仪表等级飞行员 理论培训
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• Mandatory Instruction Signs • Location Signs • Direction Signs • Destination Signs • Information Signs • Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
• Errors associated with:
– Clearances – Communication –Airport Surface Movement –Positional Awareness – LAHSO
IFR FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT
Airports
Visual, Non-precision, Precision
Visual & Non-Precision Runway Markings
• Visual Runway
–Runway number – Centerline
Non-precision Instrument Runway
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop standard principles and techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
• Blast Pad / Stopway Areas
– Yellow chevrons – May not be used for taxi, takeoff, or landing – At military bases, this is called an “Overrun”
Airport Signs
– Touchdown Zone Markings
• 500 ft intervals for first 3000 ft or half, whichever is less
– Side Stripes
Taxiway Markings
• Continuous yellow centerline stripe
lines”
• ILS Hold Line
– to prevent interference of ILS signal
– ILS critical area active when:
CIG
<800’ visibility <2 SM
Additional Markings
• Demarcation Bar
“Black squareyou’re there”
Runway Incursion
• Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing, or
– separates displaced threshold area from blast pad, stopway, or taxiway that precedes the runway
• Closed Runway
– large yellow or white X at each end
• Closed Taxiway
• Hold lines
– keep aircraft clear of runways
– Solid line on taxiway side: Do not cross without clearance!
– Dashed line on runway side: “dash across dashed
– Includes all on Visual plus: –Threshold Markings –Aiming Point Markings (1000 ft)
Precision Runway Markings
• Precision Instrument Runways
– Includes all on Visual & Non-precision plus:
Airport Signs • Most airfield signs are standardized.
LAHSO
• Land and Hold Short Operations
– In effect at some controlled airports
• Could be at:
– Intersecting runway – Intersecting taxiway – Designated point on the runway
– Xs or simply blocked off
• Displaced Threshold
– Begin/end normal operations for takeoff and landing rollout, not fordisplaced threshold
• Determination of available landing distance (ALD)
Lighting Systems
• Approach Light System • Visual Glide Slope Indicators • Tri Color VSI • Runway Lighting • Airport Beacon and Obstruction Lights
intending to land.
Causes of Runway Incursion
• Errors associated with:
– Clearances – Communication –Airport Surface Movement –Positional Awareness – LAHSO
IFR FLIGHT ENVIRONMENT
Airports
Visual, Non-precision, Precision
Visual & Non-Precision Runway Markings
• Visual Runway
–Runway number – Centerline
Non-precision Instrument Runway
• The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) –specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop standard principles and techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation.
• Blast Pad / Stopway Areas
– Yellow chevrons – May not be used for taxi, takeoff, or landing – At military bases, this is called an “Overrun”
Airport Signs
– Touchdown Zone Markings
• 500 ft intervals for first 3000 ft or half, whichever is less
– Side Stripes
Taxiway Markings
• Continuous yellow centerline stripe
lines”
• ILS Hold Line
– to prevent interference of ILS signal
– ILS critical area active when:
CIG
<800’ visibility <2 SM
Additional Markings
• Demarcation Bar
“Black squareyou’re there”
Runway Incursion
• Any occurrence at an airport involving an aircraft, vehicle, person, or object on the ground that creates a collision hazard or results in loss of separation with an aircraft taking off or intending to take off, landing, or
– separates displaced threshold area from blast pad, stopway, or taxiway that precedes the runway
• Closed Runway
– large yellow or white X at each end
• Closed Taxiway
• Hold lines
– keep aircraft clear of runways
– Solid line on taxiway side: Do not cross without clearance!
– Dashed line on runway side: “dash across dashed
– Includes all on Visual plus: –Threshold Markings –Aiming Point Markings (1000 ft)
Precision Runway Markings
• Precision Instrument Runways
– Includes all on Visual & Non-precision plus: