过调整自己的态 度和行为来减轻压力。
寻求社会支持
与家人、朋友或专业人士交流， 分享自己的感受和压力，获得情 感支持和建议。
培养健康的生活方式
保持充足的睡眠、均衡的饮食和 适量的运动，有助于缓解身体和
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耶鲁大学公开课-心理学导论英文字幕-transcript01
Introduction to Psychology: Lecture 1 Transcript January 17, 2007 << backProfessor Paul Bloom: I'd like to welcome people to this course, Introduction to Psychology. My name is Dr. Paul Bloom. I'm professor of this course. And what this is going to be is a comprehensive introduction to the study of the human mind. So, we are going to cover a very, very wide range of topics including brains, children, language, sex, memory, madness, disgust, racism and love, and many others. We're going to talk about things like the proper explanation for differences between men and women; the question of whether animals can learn language; the puzzle of what grosses us out; the problem of why some of us eat too much and what we could do to stop; the question of why people go crazy in groups; research into whether you could trust your childhood memories; research into why some of us get depressed and others don't.The style of this is there'll be two lectures a week, as well as course readings. Now, to do well in the course, you have to attend both the lectures and do the readings. There will be some overlap. In some cases, the lectures will be quite linked to the readings. But there will be some parts of the readings that will not find their way into the lectures, and some lectures--some entire lectures that will not connect at all to the readings. So, to pursue this course properly you have to do both. What this means is that if you miss a class you need to get notes, and so you should get them from a friend or from the person sitting next to you. The slides are going to be made available online. So, one of the things you don't have to do is you don't have to write this down. You take notes any way you choose, but if you don't get anything on there it'll be available online. I'm going to post it in a format which will be black and white and easy to print out so you don't have to worry about this. But again, attending to the slides is not a substitute for attending class.There's a textbook, Peter Gray's Psychology,5th edition, and there's also a collection of short readings, The Norton Reader edited by Gary Marcus. It's an excellent textbook; it's an excellent collection, and you should get them both. They're available at Labyrinth bookstore on York Street or you get them online. I should note that last time I taught the course I used the Marcus Reader, and when Professor Marvin Chun taught his course last semester he used Peter Gray's 5th edition textbook. So, there may be a lot of used copies floating around. You should feel free to try to get one of those.The evaluation goes like this. There is a Midterm and there is a Final. The Final will not be held in the exam period, because I like to take long vacations. It will be held the last day of class. The exams will be multiple choice and short answer, fill in the blank, that sort of thing. Prior to the exams I will post previous exams online, so you have a feeling for how these exams work and so on. There will also be review sessions.Starting at the beginning of the third week of class 鈥�that is not next week but the week after 鈥� on each Monday I'm going to put up a briefquestion or set of questions, which you have to answer and your answers need to be sent to your teaching fellow. And you'll be given a teaching fellow, assigned one, by Friday. This is not meant to be difficult. It's not meant to be more than five, ten minutes of work, but the point of the question--15, 20 minutes of work, but the point of the question is to motivate people to keep up with the material and do the readings. These questions will be marked pass, fail. I expect