经济学人PPT模板
北仲保险类案件的发展分析及展望PPT模板
第十一条 仲裁员应当独立地审理案件，不因任何私利、外界压力而影响裁决的公正性 第十二条 仲裁员应忠实履行保密义务，不得向当事人或外界透露被人的看法和仲裁合议的 情况，对涉及仲裁程序、仲裁裁决、当事人的商业秘密等所有相关问题均应保守秘密
充分尊重当事人的 意思表达 并注重仲裁过程中的 服务体验
202
共计受理案件 争议金额累计
X
1995-202X受案量及受案金额统计
4500
244家仲裁机构10%
4000
争议总额
3500
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411.1亿元
2944件
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1995-202X 1500
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7件
500
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 20019 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
北仲一系列工作机制保障当事人与承办秘书沟通成本的降低，通过电 话、语音留言、邮件等诸多方式进行案件沟通，并且就程序推进充分 听取当事人合理的时间要求。北仲秘书处目前共有28位办案秘书，均 来自于北京大学、清华大学、人民大学、政法大学、伦敦大学等诸多 知名学校的硕士学历人员，并且均为高校毕业后直接参与工作，朝阳 化的队伍使得沟通更为直接、有效
北京仲裁委员会成立
202X
北仲基本情况简介
202X
英国经济学人杂志（Economist Intelligence Unit）评价北仲为根源于中国当地唯一达 到甚至超过国际水准的仲裁机构，仲裁环球评论（GLOBAL ARBITRATION REVIEW） 认为北仲是专业、胜任、透明的中国领先的仲裁机构，并将北仲列为亚洲区商事仲裁机 构的重点观察对象
麦肯锡PPT模板(300页)
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CONFIDENTIAL
McKinsey Frequently Used Template
Conceptual
Template June 2002
约束理论(TOC)
PPT文档演模板
约束理论(TOC)
OPT的九条原则(续)
• 原则6:瓶颈控制了库存和产销率
– 产销率指的是单位时间内生产出来并销售出去的产品 所创造的利润额
– 从平衡物流的角度出发，应允许在非关键资源上安排
适当的闲置时间
PPT文档演模板
约束理论(TOC)
OPT的九条原则(续)
• 原则4:瓶颈上一个小时的损失则是整个系统的 一个小时的损失
– 生产时间包括调整准备时间和加工时间。但在瓶颈 资源与非瓶颈资源上的调整准备时间的意义是不同 的。而如果在瓶颈资源上节省一个小时的调整准备 时间，则将能增加一个小时的加工时间，相应地， 整个系统增加了一个小时的产出
• OPT的计划与控制步骤 • “鼓”、“缓冲器”和“绳子”
– OPT中的提前期是批量、优先权和其它许多因素的 函数，是编制作业计划产生的结果
PPT文档演模板
约束理论(TOC)
OPT的九条原则(续)
• 目前理论界对OPT认识还不一致,存在着 各种看法,主要包括
– 把OPT当做一种新的计划思想
– 作为一种作业计划的仿真语言
– 作为生成MPS、物料和能力需求计划及详细 计划的一个软件包
PPT文档演模板
约束理论(TOC)
约束理论的理论基础─ OPT
• OPT的一些重要概念 • OPT的九条原则 • OPT的计划与控制─DBR系统
PPT文档演模板
约束理论(TOC)
OPT的一些重要概念
• 瓶颈与非瓶颈资源
重点总结的经济学人-中英文版)
Finance and EconomicsOffshore private banking离岸私人银行业Bourne to survive伯恩的幸存Aug 6th 2009From The Economist print editionDespite the woes of UBS, Swiss private banking remains in reasonable shape尽管瑞银处境不佳，瑞士的私人银行业仍保有相当规模Illustration by S. KambayashiA FTER visiting his bank in Zurich, Jason Bourne, an amnesic assassin, wonders: “Who has a safety-deposit box full of money and six passports and a gun?” In the popular imagination as well as Hollywood films the answer is clear: customers of Swiss banks do.当失忆的杀手詹森•伯恩(Jason Bourne)从其位于苏黎世的银行走出后，自问到：”什么样的人会有一个装满了钱、6本护照还有一把枪的银行保险箱？”在大众的想像与好莱坞的电影中，这个答案是明确的：瑞士银行的客户就是这样的人。
If this reputation for skulduggery is right, Switzerland, home to about one-quarter of the world’s offshore money, is in big trouble. After nearly going bust, UBS, its biggest bank, is now being pistol-whipped by America’s Internal Revenue Service (IRS), which wants it to hand over the names of tens of thousands of alleged tax dodgers. A preliminary settlement between the two was agreed on July 31st, although its details have yet to be made public. In March Switzerland agreed to comply with an OECD tax code that will oblige it to reveal information on clients that other governments say they need to enforce their laws. Where will crooks, despots and war criminals go now? And what will Swiss private banks do when they leave?如果这种隐秘而无原则的名声不是空穴来风的话，瑞士，这个坐拥世界四分之一离岸资金的国家将会有大麻烦。
国际经济学课件：第十三章汇率决定理论
四、购买力平价说的评价
积极意义： （1）是影响最大的汇率决定理论 （2）开辟了从货币角度分析汇率决定的先河 （3）对长期均衡汇率的变化趋势如何进行预测提供了方法
• 缺陷： • （1）只分析了物价对汇率的影响，不能解释与通货膨胀无直接关系，却对
• 经济实力弱（经济增长缓慢甚至衰退、 高通货膨胀 率、国际收支巨额逆差、外汇储备短缺以及经济结 构、贸易结构失衡，本币不断贬值
（八）其他因素
• 汇率变化常常是十分敏感的，一些非经济因素、非 市场因素的变化往往也会波及到外汇市场。一国政 局不稳定、有关国家领导人的更替、战争爆发等等， 都会导致汇率的暂时性或长期性变动。
❖ 纸币成为法定的偿付货币，简称法币。
❖ 政府规定纸币代表的金量并维持纸币黄金比价。
❖ 纸币充当价值尺度、流通手段和支付手段。
❖ 黄金只发挥储藏手段和稳定纸币价值的作用。
• 1929～1933年世界性经济危机的爆发，使资本主义国际 金融陷入极大混乱，各国黄金储备比例失调，国际信用瓦 解，迫使各国放弃金本位制和金汇兑本位制，英国于1931 年，美国于1933年，法国于1936年先后放弃金本位，从 此资本主义世界分裂成为相互对立的货币集团和货币区， 持续了一个世纪左右的国际金本位退出历史舞台，各国开 始普遍实行纸币本位制。
• 在纸币制度下，两国货币之间的汇率取决于它们各自在国内所代表 的实际价值，而货币的对内价值又是用其购买力来衡量的。因此， 货币的购买力对比就成为纸币制度下汇率决定的基础。
三、纸币制度下影响汇率变动的主要因素
• （一）国际收支
• 汇率变化
国际收支
• 国际收支逆差或贸易逆差 外汇收入<外汇支出 供给< 需求 本币贬值
• 国际收支顺差或贸易顺差 外汇收入>外汇支出 供给> 需求 本币升值
经典教育类图书史蒂芬柯维《高效能人士的七个习惯》内容简介分析PPT模板课件
整体赏析 朱 自
《荷塘月色》
清
整体评价
全文可以分为四个部分。作者首先交代了作者去 荷塘的时间和缘由。开头就说出这几天“颇不宁静” 的内心状态。“颇”字是对不宁静心情的强调。下文 中作者思绪翻飞，神驰万里，或行或止，或喜或 愁，都和这“颇不宁静”的心情有着紧密的联系。这 一句是作者进行艺术构思的焦点， 它以强烈的直 接抒情开始，将淡淡哀愁流露在字里行间，为全 文定下了感情的基调。
整体评价
第五段描绘荷塘的月色。月色是 单调的，难以着笔，而作者把它 和形态不一、色彩有别的景物结 合在一起进行描写，就使月色有 了光上的变化
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第三部分开始正式的对荷塘和月色 的景致进行详细的描写，最先扑入 眼帘的是满塘荷叶。
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第四部分为文章结尾，从单 纯的写景写开来，进一步表 现了作者不满现实，幻想超 脱而不能得的浑然一体的“荷塘月色”细分为“月色下 的荷塘”与“荷塘上的月色”两部分。“曲曲折折的荷塘上面， 弥望的是田田的叶子⋯⋯而叶子却更见风致了。”这一段以 月色为背景， 重点描写荷塘的各样景。
其次，剖开来的“月色下的荷塘”与“荷塘上的月色”两部分作进一步的“精耕细作”， 从视觉 （“弥望”、“不能见”等） 、听觉（“渺茫的歌声”、“梵婀玲上奏着的名曲”等） 、嗅觉（“清香” 等） 等角度去描写对象的形状、色彩、大小、数量、气味、声音， 以及它们的运动变化。 这样， 就把景物表现得非常细腻。
图书简介
《高效能人士的七个习惯》精选柯维博士“七个习惯” 的最核心思想和方法，为忙碌人士带来超价值的自我提 升体验。用最少的时间，参透高效能人士的持续成功之 路
《高效能人士的七个习惯》不仅是企业、组织机构，更是个人获得自我提升的人生必修教材。读 者遍及工商业、政府部门、军队、学校以及家庭等各个领域。改变人的思维方式和行为方式。这 种改变甚至帮助实现一个国家的强大。
国别(与地区)经济研究43页PPT
对于2019年由美国次贷危机引发的 金融危机，美联储前主席格林斯潘表示 ，美国正经历一场“百年一遇”的金融 危机。
如此严重的金融危机的深层次原因 是什么？金融危机对美国经济产生了什 么样的影响？
当前世界经济是否呈现群雄并起的 格局？
杨卫隆.大国衰落：沦陷的美国经济 作者提出：2019年，全球性的金融风暴从美国
20世纪70年代中后期，世界经济史上最震憾人 心的事件莫过于日本经济的迅速崛起。一个资源匮 乏的国家，在经历了第二次世界大战的惨重失败后 ，在不到三十年时间内异军突起，一跃成为当时继 美苏之后的世界第三大工业国和经济强国。是什么 促成了日本经济的辉煌？20世纪90年代以来，日本 经济长期处于停滞状态，原因何在？
通过本课的学习要求学生在全面了解主要国家和地区经济发展的历史现状和世界经济格局变化的基础上运用相关经济理论深入分析比较主要国家地区经济发展变化的特点趋势和原因主要国家地区经济发展中存在的问题和面临的挑战评析主要国家地区政府的经济政策和经济发展战略探讨在全球化和区域一体化日益发展国际竞争日益加剧的背景下中国如何从国情出发借鉴其他国家和地区经济发展的有益经验加强与其他国家和地区的贸易与经济合作促进中国经济平衡协调和可持续的发展
扎卡里亚：美国的衰落是政治性的，而非经济 性的；与其说是美国衰落了，不如说是其他国家纷 纷崛起了，而政治机能失调的华盛顿没能意识到一 个新世界的诞生；“他者的崛起”对美国来说并非 零和游戏，美国仍有机会领导和塑造世界。
哈斯则：当前美国的强大实力不能掩盖其在世 界所处地位的相对衰落及其在影响力和独立性上的 绝对衰落，单极时代只是历史的一瞬，21世纪是“ 混乱危险的无极时代”。
1、欧洲国家经济发展模式的特点及对 其经济发展的影响？
2、欧洲一体化进程面临的挑战与欧盟 的发展趋势？
《经济学人》中英对照
