4月22日 讲义底稿 第二章名词及名词性结构

第二章名词性从句

★概念：主从复合句：

China is not what it used to be.

○1包含一个或一个以上的从句；

○2主句为句子的主体, 从句只用作句子的一个成分；

○3分类：

名词性从句：主、宾、表、同位语从句；

形容词形从句：定语从句；

副词性从句：状语从句；

知识精讲

一、名词（可以充当除谓语之外的任何成分）

名词的语法功能：主、宾、表、同位语；

必须是名词（及从句）的成分：主语、宾语、同位语；

This drawing leaves us a deep impression. (主语)

The early bird catches the worm. (宾语)

Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. (表语)

Li Ming, the most brilliant boy in the class, is admired by his classmates. (同位语)

二、名词性结构( nominal structures)

概念：指句法功能相当于名词的联合结构，包括动名词和不定式。

1. 动名词：动词+ing（时态和语态）

(具有名词性质及形容词性质)；

Seeing is believing.

a sleeping car/carriage 卧铺车厢

表示功能；

2. 不定式：to+动词原形(做一件事)

具备名词、形容词、副词性质；

To err is human; to forgive, divine.

分号表示and，并列;

省略句，省略了is;

human/divine 皆为形容词。

err；error 的词根

犯错为人，原谅为神；

人非圣贤，孰能无过;

心存宽恕，神之所致；

It is easy to be wise after the event.

It形式主语，真正主语为不定式.

事后诸葛亮;

吃一堑长一智;

马后炮;

三、名词性从句

在句子中，名词可充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语，其终极变化就是采用一个从句来承担相应的成分。

概念位置：

用一个句子来充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语的成分，称之为“相应”的从句。

2个功能：

陈述事实/观点，提出问题；

1：主语从句：

1）由从属连词（that，whether, if）引导。

○1 (1998 text5) That the plates are moving is now beyond dispute.

that 没有实际意思，引导主从、同从时不能省略。

○2That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities,

characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.

if anything: 即使有的话；

have something to do with 与…有关；

【真题练习】

○3That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering.

but: 用于两个并列成分，表示“不”。

nevertheless：然而

经验会影响接下来的行为, 这就是“记忆”这种显而易见却不引人注目的活动存在的证据.

○4(1994. 75) Whether the government should increase the

financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.

vice versa: adv. 反之亦然；

政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入, 还是减少对纯理论科学的经费投入增加对技术的经费投入来, 这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量.

(2) 由连接代词引导

who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, whatever

连接代词在从句中充当主语、宾语；

○5What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the world.

(3) 由连接副词引导

如：how, why, where, when

在从句中充当状语；

○6 What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.

然而，当时比较难以察觉的是一股新的积极力量, 在对抗着数字化分歧。

○7 How the manager to finish the job is of interest to us all.

Be +of + 抽象名词=be + 形容词

○8 Why he failed the English exam wasn’t clear.

P97 (1995.72) How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

(4) 用it作形式主语

○9 It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.

○10 But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warning seriously.

（5）两个从句共同做主语

P 97