most everybody could pass all of the questions but it's just to keep you on track and keep you going.There is a book review, a short book review, to be written towards near the end of the class. I'll give details about that later on in the semester. And there's also an experimental participation requirement, and next week I'll hand out a piece of paper describing the requirement. The point of the requirement is to give you all experience actually seeing what psychological research is about as well as to give us hundreds of subjects to do our experiments on.The issue sometimes comes up as to how to do well in the course. Here's how to do well. Attend all the classes. Keep up with the readings. Ideally, keep up with the readings before you come to class. And one thing I would strongly suggest is to form some sort of study groups, either formally or informally. Have people you could talk to when the--prior to the exams or--she's patting somebody next to her. I hope you know him. And in fact, what I'm going to do, not this class because it's shopping period. I don't know who's coming next class, or what but I'll set up a few minutes prior, at the beginning of the class, for people just to introduce themselves to the person next to them so they have some sort of resource in the class.Now, this is a large class, and if you don't do anything about it, it can be very anonymous. And some of you may choose to pursue it that way and that's totally fine. But what I would suggest you do is establish some contact with us, either with me or with any of the teaching fellows, and I'll introduce the teaching fellows sometime next week. You could talk to us at the beginning or at the end of class. Unless there are specialcircumstances, I always try to come at least ten minutes early, and I am willing to stay late to talk to people. You could come by during my office hours, which are on the syllabus, and you could send me e-mail and set up an appointment. I'm very willing to talk to students about intellectual ideas, about course problems and so on. And if you see me at some point just on campus, you could introduce yourself and I'd like to meet people from this class. So, again, I want to stress you have the option of staying anonymous in this class, but you also have the option of seeking out and making some sort of contact with us. Okay. That's the formal stuff of the course.What's this course about? Unlike a lot of other courses, some people come to Intro Psychology with some unusual motivations. Maybe you're crazy and hope to become less crazy [laugher]. Maybe you want to learn how to study better, improve your sex life, interpret your dreams, and win friends and influence people [laugher]. Those are not necessarily bad reasons to take this course and, with the exception of the sex part, this course might actually help you out with some of these things. The study of scientific psychology has a lot of insights of real world relevance to real problems that we face in our everyday lives. And I'm going to try--and when these issues come up--I'm going to try to stress them and make you try to think about the extent to which the laboratory research I'll be talking about can affect your everyday life: how you study, how you interact with people, how you might try to persuade somebody of something else, what sort of therapy works best for you. But the general goals of this course are actually I think even more interesting than that.What I want to do is provide a state of the art introduction to the most important topic that there is: us. How the human mind works, how we think, what makes us what we are. And we'll be approaching this from a range of directions. So, traditionally, psychology is often broken up into the following--into five sub-areas: Neuroscience, which is the study