现代英语词汇学概论1

Review
Word: a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning syntactic function
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary Questions: 1. How many stages does English vocabulary develop? 2. At each stage, there are how many origins English words come from?
现代英语词汇学概论
Lexicology
Chapter 1
A General Survey
1.0 The Definition of the term “word” 词的定义 1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary 英语词汇的发展史 1.2 Classification of English Words 词的分类
1.2
Classification of English Words
Three main criteria: by origin /词源 by level of usage /用法 by notion /概念
By origin: 1. native words 本族词 2. loan words 外来词
Slang/俚语: Language, words or phrases of a vigorous, colorful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary Not generally used in informal conversation unless the speakers are on intimate terms Embracing those daring and new expression that have not been accepted as standard English The chief reason for use of slang: secure freshness and novelty back
3rd period (1500-present): Modern English Period Early stages of Modern English (1500-1700) Latin (Renaissance) Greek (Renaissance) Contemporary English (1700-present): Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, Italian Other European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch … Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)
Basic word stock: auxiliary, modal verbs, numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, the most frequently used words (essential to life) National character Stability Word-forming ability Ability to form cຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidullocations back
Native: Celtic 1st period(449-1100): Old English or Anglo-Saxon Period (OE or AS) Celtic → Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin 2nd period (1100-1500): Middle English Period (ME) French (the Norman Conquest in 1066) Latin
1.0 The Definition of the term “word”
Questions: 1. How many influential definitions of “word” are there in the history? What are they? What are their defects? 2. How can we define the term “word”? Can you give an example to illustrate it?
Review
1.2 Classification of English Words /词的分类 By origin: 1. native words 本族词 2. loan words 外来词 B. By level of usage: 1. common words 普通词 2. literary words 书面词 3. colloquial words 口头词 4. slang words 俚语 5. technical words 术语 By notion: 1. function words 功能词 2. content words 实义词
1.2
Classification of English Words
Questions: 1. The main criteria by which we can classify English words? 2. According to different criteria, how can we classify English words?
Technical words/术语: used in various fields: science, profession or trade, art, sport increasing precision in nomenclature one specific meaning Latin or Greek in origin back
Common words/普通词: connected with the ordinary things or activities necessary to every day life The core of the common words is the basic word stock. Stylistically neutral back
By level of usage: 1. Common words 普通词 2. Literary words 书面词 3. Colloquial words 口头词 4. Slang words 俚语 5. Technical words 术语 Note: There are no clear-cut boundaries between the various classes of words. back
Are they “words”?
Café, fiancée, hapax legomena father’s, do-it-yourself, hasn’t Donno, lol $559.34, ￡233, IBM R51 Corpus4u, :-) O(∩_∩)O哈哈~，囧rz，⊙﹏⊙b汗
Word: a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function. E.g. The young man left quietly. (young)
By notion: 1. function words 功能词 2. content words 实义词
Function words: determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries not having much lexical meaning serving grammatically: behaving like grammatical signals or functional markers, expressing the kinds of connection between content words constructing acceptable English sentences small in number and stable: in relatively closed lists belonging to a relatively small and permanent set of words) high frequency
Review
1.0 The Definition of the term “word” 词的定义 a minimum free form sound lexical and grammatical meaning) syntactic function
Review
1.1 The Development of English Vocabulary /英语词汇的发展史 Native: Celtic Old English(449-1100) Anglo-Saxon (the settlement from 450 AD.) / Old Norse / Latin Greek (indirectly) Middle English Period (1100-1500) French (the Norman Conquest in 1066) Latin Greek (indirectly) Modern English Period (1500-present) Early stages of Modern English (1500-1700) Latin (Renaissance) Greek (Renaissance) Contemporary English (1700-present): Three Romance Languages : French, Spanish, Italian Other European languages: Portuguese, German, Dutch … Non-European languages (exploration, colonization, trade)
Native words: words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of old English Loan / borrowed words: those borrowed from other languages
Features of native words: Most are monosyllabic forming the great majority of the basic word stock
Literary words/书面词: chiefly used in writing, especially in books written in a more elevated style, in official documents, or in formal speeches. Most are of French, Latin or Greek origin. Among the literary word, two categories are noteworthy: archaic words (c.f. obsolete words) poetical words back