国际贸易地理论文(全英文)

Title: Impact of trade policies on trade flowsStudent NameStudent No.MajorCourseSupervisorDateAbstract:In International Trade Geography, politics is an important element in analyzing trade within a certain region. As the outward manifestation of politics, policies influence greatly on trade structure and trade flows. In this paper, trade policiesand the relevant trade conditions between China and the U.S. will be discussed as a typical example.Sino-US trade imbalance has been the focus of global attention. The two governments are trying to introduce new relevant policies to solve this perennial issue. Whether the new policies can work effectively, it remains to be verified. This paper looks back the impact of trade policy on trade flows in past periods and makes prospect on the effect of the new trade policies between China and the U.S. It makes a sense to make a look at the effect of a trade policy and decide which one a country should take.Key words:trade policy tariff import exportThere is no doubt that policies have great influence on trade among countries. Good trade policies promote trade conditions, while bad ones worsen trade and even bring disasters to domestic industries. For this reason, countries pay lots of attention to make trade policies.Sino-U.S. trade is a good example to analyze the impact of trade policy on trade flow. The increasing Sino-US trade imbalance has caused great attention from the rest of the world. Before the 90s of 20 century, the U.S. had trade surplus in trade with China. However, from then on, the trade imbalance has appeared and become larger and larger. Up to 2006, the trade imbalance 130.8 billion dollars, almost 20 times of the first time. Such great trade balance caused different opinions among economists within these two countries, which together contributed to the process of trade policy-making.There are three major periods of China’s trade policies. Firstly, 1978 -1991, it is a stage that protectionist trade policy shifted to liberalizing trade policy, which aimed at more export and less import to gain foreign exchange. Secondly, 1992-2001, the protectionist trade policy gradually met with the international standards, which paid great attention on the promotion of export. Thirdly, since 2002, the protectionist trade policy has successfully integrated into the international system, which aims at promotion of trade and domestic industrial structure and achievement of balanced economic development. During these decades, the U.S. trade policies put restrictions on high-tech products export and made efforts to clag the increasing trade imbalance with China through anti-dumping, quota and special protection and so on. These changes in trade policies between China and the U.S. influenced bilateral trade and domestic economy.In China, tariff is a major tool for trade policy. In 1978-1991, China began reducing tariff to adjust to the reform and opening up. The second Customs Tariff was made by lowering tax rates and adjusting the tariff structure in the first Customs Tariff in 1985, which reflects the opening-up policies to encourage exports and expand essential imports, to ensure sustainedeconomic growth. In 1992 China adopted the "Commodity Description and Coding System" to gradually reduce the level of import tariff in order to increase openness. In early 2002, after China joined the WTO, with commitments on tariff adjustment of import step by step, it successfully reduced the tariff by 9.8% in 2007. In general, it can be seen from Table 1, China's tariff and trade policy changes in the basic synchronization, suggesting that the tariff is a very important tool for trade policies. The autonomic tariff concessions reflect not only China’s management on trade policy, but also the decreased protection of the domestic market and increased openness to the world.In the tariff system, export tax rebate plays a vital role in influencing the export volume. Since 1994, because the increased export tax rebate rate increased expected profits of enterprises, it promoted the export intention, which makes the 1994 and 1995 the rapid growth rate of China's export of 32% and 23%. However, the rapid expansion of exports also brought the government tremendous financial pressure. In order to ease the financial pressure, the government lowered tax rates in 1995, which directly reduced the expected profits of export enterprises and caused the resulting decline in export growth to 1.52% in 1995-1996. In 1999, China's export tax rebate rate increased from 9.24% to 11.8%, accordingly, the export growth rate in 1999-2000 increased to 27.84%. It can be found that higher export tax rebate policy led to larger changes in export growth, indicating that the government focused on short-term effect of export tax rebate, which is a policy expression of managedtrade liberalization.With the encouragement for export, China exceeded Japan to become the largest U.S. trade deficit country in 2000. In the new century, with the further development of