of the mind by looking at the brain; developmental, which is the area which I focus mostly on, which is trying to learn about how people develop and grow and learn; cognitive, which is the one term of the five that might be unfamiliar to some of you, but it refers to a sort of computational approach to studying the mind, often viewing the mind on analogy with a computer and looking at how people do things like understand language, recognize objects, play games, and so on. There is social, which is the study of how people act in groups, how people act with other people. And there is clinical, which is maybe the aspect of psychology that people think of immediately when they hear psychology, which is the study of mental health and mental illness. And we'll be covering all of those areas.We'll also be covering a set of related areas. I am convinced that you cannot study the mind solely by looking at the discipline of psychology. The discipline of psychology spills over to issues of how the mind has evolved. Economics and game theory are now essential tools for understanding human thought and human behavior--those issues connecting to philosophy, computer science, anthropology, literature, theology, and many, many other domains. So, this course will be wide ranging in that sense.At this point I've been speaking in generalities so I want to close this introductory class by giving five examples of the sorts of topics we'll be covering. And I'll start with the topic that we'll be covering nextweek on Monday 鈥� the brain. This is a brain. In fact, it's a specificperson's brain, and what's interesting about the brain is that little white mark there. It's her brain. It's Terri Schiavo's brain. You recognize her more from pictures like that. And what a case like this, where somebody is in a coma, is without consciousness as a result of damage to the brain, is a stark illustration of the physical nature of mental life. The physical basis for everything that we normally hold dear, like free will, consciousness, morality and emotions, and that's what we'll begin the course with, talking about how a physical thing can give rise to mental life.We'll talk a lot about children. This is actually a specific child. It's my son, Zachary, my younger son, dressed up as Spider-Man, but it is Halloween. No, it's not Halloween. Oh. Well, there's more to say about that [laughter]. I study child development for a living and I'm interested in several questions. So, one question is just the question of development. Everybody in this room can speak and understand English. Everybody in this room has some understanding of how the world works, how physical things behave. Everybody in this room has some understanding of other people, and how people behave. And the question that preoccupies developmental psychologists is how do we come to have this knowledge, and in particular, how much of it is hard-wired, built-in, innate. And how much of it is the product of culture, of language, of schooling? And developmental psychologists use many ingenious methods to try to pull these apart and try to figure out what are the basic components of human nature.There's also the question of continuity. To what extent is Zachary, at that age, going to be that way forever? To what extent is your fate sealed? To what extent could--if I were to meet you when you were five years old I could describe the way you are now? The poet William Wordsworth wrote, "The child is father to the man," and what this means is that you can see within every child the adult he or she will become. We will look and askthe question whether this is true. Is it true for your personality? Is it true for your interests? Is it true for your intelligence?Another question having to do with development is what makes us the way we are? We're