（15）《经济学人》中英对照TEXT 1 Rebuilding the American dream chine 重建美国梦机器 Jan 19th xx | NEW YORK From The Economist print edition FOR America's colleges, January is a month of reckoning. Most applications for the next academic year beginning in the autumn have to be de by the end of De mber, so a university's popularity is put to an objective standard: how ny people want to attend. One of the more unlikely offi s to have been flooded with il is that of the City University of New York (CUNY), a public college that lacks, among other things, a famous sports team, bucolic campuses and raucous parties (it doesn't even have dorms), and, until re ntly, academic credibility. 对美国的大学而言，一月是一个清算的月份。
大多数要进入将于秋季开学的下一学年学习的申请必须在12月底前完成，因此一所大学的声望就有了客观依据：申请人的多少。
纽约城市大学，一所公立学院，与其他学校相比，它没有一支声名显赫的运动队，没有田园诗一般的校园，也没有喧嚣嘈杂的派对——甚至连宿舍都没有，而且，直到最近也没取得学术上的可信度，可就是这所大学的办公室塞满了学生们寄来的申请函，这简直有些令人难以置信。
经济学人PPT模板57页
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人民大2024数字经济学-教学PPT课件第2章 数据要素
《数据二十条》数据产权制度创新实践
2.数据要素
本章学习目标
• 数据的概念界定与经济属性 • 数据要素促进经济高质量发展的路径； • 数据产权界定与数据市场 • 数据治理框架
2.1 数据及其经济属性
• 英国《经济学人》杂志指出，数据已取代石油成为了最 有价值的资源。
• The world’s most valuable resource is no longer oil, but data
• 假设存在一种经济物品A，该物品的潜在使用者共有10家企业， 企业1至企业10，这些企业使用该物品的潜在价值创造分别为10， 9 8，．．．．．．１。为简化分析，假设物品开发利用的成本 为0。经济物品A的持有人和潜在使用者之间交易通过市场谈判 确定的竞争性出价来实现。
• 两种场景：竞争性物品、非竞争性物品
探索数据产权结构性分置制度 推进实施公共数据确权授权机制 推动建立企业数据确权授权机制 建立健全个人数据确权授权机制
数据产权结构性分置制度
2.3.2 数据要素市场
• 数据要素市场 包括数据采集 、数据存储、 数据加工、数 据流通、数据 分析、数据应 用、生态保障 七大模块。
2016-2025 年中国数据要素市场规模
•数据治理体系主要包括：数据安全治理制度、数据流转交易治理制 度、数据开放共享治理制度、数据公平竞争治理制度。
市场竞争性交易过程
情况1：竞争性物品 • 市场交易机制——价格者得——企业1得到物品——纳什均衡谈判解—
经典swot分析ppt模板
S
Strength This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it with your own text
Strength This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it with your own text
Opportunities This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it with your own text
Opportunities This is an example text. Go ahead and replace it with your own text
Threats This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. This is an example text.
O
Weaknesses This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. This is an example text.
Threats This is an example text. Go ahead an replace it with your own text. This is an example text.
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Weaknesses Disadvantages Gap in experience, knowledge Financial aspects Reliability and trust Loss of key staff Geographical factors
economist(经济学人)精品文章中英对照
Whopper to go至尊汉堡，打包带走Will Burger King be gobbled up by private equity?汉堡王是否会被私人股本吞并？Sep 2nd 2010 | NEW YORKSHARES in Burger King (BK) soared on September 1st on reports that the fast-food company was talking to several private-equity firms interested in buying it. How much beef was behind these stories was unclear. But lately the company famous for the slogan “Have It Your Way” has certainly not been having it its own way. There may be arguments about whether BK or McDonald’s serves the best fries, but there is no doubt which is more popular with stockmarket investors: the maker of the Big Mac has supersized its lead in the past two years.有报道披露，快餐企业汉堡王（BK）正在与数个有收购意向的私人股本接洽，9月1日，汉堡王的股值随之飙升。
这些报道究竟有多少真材实料不得而知。
汉堡王的著名口号是“我选我味”，但如今显然它身不由己，心中五味杂陈。
汉堡王和麦当劳哪家薯条最好吃，食客们一直争论不休，但股票投资人更喜欢哪家股票，却一目了然：过去两年里，巨无霸麦当劳一直在扩大自己的优势。
人民大2024数字经济学-PPT课件第1章 数字经济学基础
1.3.4 中国数字经济发展的短板
• 数字经济关键技术创新能力较弱 • 数字经济高素质专业人才供给不足 • 数据要素价值没有得到充分释放 • 数字经济与实体经济融合度不高 • 数字经济治理体系有待进一步完善
1.3.4中国数字经济发展的政策重点
• 多措并举，全面提升数字技术创新能力 • 改革教育体制，增强高端数字经济人才保障 • 完善数据基础制度，最大化数据价值释放 • 积极推进数字经济与实体经济深度融合 • 常态化监管，坚持发展与安全并重 • 坚持全面开放，推进数字经济国际化发展
数字经济学基础
唐要家
本章学习目标
• 数字经济概念及数字经济体系构成 • 数字经济发展的基本规律 • 中国数字经济发展成就及驱动因素 • 数字经济学的基本框架体系
1.1 数字经济
• 唐-塔普斯科特（Don Tapscott，1995）：数字经济是以信息数字 化和以知识为基础的一系列经济活动。
• 奥弗比和奥德斯塔德(2018)：数字经济是以信息和通信技术 （ICT）为基础的经济。
• 供给侧规模经济：数据要素开发利用具有显著的规模经 济和范围经济，以及零边际成本（非竞争性）。
• 需求侧规模经济：网络效应也被称为网络外部性或需求 方规模经济，是指一个新消费者额外消费一单位商品时 会因更多的人已经消费该商品而获得更高的价值。
• 数字经济发展具有显著的效率效应，但也会带来日益突 出的市场高集中问题！
数字经济基本特征为：数据是关键要素，数字技术是根本驱动力， 供给侧和需求侧都具有显著的规模经济，多边平台主导，数字经 济发展具有价值普惠性。
中国政府实施了一系列有效的数字经济发展政策，极大地促进 了数字经济的高质量增长。中国数字经济发展成就的主要推动因 素是巨大的国内市场、领先的数字基础设施、有利的投融资体制、 审慎灵活的政府监管政策。
共享经济与传统经济的区别PPT模板
共享经济的本质是通过整合线下的闲散物品 或服务者，让他们以较低的价格提供产品或 服务。对于供给方来说，通过在特定时间内 让渡物品的使用权或提供服务，来获得一定 的金钱回报；对需求方而言，不直接拥有物 品的所有权，而是通过租、借等共享的方式 使用物品。
1 共享经济的概念/The concept of sharing economy
3 共享经济的成功案例/Sharing economy success stories
途家网商业模式分析
出行方 式转变
构建诚 信体系
3 共享经济的成功案例/Sharing economy success stories
典型代表之——小猪短租
主打品牌
为用户寻找个人房东，提供短租服务。 有人情味的住宿。
ClassPass:整合健身房
ClassPass 把纽约所有不错的健身房连接起 来，你只需要购买 ClassPass 会员，便可以 一卡去遍所有健身房。 ClassPass 目前的迭 代产品推出约 19 个月，年收入预计已有 6000 万美元，发展势头比肩Uber。
4 生活中的共享经济/ Sharing economy in daily life
4 生活中的共享经济/ Sharing economy in daily life
服饰共享
RenttheRunway少买衣服多租衣服： 公司本身提供多种精选品牌和新潮的礼服，倡导租 衣服并且只需一小部分的价格就能租到。
PoshMark：二手服装交易平台用户可以将自己想要 出手的二手衣服和包之类的物品的照片上传到应用 中，同时可以添加相关介绍，包括原价、出售价格 和尺寸等信息。信息填完后，用户可以点击出售按 钮，出售信息会随之显示在 Poshmark 信息页面上。
经济学基础与应用双语PPT全套课件
2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it
某东西的成本就是为得到它所放弃的东西
The opportunity cost of an item is what you give up to obtain that item. 机会成本——为了得到某种东西所
households decide what to buy and who to work for. Firms decide who to hire and what to produce.
6. 市场通常是组织经济活动的一种好方法
市场经济——当许多企业和家庭在 物品与劳务市场上相互交易时通过 他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。
The standard of living depends on a country’s production. Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
1. People face tradeoffs.
Efficiency v. Equity
Efficiency means society gets the most that it can from its scarce resources. Equity means the benefits of those resources are distributed fairly among the members of society.
Economist(经济学人)
What's wrong with America's economy?Its politicians are failing to tackle the country’s real problems. Believe it or not, they could learn from EuropeApr 28th 2011 | from the EconomistPESSIMISM about the United States rarely pays off in the long run. Time and again, when Americans have felt particularly glum, their economy has been on the brink of a revival. Think of Jimmy Carter’s cardigan-clad gloom in the inflation-ridden late 1970s, or the fear of competition from Japan that marked the “jobless recovery” of the early 1990s. Both times the United States bounced back, boosted on the first occasion by Paul V olcker’s conquest of inflation and on the second by a productivity spurt that sent growth rates soaring in the mid-1990s even as Japan stalled.That record is worth bearing in mind today. Americans are unhappy, and becoming more so, about their country’s prospects and politicians’ efforts to improve them. In a new New York Times/CBS News poll, seven out of ten respondents said America is on the wrong track. Almost 60% of Americans disapprove of Barack Obama’s handling of the economy, and three out of four think Congress is doing a lousy job.This malaise partly reflects the sluggishness of the recovery. Though unemployment has been falling and share prices are close to a three-year high, house prices are still in the dumps and the price of petrol has soared to levels not seen since the summer of 2008. But it’s not all about oil or indeed the short term. A careful reading of the polls suggests that Ameri cans’ worries stretch well beyond the next couple of years: about stagnating living standards and a dark future in an economy slow to create jobs, saddled with big government deficits and under threat from China. Tellingly, a majority now regard China, not America, as the world’s leading economy.Are these worries justified? On the plus side, it is hard to think of any large country with as many inherent long-term advantages as America: what would China give to have a Silicon Valley? Or Germany an Ivy League? But it is also plain that the United States does indeed have long-term economic weaknesses—and ones that will take time to fix. The real worry for Americans should be that their politicians, not least their president, are doing so little to tackle these underlying problems. Three failings stand out.The competitiveness canardThe first failing, of which Mr Obama in particular is guilty, is misstating the problem. He likes to frame America’s challenges in terms of “competitiveness”, particularly versus China. America’s prosperity, he argues, depends on “out-innovating, out-educating and out-building” China. This is mostly nonsense. America’s prosperity depends not on other countries’ productivity growth, but on its own (actually pretty fast) pace. Ideas spill over from one economy to another: when China innovates Americans benefit.Of course, plenty more could be done to spur innovation. The system of corporate taxation is a mess and deters domestic investment. Mr. Obama is right that America’s infrastru cture is creaking. But the solution there has as much to do with reforming Neanderthal funding systems as it does with the greater public spending he advocates. Too much of the “competitiveness” talk is a canard—one that justifies misguided policies, such as subsidies for green technology, and diverts attention from the country’s real to-do list.High on that list is sorting out America’s public finances. The budget deficit is huge and public debt, at over 90% of GDP when measured in an internationally comparable manner, is high and rising fast. Apart from Japan, America is the only big rich economy that does not have a plan for getting its public finances under control. The good news is that politicians are at last paying attention: deficit reduction is just about all anybody talks about in Washington, DC, these days. The bad news—and the second reason for gloom about what the politicians are up to—is that neither party is prepared to make the basic compromises that are essential to a deal. Republicans refu se to accept that taxes will have to rise, Democrats that spending on “entitlements” such as health care and pensions must fall. No real progress is likely until after the 2012 presidential election. And the antagonism of today’s deficit debate may even ha rm the economy, as Republicans push for excessive cuts in next year’s budget.When growth doesn’t bring jobsMeanwhile, the biggest dangers lie in an area that politicians barely mention: the labour market. The recent decline in the jobless rate has been misleading, the result of a surprisingly small growth in the workforce (as discouraged workers drop out) as much as fast job creation. A stubborn 46% of America’s jobless, some 6m people, have been out of work for more than six months. The weakness of the recovery is mostly to blame, but there are signs that America may be developing a distinctly European disease: structural unemployment.Youth unemployment is especially high, and joblessness among the young leaves lasting scars. Strong productivity growth has been achieved partly through the elimination of many mid-skilled jobs. And what makes this all the more worrying is that, below the radar screen, America had employment problems long before the recession, particularly for lesser-skilled men. These were caused not only by sweeping changes from technology and globalisation, which affect all countries, but also by America’s habit of locking up large numbers of young black men, which drastically diminishes their future employment prospects. America has a smaller fraction of prime-age men in work and in the labour force than any other G7 economy. Some 25% of men aged 25-54 with no college degree, 35% of high-school dropouts and almost 70% of black high-school dropouts are not working.Beyond the toll to individuals, the lack of work among less-skilled men could have huge fiscal and social consequences. The cost of disability payments is some $120 billion (almost 1% of GDP) and rising fast. Male worklessness has been linked with lower marriage rates and weakening family bonds.All this means that grappling with entrenched joblessness deserves to be far higher on America’s policy agenda. Unfortunately, the few (leftish) politicians who acknowledge the problem tend to have misguided solutions, such as trade barri ers or industrial policy to prop up yesterday’s jobs or to spot tomorrow’s. That won’t work: government has a terrible record at picking winners. Instead, America needs to get its macro-medicine right, in particular by committing itself to medium-term fiscal and monetary stability without excessive short-term tightening. But it also needs job-marketreforms, from streamlining and upgrading training to increasing employers’ incentives to hire the low-skilled. And there, strange as it may seem, America could learn from Europe: the Netherlands, for instance, is a good model for how to overhaul disability insurance. Stemming the decline in low-skilled men’s work will also demand more education reform to boost skills, as well as a saner approach to drugs and imprisonment.Technology and globalisation are remaking labour markets across the rich world, to the relative detriment of the lower-skilled. That’s why a rosier outlook for America’s economy does not necessarily mean a rosy future for all Americans. Mr Obama and his opponents can help to shape the process. Sadly, they are doing so for the worse rather than the better.美国的经济怎么了？——它的政客们都未能解决国家的真正的问题。
《经济学人》杂志原版英文(整理完整版)之欧阳历创编
Digest Of The. Economist. 2006(6-7)Hard to digestA wealth of genetic information is to be found in the human gutBACTERIA, like people, can be divided into friend and foe. Inspired by evidence that the friendly sort may help with a range of ailments, many people consume bacteria in the form of yogurts and dietary supplements. Such a smattering of artificial additions, however, represents but a drop in the ocean. There are at least 800 types of bacteria living in the human gut. And research by Steven Gill of the Institute for Genomic Researchin Rockville, Maryland, and his colleagues, published in this week's Science, suggests that the collective genome of these organisms is so large that it contains 100 times as many genes as the human genome itself.Dr Gill and his team were able to come to this conclusion by extracting bacterial DNA from the faeces of two volunteers. Because of the complexity of the samples, they were not able to reconstruct the entire genomes of each of the gut bacteria,just the individual genes. But that allowed them to make an estimate of numbers.What all these bacteria are doing is tricky to identify—the bacteria themselves are difficult to cultivate. So the researchers guessed at what they might be up to by comparing the genes they discovered with published databases of genes whose functions are already known.This comparison helped Dr Gill identify for the first time the probable enzymatic processes by which bacteria help humans to digest the complex carbohydrates in plants. The bacteria also contain a plentiful supply of genes involved in the synthesis of chemicals essential to human life—including two B vitamins and certain essential amino acids—although the team merely showed that these metabolic pathways exist rather than provingthat they are used. Nevertheless, the pathways they found leave humans looking more like ruminants: animals such as goats and sheep that use bacteria to break down otherwise indigestible matter in the plants they eat.The broader conclusion Dr Gill draws is that people are superorganisms whose metabolism represents an amalgamation of human and microbial attributes. The notion of a superorganism has emerged before, as researchers in other fields have come to view humans as having a diverse internal ecosystem. This, suggest some, will be crucial to the success of personalised medicine, as different people will have different responses to drugs, depending on their microbial flora. Accordingly, the next step, says Dr Gill, is to see how microbial populations vary between people of different ages, backgrounds and diets.Another area of research is the process by which these helpful bacteria first colonise the digestive tract. Babies acquire their gut flora as they pass down the birth canal and take a gene-filled gulp of their mother's vaginal and faecal flora. It might not be the most delicious of first meals, but it could well be an important one.Zapping the bluesThe rebirth of electric-shock treatmentELECTRICITY has long been used to treat medical disorders. As early as the second century AD, Galen, a Greek physician, recommended the use of electric eels for treating headaches and facial pain. In the 1930s Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini, two Italian psychiatrists, used electroconvulsive therapy totreat schizophrenia. These days, such rigorous techniques are practised less widely. Butresearchers are still investigating how a gentler electric therapy appears to treat depression.Vagus-nerve stimulation, to give it its proper name, was originally developed to treat severe epilepsy. It requires a pacemaker-like device to be implanted in a patient's chest and wires from it threaded up to the vagus nerve on the left side of his neck. In the normal course of events, this provides an electrical pulse to the vagus nerve for30 seconds every five minutes.This treatment does not always work, but in some cases where it failed (the number of epileptic seizures experienced by a patient remaining the same), that patient nevertheless reported feeling much better after receiving the implant. This secondary effect led to trials for treating depression and, in 2005, America's Food and Drug Administration approved the therapy for depression that