对比语言学

CA is not only problematic, but also fraught with controversy. Especially in the last ten years it has come under attack from several quarters, and its proponents have had to learn to live with a protracted crisis of confidence? CA is very insecure and yet, paradoxically, remains highly vigorous, to judge from the large numbers of practitioners it enlists (Carl James).
对比语言学的任务就是在语言共性的总体关照下,探索研究和阐明对 比中的双语特征或特点,以此作为参照性依据,提高语言接触的深度, 广度以及语际转换效率和质量(刘宓庆1991). 英汉对比研究应分为三个层次:第一个层次是语言的表层结构,第二 个层次是语言表达方法,第三个层次是语言哲学.我这里说的宏观研 究,就是这第二,三个层次的研究.表达法表现一个民族认知世界的 方法和规则.要考究这种语言的表达法是怎样形成的,那就要寻求其 心理,文化和哲学上的根源(刘重德,1998:2-3).
4)Yugoslavian linguist Mathesius who compared English with Czech language in 1926; 5) Zhao Yuan-ren who compared the pronunciation of Chinese and English in 1933. But the first who put forward the term CA in 1941 was Benjamin Lee Whorf. Later, those who conducted CA are David Leed, Robert Lado, Uriel Weinreich, Charles C. Fries, Kenneth L. Pike, Zellig Harris and so on.
To sum up, CA is a branch of linguistics. CA makes a synchronic study. CA makes a comparison of two languages (generally speaking) whose subjects can be its parent or not parent language. CA is a study aiming at the heterogeneity of the languages compared. CA provides a practical use in language teaching; dictionary compiling; translation; and international communication.
In north America, contrastive study emphasizes its significance to language teaching, aiming at improving foreign language learning materials. In Europe, the aim of contrastive study is to understand the nature of the human language by comparing two or more different languages. Thus, it is considered as one part of theoretical linguistics. In China, contrastive study has been influenced mostly by north American school.
called comparative
Everything that relates to the static side of our science is synchronic; everything that has to do with evolution is diachronic (De Saussure ). What is the difference between comparative linguistics and contrastive linguistics? Generally speaking, in the field of linguistics, comparative linguistics is intended to 1) make a diachronic study of some related languages so as to 2) create a parent language or ancestor language.
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
2. The development and present status of CA
2.1 Background of CA R.I. Di Pietro wrote a book in 1978, mentioning some of the linguists who did some contributions to contrastive analyses. including: 1) the nineteenth century Charles H. Grandgent, who compared phonetics of English and German in1892; 2)Wilhelm Vietor who compared phonetics of German, English and French in1894; 3) The twentieth century Paul Passy who compared the phonetics of European major languages in 1906;
Here is the appropriate quotation from Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language (Fries,1945): The most efficient materials are those that are based upon a scientific description of the language to be learned, carefully compared with a parallel description of the native language of the learner. Individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of forms and meanings of their native language and culture to the foreign language and culture-both productively when attempting to speak the language and to act in the culture and receptively when attempting to grasp and understand the language and the culture as practiced by natives.
英汉对比语言学是语言学的一个分支学科,兼有理论语言 学与应用语言学的性质,其任务主要是对英汉两种语言进 行共时和历时的对比研究,描述并解释英汉语之间的异同, 并将研究成果应用于语言理论研究和语言应用领域.(杨 自俭,2000:13). 指明事物的异同所在不难,追究它们何以有异同就不那么 容易了,而这恰恰是对比研究的最终目的.(吕叔湘)
对比语言学是共时的研究.这就是说,我们所要研究的对象,是语言 在某一发展阶段的状态,而不是语言的演变.这将对比语言学与历史 比较语言学和语言发展史的研究区别开来.(许余龙) Contrastive Study has developed on the basis of structuralist and behaviorist theories, which is classified into two different schools due to their different focuses of the study.
Conversely, contrastive linguistics involves a synchronic study of two unrelated languages so as to find out the dissimilarities in phonetic, grammatical and rhetoric aspects. The former aims mainly at the homogeneity while the latter mainly at the heterogeneity.
Historical study of one language
intralanguage
II I Diachronic _________________ Synchronic involves two languages III IV 1. Typological
study of L interlanguage 2. Linguistic universals 3. Contrastive Analysis Theoretical Applied
Contrastive study
1. make a synchronic study; 2. the subjects of comparison be its parent or not parent language; 3. the study aims at the heterogeneity of the languages compared; 4. the languages compared are limited to two, generally speaking; 5. provide a practical use in language teaching; dictionary compiling; translation; international communication.
对比语言学是语言学的一个分支,其任务是对两种或两种以上的语言 进行共时(synchronic)的对比研究,描述它们之间的异同,特别是其 中的不同之处,并将这类研究应用于其他有关领域(许余龙1992). 对比语言学不同于比较语言学.比较语言学是历时性研究,它要追溯 语言之间的谱系关系;对比分析是共时性研究,它要揭示语言之间的 一致性和分歧性--尤其是分歧性.但是为了说明问题,对比分析有 时也不能不谈辞源和语言的某些历史演变,这是不难理解的(王宗炎)
Comparative study
1. make a diachronic study; 2. the subjects comparison are limited to its parent language; 3. the study aims at the homogeneity of the languages compared; 4. the languages compared are not limited; 5. it is intended to penetrate and make clear the laws of the historical development;
Chapter One
Introduction to Contrastive Analysis
I. What is Contrastive Analysis?
Contrastive analysis is a branch of linguistics. Contrastive Analysis is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted (i.e. contrastive, not comparative) twovalued typologies (a CA is always concerned with a pair of languages), and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared (Carl James,1983).