different in a lot of ways. The people in this room differ according to their taste in food. They differ according to their IQs; whether they're aggressive or shy; whether they're attracted to males, females, both or neither; whether they are good at music; whether they are politically liberal or conservative. Why are we different? What's the explanation for why we're different? And again, this could be translated in terms of a question of genes and environment. To what extent are things the result of the genes we possess? To what extent are our individual natures the result of how we were raised? And to what extent are they best explained in terms of an interaction? One common theory, for instance, is that we are shaped by our parents. This was best summarized most famously by the British poet Philip Larkin who wrote,They mess you up, your mum and dad.They may not mean to but they do.They fill you with the faults they hadAnd add some extra just for you.Is he right? It's very controversial. You-- It's been a series of--a huge controversy in the popular culture to the extent of which parents matter and this is an issue which will preoccupy us for much of the course.A different question: What makes somebody attractive? And this can be asked at all sorts of levels but a simple level is what makes for a pretty face? So, these are, according to ratings, very attractive faces. They are not the faces of real people. What's on the screen are computer generated faces of a Caucasian male and a Caucasian female who don't exist in the real world. But through using this sort of computer generation, and then asking people what they think of this face, what they think of that face, scientists have come to some sense as to what really makes a face attractive, both within cultures and across cultures. And that's something which we're going to devote some time to when we talk about social behavior, and in particular, when we talk about sex. Not all attractiveness, not all beauty of course, is linked to sex. So, pandas for instance, like this panda, are notoriously cute, and I don't have anything to say about it really. It's just a cute picture [laughter].Morality is extremely central to our lives, and a deep question, which we will struggle with throughout most of the course, is the question of good and evil, evil and good. These three pictures exemplify differentsorts of evil. What you could call institutional evil by somebody behaving cruelly toward somebody else, perhaps not due to malice but because of the situation that she's in. It has picture of Osama bin Laden, a mass murderer or driven by political cause? And then there's this guy on the bottom. Anybody know who he is? Ted Bundy. Who got that? Film that man [laughter]. No. Ted Bundy, exactly, and that's before we get into the technical stuff like crazy-evil, and we're going to have to come to terms with why some people are like that. And again, the same situation comes up. Is it part of your nature to be good or bad or is it largely due to the situation that you fall in? And there's a lot of some quite spectacular experiments that try to tease that apart.If we're going to talk about evil, we should also talk about good. These are pictures of two notoriously good men, Oskar Schindler and Paul Rusesabagina, each who at different times in history saved the lives of many, many people at great risk to themselves. Schindler in the Holocaust,and then the other guy, in 鈥� and I can't pronounce his name 鈥�Rusesabagina, in Rwanda. And they both had real good movies made about them. But what's interesting with these cases is you couldn't have predicted ahead of time that they would be heroes. And one personal issue within any of us is what would we do in such situations?Finally, throughout this course we will discuss mental