fails to respond to all conventional treatments, including drugs and psychotherapy.Not only does the treatment work, but its effects appear to be long lasting. A study led by Charles Conway of Saint Louis University in Missouri, and presented to a recent meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, has found that 70% of patients who are better after one year stay better after two years as well.The technique builds on a procedure called deep-brain stimulation, in which electrodes are implanted deep into the white matter of patients' brains and used to “reboot” faulty neural circuitry.Such an operation is a big undertaking, requiring a full day of surgery and carrying a risk of thepatient suffering a stroke. Only a small number of people have been treated this way. In contrast, the device that stimulates the vagus nerve can be implanted in 45 minutes without a stay in hospital.The trouble is that vagus-nerve stimulation can take a long time to produce its full beneficial effect. According to Dr Conway, scans taken using a technique called positron-emission tomography show significant changes in brain activity startingthree months after treatment begins. The changesare similar to the improvements seen in patientswho undergo other forms of antidepression treatment. The brain continues to change over the following 21 months. Dr Conway says that patients should be told that the antidepressant effects could be slow in coming.However, Richard Selway of King's College Hospital, London, found that his patients' moods improved just weeks after the implant. Althoughbrain scans are useful in determining the longevityof the treatment, Mr Selway notes that visible changes in the brain do not necessarily correlate perfectly with changes in mood.Nobody knows why stimulating the vagus nerve improves the mood of depressed patients, but Mr Selway has a theory. He believes that theelectrical stimulation causes a region in the brain stem called the locus caeruleus (Latin, ironically, for “blue place”) to flood the brain with norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter implicated in alertness, concentration and motivation—that is, the mood states missing in depressed patients. Whatever the mechanism, for the depressed a therapy that is relatively safe and long lasting is rare cause for cheer.The shape of things to comeHow tomorrow's nuclear power stations will differ from today'sTHE agency in charge of promoting nuclear power in America describes a new generation of reactors that will be “highly economical” with “enhanced safety”, that “minimise wastes” and will prove“proliferation resistant”. No doubt they will bake a mean apple pie, too.Unfortunately, in the world of nuclear energy, fine words are not enough. America got away lightly with its nuclear accident. When the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania overheated in 1979 very little radiation leaked, and there were no injuries. Europe was not so lucky. The accident at Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986 killed dozens immediately and has affected (sometimes fatally) the health of tens of thousands at the least. Even discounting the association of nuclear power with nuclear weaponry, people have good reason to be suspicious of claims that reactors are safe.Yet political interest in nuclear power is reviving across the world, thanks in part to concerns about global warming and energy security. Already, some 441 commercial reactors operate in 31 countries and provide 17% of the planet's electricity, according to America's Department of Energy. Until recently, the talk was of how to retire these reactors gracefully. Now it is of howto extend their lives. In addition, another 32 reactors are being built, mostly in India, Chinaand their neighbours. These new power stationsbelong to what has been called the third generation of reactors, designs that have been informed by experience and that are considered by theircreators to be advanced. But will these newstations really be safer than their predecessors?Clearly, modern designs need to be lessaccident prone. The most important feature of asafe design is that it “fails safe”. For a reactor, this means that if its control systems stop workingit shuts down automatically, safely dissipates the heat produced by the reactions in its core, andstops both the fuel and the radioactive waste produced by nuclear reactions from escaping by keeping them within some sort of containment vessel. Reactors that follow such rules are called “passive”. Most modern designs are passive to some extent and some newer ones are truly so. However, some of the genuinely passive reactors are also likely to be more expensive to run.Nuclear energy is produced by atomic fission. A large atom (usually uranium or plutonium) breaks into two smaller ones, releasing energy and neutrons. The neutrons then trigger further break-ups. And so on. If this “chain reaction” can be controlled, the energy released can be used to boil water, produce steam and drive a turbine that generates electricity. If it runs away, the result is a meltdown and an accident (or, in extreme circumstances, a nuclear explosion—though circumstances are never that extreme in a reactor because the fuel is less fissile than the material in a bomb). In many new designs the neutrons, and thus the chain reaction, are kept under control by passing them through water to slow them down. (Slow neutrons trigger more break ups than fast ones.) This water is exposed to a pressure of about 150 atmospheres—a pressure that means it remains liquid even at high temperatures. When nuclear reactions warm the water, its density drops, and the neutrons passing through it are no longer slowed enough