foreign trade, China's ratio of dependence on foreign trade has reached 70%. China now has become a big trading country, which has huge effect on the world and its trading partners. In the international market, not only of the traditional labor-intensive textile and garment exports are highest in the world, but also IT products like color TVs, cell phones, computers, laptops are highest in the world. Among 5104 kinds of commodities in international trade statistics, the volume of 322 species of China's goods export ranked the first in the world in 2004.After 9·11 incident, the U.S. strengthened its strictions on exporting high-tech products. For this reason, the U.S. export of high-tech products has had trade deficit since 2003. Statistics show that the U.S. share of high-tech exports to China declined from 18.3% in 2001to 9.1% in 2006 in China's total imports of high-tech products. In fact China has a large demand for American high-tech products, if the United States relax export controls to China, then the long-term existence of the U.S. trade deficit problem will be significantly improved. Premier Wen Jiabao, in the March 2006 government work report, pointed out: "We have to transform the trade growth mode, focus on promotion of imports and exports and make efforts to improve the imbalance of imports and exports." For Sino-US trade imbalance and the resulting problems, on September 14, 2006, the Ministry of Finance, National Development and Reform Commission, Ministry of Commerce, General Administration of Customs, State Administration of Taxation issued a joint notice of five departments, from September 15 onwards adjust some export tax rebate rate, while add more of the processing trade into ban catalog. According to this notice, China will reduce the export tax rebate rate of some commodities and will abolish export tax rebates for some other export commodities. Re-export tax rebate adjustment of the new regulations also shows that as one of thetroika for China's economic growth, "foreign trade" began by self-examination and become increasingly rational. It indicates that the concept of the development of China's foreign trade began to transform from export preference to trade balance.The purpose of adjustment of export tax rebate policy is to further control the excessive growth of exports and reduce conflicts brought with the large trade surplus. But according to the content of adjustment, this adjustment is a structural adjustment, which is conducive to optimize the industrial structure, promote the upgrading of export structure and has limited effect in reducing the trade surplus. The adjustment is to maintain pressure of structural adjustment, while reducing the export tax rebate rate of products with lower proportion in total export, on the other hand maintained the tax rebate for high-tech products, agricultural products, processing industry and machinery and equipment products. So the adjustment is difficult to inhibit the rapid growth of exports.In the United States, In order to narrow the trade deficit, the government had also introduced a covering 20 product categories of export restrictions and a "legitimate end-user" program. According to "legitimate end-user" program, only "trusted customers" can buy so-called "restricted list" products without special permission. The new rules for trade of high-tech products are slightly relaxed with the previous limit, but we can not simply by the reduced restricted categories of products, conclude that U.S. export control is really relaxed. Instead, the new regulations may cause the export and review process more complex, so that the limit has not relaxed, but tighter. U.S. released restrictions on exports of high-tech products is to increase the export of high technology products, in order to reduce trade deficit. There is no doubt that if this can really expand the export of high-tech products to China, it will certainly not only ease the trade imbalance, but also increase employment in the United States. However, it remains to see whether it really become more loosened for China to import high-tech product from the United States.From all the above discussion, we may conclude that these bilateral newpolicies for narrowing the trade imbalance might have little effect, though they seem have some real effect apparently. And we know that by changes in tariff, tax rebate, quota, a government can have a pertinent adjustment on trade and domestic industry. Trade is import to a country’s development, because no country will have a bright future without it. Therefore, governments should value the vital role of trade policy in improving its domestic economy.References1. 赵苏，《国际贸易地理》，高等教育出版社，2006版2. 彭永福，《美国贸易逆差原因探悉》，《世界经济研究》，2005.053. 常晓村，《从贸易大国到贸易强国新时期贸易战略的新思路》，《国际商报》2005.05.284. 《对外贸易政策的调整与外贸增长方式的转变》/qikanshow.asp?articleid=15495. 《出口退税政策对我国外贸的影响》/question/146122614.html6. 《政治对外贸的影响》/Blog/cns!50CF5FFDAF6A0ABD!204.entry7. 《贸易政策的变化及其对贸易流量的影响》/sinosure/xwzx/jmtx/zcyll/82026.html8. 《中国对外贸易的演化过程》/question/78799557.html。