illness. Now, towards the end of the class I want to devote a full week to discussing major disorders like depression and anxiety, because of their profound social importance. Such disorders are reasonably common in college students. Many people in this room are currently suffering from a mood disorder, an anxiety disorder or both, and I won't ask for a show of hands but I know a lot of people in this room are on some form of medication for this disorder. And we'll discuss the current research and why people get these disorders and what's the best way to make them better.But I also have a weakness for the less common mental disorders that I think tell us something really interesting about mental life. So, when we talk about memory, for instance, we'll talk about disorders in memory, including some disorders that keep you from forming new memories as well as disorders of amnesia where you forget the past. And these are extraordinarily interesting for all sorts of reasons. Early in the course, in fact I think next week, we will discuss, no, later on in the course, in the middle of the semester, we will discuss an amazing case of Phineas Gage.Phineas Gage was a construction worker about 100 years ago. Due to an explosion, a metal pipe went through his head like so. Miraculously, hewas not killed. In fact, his friends--it went through his head,went--ended up 100 feet away, covered with brains and blood. And Phineas Gage sat down and went, "uh, oh." And then on the way to the hospital they stopped by a pub to have some cider. He was not blind, he was not deaf, he was not retarded, but something else happened to him. He lost his sense of right and wrong. He lost his control. He used to be a hard-working family man. After the accident he lost all of that. He couldn't hold a job. He couldn't stay faithful to his wife. He couldn't speak for five minutes without cursing. He got into fights. He got into brawls. He got drunk. He lost his control. He ended up on a circus sideshow traveling through the country with the big steel pipe that went through his head. And this is again an extraordinary example of how the brain can give rise to the mind, and how things that go wrong with the brain can affect you in a serious way.We'll discuss cases of multiple personality disorder, where people have more than one personality. And also, discuss the debate over whether such cases are true or not; whether they could be taken as a real phenomena or a made-up phenomena, which is--there is a matter of a lot of controversy. And then, we'll even discuss some rarer cases like Capgras syndrome.Capgras syndrome is typically 鈥� there's hundreds of cases, not many 鈥�hundreds of cases. It's typically the result of some sort of stroke,and what happens to you is very specific. You develop a particular delusion, like it's getting dark [lights dim in the room, laughter follows]. And the delusion is that the people you love the most have been replaced.They've been replaced by aliens or robots [lights go on] 鈥� thank you 鈥�by Martians, by CIA agents, by trained actors and actresses. But thepeople--But the idea is, the people you care for the most you believe are gone. And this could lead to tragic consequences.Capgras syndrome is associated with a very high level of violence. One man in Australia a couple of years ago was under the delusion that his father was replaced with a robot and cut off his head. A related disorder involving the very same parts of the brain is called Cotard's syndrome. And Cotard's syndrome is you believe that you're dead; you are persuaded that you're dead. You're walking around. You know you're walking around. And you know that there are people around, but you think that you're dead. And what's striking about these is--it's not--these are not just sort of big, screwy problems of