to trigger further reactions. That negative feedbackstabilises the reaction rate.Can business be cool?Why a growing number of firms are taking global warming seriouslyRUPERT MURDOCH is no green activist. But in Pebble Beach later this summer, the annualgathering of executivesof Mr Murdoch's News Corporation—which last year led to a dramatic shift in the media conglomerate's attitude tothe internet—will be addressed by several leading environmentalists, including a vice-presidentturned climatechangemovie star. Last month BSkyB, a British satellite-television company chaired by Mr Murdoch and run by hisson, James, declared itself “carbon-neutral”, having taken various steps to cut or offset its discharges of carboninto the atmosphere.The army of corporate greens is growing fast. Late last year HSBC became the first big bank to announce that itwas carbon-neutral, joining other financial institutions, including Swiss Re, a reinsurer, and Goldman Sachs, aninvestment bank, inwaging war on climate-warming gases (of whichcarbon dioxide is the main culprit). Last yearGeneral Electric (GE), an industrial powerhouse, launched its “Ecomagination” strategy, aiming to cut its output ofgreenhouse gases and to invest heavily in clean (ie, carbon-free) technologies. In October Wal-Mart announced aseries of environmental schemes, including doubling the fuel-efficiency of its fleet of vehicles within a decade.Tesco and Sainsbury,two of Britain's biggest retailers, are competing fiercely to be the greenest. And on June 7thsome leading British bosses lobbied Tony Blair for amore ambitious policy on climate change, even ifthat involvesharsher regulation.The greening of business is by no means universal, however. Money from Exxon Mobil, Fordand General Motorshelped pay for television advertisements aired recently in America by the Competitive Enterprise Institute, with thedaftslogan “Carbon dioxide: they call it pollution; we call it life”. Besides, environmentalist critics say, some firmsare engaged in superficial “greenwash” toboost the image of essentially climate-hurting businesses. Take BP, themost prominent corporate advocate of action on climate change, with its “Beyond Petroleum” ad campaign, highprofileinvestments in green energy, and even a “carbon calculator” on its website that helps consumers measuretheir personal “carbon footprint”, or overall emissions of carbon. Yet, critics complain, BP's recent record profits arelargely thanks to sales of huge amounts of carbon-packed oil and gas.On the other hand, some free-market thinkers see the support of firms for regulation of carbon as the latestattempt at “regulatory capture”, by those who stand to profit from new rules. Max Schulz of the ManhattanInstitute, a conservative think tank, notes darkly that “Enron was into pushing the idea of climate change, becauseit was good for its business”.Others argue that climate change has no more place in corporate boardrooms than do discussions of other partisanpolitical issues, such as Darfuror gay marriage. That criticism, at least, issurely wrong. Most of the corporateconverts saythey are acting not out of some vague sense ofsocial responsibility, or even personal angst, butbecause climate change creates real businessrisks and opportunities—from regulatory complianceto insuringclients on flood plains. And although these concerns vary hugely from one company to the next, few firms can besure of remaining unaffected. Testing timesResearchers are working on ways to reduce the needfor animal experiments, but new laws mayincrease the number of experiments neededIN AN ideal world, people would not perform experiments on animals. For the people, they are expensive. For theanimals, they are stressful and often painful.That ideal world, sadly, is still some way away. People need new drugs and vaccines. They want protection fromthe toxicity of chemicals. Thesearch for basic scientific answers goes on. Indeed, the European Commission isforging ahead withproposals that will increase the number of animal experiments carried out in the EuropeanUnion, by requiring toxicity tests on every chemical approved for use within the union's borders in the past25years.Already, the commission has identified 140,000 chemicals that have not yet been tested. It wants 30,000 of theseto be examined right away, and plans to spend between €4 billion-8 billion ($5 billion-10 billion) doing so. Thenumber of animals used for toxicity testing in Europe will thus, experts reckon, quintuple from just over 1m a yearto about 5m, unless they are saved by some dramatic advances in non-animal testing technology. At themoment,roughly 10% of European animal tests are for general toxicity, 35% for basic research, 45% for drugs andvaccines, and the remaining 10% a variety of uses such as diagnosing diseases.Animal experimentation will therefore be around for some time yet. But the hunt for substitutes continues, and lastweekend the Middle European Society for Alternative Methods to Animal Testingmet in Linz, Austria, to reviewprogress.A good place to start finding alternatives for toxicity tests is the liver—the organ responsible for breaking toxicchemicals down into safer molecules that can then be excreted. Two firms, one large and one small, told themeeting how they were using human liver cells removed incidentally during surgery to test various substances forlong-term toxic effects.PrimeCyte, the small firm, grows its cells in cultures over a few weeks and doses them regularly with the substanceunder investigation. The characteristics of the cells are carefully monitored, to look for changes in theirmicroanatomy.Pfizer, the big firm, also doses its cultures regularly, but rather than studying individual cells in detail, it counts cellnumbers. If the number of cells in a culture changes after a sample is added, that suggests the chemical inquestion is bad for the liver.In principle, these techniques could be applied to any chemical. In practice, drugs (and, in thecase of PrimeCyte,food supplements) are top of the list. But that might change if the commission hasits way: those 140,000screenings look like alucrative market, although nobody knows whether the new tests will be ready for use by2009, when the commission proposes that testing should start.Other tissues, too, can be tested independently of animals. Epithelix, a small firm in Geneva, has developed anartificial version of the lining of the lungs. According to Huang Song, one of Epithelix's researchers, the firm'scultured cells have similar microanatomy to those found in natural lung linings, and respond in the same way tovarious chemical messengers. Dr Huang says that they could be usedin long-term toxicity tests of airbornechemicalsand could also help identify treatments for lung diseases.The immune system can be mimicked and tested, too. ProBioGen, a company based in Berlin, is developing anartificial human lymph node which, it reckons, could have prevented the near-disastrous consequences of a drugtrial held in Britain threemonths ago, in which (despite the drug having passed animal tests) six men sufferedmultiple organ failure and nearly died. The drug the men were given made their immune systems hyperactive.Such a response would, the firm's scientists reckon, have been identified by their lymph node, which is made fromcells that provoke the immune system into a response. ProBioGen's lymph node could thus work better than animaltesting.Another way of cutting the number of animal experiments would be tochange the way that vaccines are tested, according to CoenraadHendriksen of the Netherlands Vaccine Institute. At the moment, allbatches of vaccine are subject to the same battery of tests. DrHendriksen argues that this is over-rigorous. When new vaccine culturesare made, belt-and-braces tests obviously need to be applied. But if abatch of vaccine is derived from anexisting culture, he suggests that itneed be tested only to make sure it is identical to the batch from which itis derived. That would require fewer test animals.All this suggests that though there isstill some way to go before drugs,vaccines andother substances can be tested routinely on cells ratherthan live animals, useful progress is being made. What is harder to see ishow the use ofanimals might be banished from fundamental research. Anger managementTo one emotion, men are more sensitive than women MEN are notoriously insensitive to theemotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by athousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia,confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestiveexception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way aperson's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agreeon what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear,joy,sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved areinnate, rather than learned.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions inmixed sets of either fouror eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, andmeasured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies,that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was morequickly identified on a male facethan a female one.Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a groupof eightphotographs as when it was part of a groupof four. That was in stark contrast to the otherfive sorts of expression,which took more time tofind when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in thebrain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it isespecially concerned about angry men. Also, thishighly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men pickedout the angry expressions fasterthan women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognizeevery other sort of facial expression.Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly hasa survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the abilityto spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to getkilled by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually aspontaneous dispute over status or sex.The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allowthe sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, thisstudy also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you wantattention, get angry.The shareholders' revoltA turning point in relations between company owners and bosses?SOMETHING strange has been happening this year at company annual meetings in America:shareholders have been voting decisively against the recommendations of managers. Until now, mostshareholders have, like so many sheep,routinely voted in accordance with the advice of the people theyemploy to run the company. This year managers have already been defeated at some 32 companies,including household names such as Boeing, ExxonMobil and General Motors.This shareholders' revolt has focused entirely on one issue: the method by which members of the boardof directors are elected. Shareholder resolutions on other subjects have mostly been defeated, as usual.The successful resolutionscalled for directors to be elected by majority voting, instead of by thetraditional method of “plurality”—which in practice meant that only votes cast in favour were counted,and that a single vote for a candidate would be enough to get him elected.Several companies, led by Pfizer, a drug giant, saw defeat looming and pre-emptively adopted a formalmajority-voting policy that