messed up people. Rather, they'relocated--they're related at a pinpoint level to certain parts of yourbrain. And we're going to talk about the best modern theories as to why these syndromes occur.Now, the reason to be interested in them, again, is not because they're frequent. They aren't. And it's not because of some sort of gruesome, morbid curiosity. Rather, by looking at extreme cases, they can help us best understand normal life. Often by looking at extremes it throws into sharp contrast things we naturally take for granted. The issue of psychopathy, of people who, either due to brain damage or because they are born that way, have no moral understanding, can help us cope with questions of free will and responsibility; of the relationship or difference between mental illness and evil. Multiple personality cases force us to address the question of what is a self. To what extent are all of us composed of multiple people, and to what extent are we a single unified person over time? Cases like Capgras are important because they tell us about how we see the world. They tell us for instance that there is a difference between recognizing something in the sense that you could name it, and knowing what it is. And so, by studying these abnormal cases we could get some insight into regular life. So, that's the end of the illustration of the example topics. The syllabus lists many more.I'll end by telling you that there's a lot of stuff that we'll be talking about, that I want to talk about, that I am not expert in. And fortunately, there is a community at Yale of the best scholars and teachers on the planet. And so, it would be a shame for me not to use them to cover some of these issues. And so, I'm going to include four guest lecturers. The first one is Dr. Marvin Chun who teaches the Introduction to Psychology course in the fall and is my competition. And he's going to give an amazing lecture on cognitive neuroscience, especially the cognitive neuroscience of faces. Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema is the world's authority on depression, and in particular, on sex differences and depression, and she's going to talk about this towards the end of the course. Kelly Brownell is going to talk--is head of the Rudd Center, focuses on obesity, eating disorders, dieting, and he'll talk about the psychology of food. And finally, Dr. Peter Salovey, Dean of Yale College, is going to come to us on Valentine's Day and tell us everything he knows about the mysteries of love. All of these details are in the syllabus and I'll stick around and answer questions. Hope to see you next week.[end of transcript]back to top。
耶鲁大学心理学导论
知识创造未来
耶鲁大学心理学导论
耶鲁大学心理学导论课程是耶鲁大学的一门经典课程，由
耶鲁大学心理学系教授Paul Bloom主讲。
这门课程旨在介绍心理学的基本概念、研究方法和主要领域，帮助学生更
好地理解人类心理和行为。
在这门课程中，学生将学习到心理学的历史背景、研究方
法的应用、认知、感知、学习、记忆、发展心理学、社会
心理学等多个领域的基本概念和理论。
通过学习和讨论一
系列经典实验、研究和案例，学生将深入了解心理学所研
究的各种现象和理论。
此外，这门课程还将涉及一些实际应用领域，如心理健康、概率性判断和决策、积极心理学等。
通过这门课程，学生
将培养批判性思维、科学思维和分析问题的能力。
耶鲁大学心理学导论课程通常以授课和讨论的形式进行，
学生需要完成阅读材料、参与课堂讨论、完成作业和考试。
该课程通常是耶鲁大学的心理学专业的入门课程，也适合
对心理学感兴趣的非心理学专业学生学习。
1。
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耶鲁大学开心理学导论笔记讲师：Paul Bloom1.Introduction 导论2. Foundations: This is Your Brain 这是你的大脑3. Foundations: Freud 弗洛伊德4. Foundations: Skinner 斯金纳5. What Is It Like to Be a Baby: The Development of Thought 思维发展历程6. How Do We Communicate?: Language in the Brain, Mouth and the Hands 我们如何交流7. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Language (cont.); Vision and Memor当前意识8. Conscious of the Present; Conscious of the Past: Vision and Memory (cont.) 意识的呈现9. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Love (Guest Lecture by Professor Peter Salovey) 进化和情感10. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Evolution and Rationality 进化情感理性11. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part I 进化情感理性①12. Evolution, Emotion, and Reason: Emotions, Part II进化情感理性②13. Why Are People Different?: Differences 人们为什么会有差异14. What Motivates Us: Sex 什么激发我们性15. A Person in the World of People: Morality 一个人在这个世界上道德16. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part I 一个人在这个世界上①17. A Person in the World of People: Self and Other, Part II 一个人在这个世界上②18. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part I 精神病①19. What Happens When Things Go Wrong: Mental Illness, Part II 精神病②20. The Good Life: Happiness 最好的生活—高兴第一节课Introduction教材：彼得•格雷的《心理学》第五版阅读书目：格雷•马库斯《诺顿读本》心理学研究领域：1、神经科学2、发展心理学（研究人类如何成长、发育以及学习）3、认知心理学（用计算机方法研究心理学）4、社会心理学（研究人类的群体行为，如何与他人交流）5、临床心理学（心理健康、心理疾病）如今，经济学和博弈论已经成为理解人类思维和人类行为的重要方法。
心理学涉及的方面非常之广。
问题：1、人是如何发展的？哪些是先天的？哪些又是后天的？【发展心理学】2、是什么让我们变成现在这个样子？为什么每个人都不同？这些多大程度上是由基因决定的？又在多大程度上是被环境决定的？一个很好的例子便是父母对孩子的影响3、什么样的人是迷人的？怎样才算好看？【美】4、人性的善与恶【道德】5、心理疾病一百多年前，一个叫盖奇的建筑工人被一根钢管刺穿了脑袋，但奇迹是，他并没有死，他也没有失明、失聪或是失忆。
但是他完全变了一个人，他曾经是一个非常努力工作的好男人，但是现在他无法控制自己，他丢了工作，背叛妻子，不断骂人和打架。
（这是一个大脑如何影响心理的例证）卡普格拉综合症目前只有几百例它通常是由于某种打击而产生的。
每个人的症状差异也很大。
它表现为病人幻想自己亲爱的人被另外的人替换掉了。
并且通常与暴力并存。
一个澳大利亚男子就因为幻想他的父亲变成了机器人而将他父亲的头砍了下来。
科塔尔综合症表现为你认为自己已经死了。
这些症状都是因为大脑的某个特定部位受损而产生的对这些极端例子的研究并不是因为对病态心理的好奇，而是因为这样可以帮助我们研究正常的心理和各种问题，能使我们了解正常生活。
第二节课Foundations: This is Your Brain这一节课我们来讲一讲大脑见《心理学与我们》第二章神经科学与行为有人认为，我们的一切情感、道德、自由意志，最终来源于大脑神经元集合，我们只是一堆神经元集合而已。
但是大多数人并不接受这样的观点，他们持二元论，笛卡尔就是典型的二元论者。
他认为，一方面，人类和动物一样拥有生理基础，但人类与动物的不同点在于人类具有无形心灵。
总的来说，这个理论认为人的身体和心灵是分开的，二元的。
这种例子举不胜举，卡夫卡小说中主人公醒来后变成了甲虫，或是巫师将人封印在猪的身体里，都是二元论的例子。
但是，现在科学的共识认为，二元论是错误的，并不存在一个与身体相分离的“你”。
心理学家认为，心理是大脑活动的产物。
神经元：神经元是大脑的基本单位。
根据功能可以分为感觉神经元、运动神经元和中间神经元（负责联络传递）神经递质：神经元之间有一微小的缝隙，称为“神经递质”。
人类通过两种药物可以控制神经递质，兴奋剂和抑制剂酒精就是一种抑制剂。
或许你会奇怪，因为人喝了酒后会变得很兴奋。
事实上，酒精抑制的是大脑中的抑制神经。
这些神经控制你的行为，让你表现得像个绅士或者淑女，但是酒精使它们降低了效用。
但是如果你喝多了，酒精就会抑制大脑中的兴奋神经，那么，你就晕倒了。
“百忧解”（一种抗抑郁药物）可以增加“血清素”（神经传递素），这样就可以缓解抑郁症帕金森症会损害运动控制，引起帕金森症的原因之一是严重缺乏一种叫“多巴胺”的神经递质。
大脑的处理速度为什么这么快？因为大脑采用广泛分布的并行加工方式大脑组织大脑皮层是心理活动发生的地方，也是所有神奇的事情所发生的来源。
大脑皮层被分为几种不同的脑叶。
有额叶、顶叶、枕叶、颞（nie）叶。
大脑中存在对身体的定位图。
1、定位图具有地理特征，身体部位挨得近，相应大脑皮层部位也邻近2、身体部位的大小和皮层大小不一致，大小取决于感受器官的多少。
大脑两半球用右手的人的语言功能是定位在左半脑的，数学运算和音乐则定位于右半脑。
交叉：左视野将投射到右脑，而右视野则投射到左脑。
行为上也有交叉，右半脑控制左侧身体，左半脑控制右侧身体。
两半脑通过胼（pian）胝（zhi）体相连接1、为什么一堆灰色的恶心的肉球会产生那么多丰富的情感？虽然有心理学家和哲学家声称找到了答案，但还是持怀疑态度。
一台计算机在某些方面可以做到和人类一样，但是它们却没有情感。
2、心理活动的机械论观点。
我们研究人们如何作出决策，坠入爱河时会发生什么。
但是这却很难与人类的内在精神价值联系在一起。
很难解释为什么人们会去救一个落水的儿童。
面对这些矛盾，差不多有三种选择1、选择抛弃科学心理学，接受身心二元论2、接受科学心理学，抛弃人文观念，认为这一切都是前科学3、或者选择调和，将科学心理观和人文观念相契合第三节课 3. Foundations: Freud见《心理学与我们》P226 弗洛伊德的精神分析理论精神分析理论弗洛伊德行为主义理论斯金纳这两个理论之所以有名，是因为它们涉及的范围十分广，它们试图对世界上的一切作出解释本我：本能，人的天性，遵循“快乐原则”。
进食、睡眠、性婴儿自我：遵循“现实原则”，象征意识的起源。
它介于本我和超我之间，使之平衡超我：代表着道德本我和超我都是盲目的人格发展期：口唇期肛门期性器期潜伏期生殖期防御机制：升华投射合理化：父母打孩子退行弗洛伊德认为梦境具有象征性，可以反映出人的潜意识学生提问：弗洛伊德理论都是建立在小孩拥有父母的假设之上的，处于一定的家庭结构之中，然而那些没有父母的孩子，或是家庭不完整的孩子呢？【这个问题果然不错，看来你的提问能力还太低。
】老师回答：我认为这个问题弗洛伊德本人都很难回答，但我猜测精神分析理论的支持者会说那些小孩会经历心理创伤，所以不能完整地度过发展阶段学生提问：现代精神分析论者还认为女性没有超我吗？【看来耶鲁的学生知识面很广啊】老师回答：正如你所提到的，弗洛伊德提出过一个臭名昭著的论点，认为相比男性而言，女性在道德上是不成熟的。
我认为弗洛伊德会说女性有超我，但是比男性弱。
而现代精神分析论者的回答会是多元的。
学生提问：升华和转移一样吗？升华是否是转移的一种？老师回答：转移是我不能对你生气，只好迁怒于他人。
投射是否认自己的欲望，而认为他人有这样的欲望。
升华是放弃了具体对象，保存或通过其他方式释放精力。
学生提问：是否会有跨文化的差异？【这些问题都很厉害】老师回答：这是个很好的问题。
我们先放一下，之后会提到对弗洛伊德理论的评价：《记忆战争》是本好书，由弗雷德里克•克鲁斯所著，他是对弗洛伊德批评最有力和最激烈的人物之一。
对于一个理论的问题，主要有两方面：1、这个理论本身被证明是错误的2、这个理论概念模糊，以至于它难以被证明可证伪性：这是指科学可以对自然和社会作出强有力的预测，并且这种预测是可以被证伪的。
如果不能被证伪，那就算不上科学。
非科学假说最好的例子就是占星术。
占星术的问题并不在于它们是错的，它们连错误都算不上。
同样的，弗洛伊德理论的最大问题在于它无法得到验证。
举一个有趣的例子弗洛伊德对A说：“你憎恨你的妈妈”A说：“哇，你说得很对”弗洛伊德说：“我是正确的”弗洛伊德对B说：“你憎恨你妈妈”B说：“滚蛋，你这个疯子在胡说八道些什么”弗洛伊德说：“你刚才的反应正好命中你的要害，你将这种想法压抑在潜意识中。
我还是正确的。
”虽然弗洛伊德在心理学领域很著名，但是他的学说很难被分进某个心理学分支当中。
虽然很多人会研究弗洛伊德，但是很少人把自己当做精神分析论者。
但是，说了这么多弗洛伊德负面的东西，虽然他的大部分理论是遭到驳斥的，但我们必须承认，在大量的个案研究中，我们发现人的心理的确存在无意识。
阈（yu）下：下意识诺伯特•施瓦兹的试验：所有人被要求在脑中想自己所爱的人。
A组被要求列出爱人3个优点；B组被要求列出爱人10个优点。
最后问所有人，你有多爱ta？结果发现，A组的人更爱他们的爱人。
原因在于哪里？不在于B组不爱自己的爱人，而在于他们被要求想出10个优点，事实上很少人有那么多优点。
这样就会降低他们对爱人的好感度，而人们通常不会意识到改变他们想法的原因。