was weaker than in the shareholder resolution. This required any director whofailed to secure a majority of votes to tender his resignation to the board, which would then be free todecide whether or not to accept it. Under the shareholder resolution, any candidate failing to secure amajority of the votes cast simply would not be elected. Intriguingly, the shareholder resolution wasdefeated at four-fifths of the firms that adopted a Pfizer-style majority voting rule, whereas it succeedednearly nine times out of ten at firms retaining the plurality rule.Unfortunately for shareholders, their victories may prove illusory, as the successful resolutions were all“precatory”—meaning that they merely advisedmanagement on the course of action preferred byshareholders, but did not force managers to do anything. Several resolutions that tried to imposemajority voting on firms by changing their bylaws failed this year.Even so, wise managers should voluntarily adopt majority voting, according to Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen &Katz, a Wall Street law firm that has generally helped managers resist increases in shareholder power butnow expects majority voting eventually to “become universal”. It advises that, at the very least,managers should adopt the Pfizer model, if only to avoid becoming the subject of even greater scrutinyfrom corporate-governance activists. Some firms might choose to go further, as Dell and Intel have donethis year, and adopt bylaws requiring majority voting.Shareholders may have been radicalised by the success last year of a lobbying effort by managersagainst a proposal from regulators to make it easier for shareholders to put up candidates in boardelections. It remains to be seen if they willbe back for more in 2007. Certainly, some of the activistshareholders behind this year's resolutions have big plans. Where new voting rules are in place, they plancampaigns to vote out the chairman of the compensation committee at any firm that they think overpaysthe boss. If the 2006 annual meeting was unpleasant for managers, next year's could be far worse.Intangible opportunitiesCompanies are borrowing against their copyrights, trademarks and patentsNOT long ago, the value of companies resided mostly in things you could see and touch. Today it liesincreasingly in intangible assets such as the McDonald's name, the patent for Viagra and therights toSpiderman. Baruch Lev, a finance professor at New York University's Stern School of Business, puts theimplied value of intangibles on American companies' balance sheets at about $6 trillion, or two-thirds ofthe total. Much of this consists of intellectual property, the collective name for copyrights, trademarksand patents. Increasingly,companies and their clever bankers are using these assets to raise cash.The method of choice is securitisation, the issuing of bonds based on the various revenues thrown off byintellectual property. Late last month Dunkin' Brands, owner of Dunkin' Donuts, a snack-bar chain, raised$1.7 billion by selling bonds backed by, among other things, the royalties itwill receive from itsfranchisees. The threeprivate-equity firms that acquired Dunkin' Brands a few months ago have used thecash to repay the money they borrowed to buy the chain. This is the biggest intellectual-propertysecuritisation by far, says Jordan Yarett of Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison, a law firm that hasworked on many such deals.Securitisations of intellectual property can be based on revenues from copyrights, trademarks (such aslogos) or patents. The best-known copyright deal was the issue in 1997 of $55m-worth of “Bowie Bonds”supported by the future sales of music by David Bowie, a British rock star. Bonds based onthe films ofDreamWorks, Marvel comic books and the stories of John Steinbeck have also been sold. As well asDunkin' Brands, several restaurant chains and fashion firms have issued bonds backed by logos andbrands.Intellectual-property deals belong to a class known as operating-asset securitisations. These differ fromstandard securitisations of future revenues, such as bonds backed by the payments on a 30-yearmortgage or a car loan, in that the borrower has to make his asset work. If investors are to recoup theirmoney, the assets being securitised must be “actively exploited”, says Mr Yarett: DreamWorks mustcontinue to churn out box-office hits.The market for such securitisations is still small. Jay Eisbruck, of Moody's, a rating agency, reckons thataround $10 billion-worth of bonds are outstanding. But there is “big potential,” he says, pointing out thatlicensing patented technology generates $100 billion a year and involves thousands of companies.Raising money this way can make sense not only for clever private-equity firms, but also for companieswith low (or no) credit ratings that cannot easily tap the capital markets or with few tangible assets ascollateral for bank loans. Some universities have joined in, too. Yale built a new medical complex withsome of the roughly $100m it raised securitising patent royalties from Zerit, an anti-HIV drug.It may be harder for investors to decide whether such deals are worth their while. They are, after all,highly complex and riskier than standard securitisations. The most obvious risk is that the investorscannot be sure that the assets will yield what borrowers promise: technology moves on, fashions changeand the demand for sugary snacks may collapse. Valuing intellectual property—an exercise based onforecasting the timing and amount of future cashflows—is more art than science.So far, says Mr Eisbruck, these bonds have generally matched investors' hopes. But regulators say thatonly institutional investors, such as。