间接言语行为理论

例如：My dear，the beef here is too expensive．
Introduction Austin's Speech Act Theory Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory --Classification of Indirect Speech Acts Its Relations with Other Pragmatic Theories

Searle's Indirect Speech Act Theory
Searle continues his teacher's research on illocutionary acts, and finds that actually all the speech acts can be seen as illocutionary acts. He makes some revisions to Austin's felicity conditions and use new terms to classify felicity conditions into three: preparatory conditions, propositional content conditions and sincerity conditions.
1) Preparatory conditions – conditions that identify the particular circumstances and participants appropriate to performing a given illocutionary act. 2) Propositional content conditions – conditions that define the content f the utterance. 3) Sincerity conditions – conditions that involve the speaker's necessary belief, emotion and intention.

In the study of felicity conditions, Searle finds some utterances which deliberately fail to fulfill the conditions for the speech act. However, these utterances tend to conduct another speech act whose felicity conditions have been satisfied. This means that with the same utterance the "speaker meaning" is different from the "literal meaning", and that is the reason why the utterance performs a speech act which is different from the one usually related to the "literal meaning". Based on the above understanding, Searle defines an indirect speech act as an illocutionary act which is performed indirectly by way of performing another.
2) Propositional content conditions –A States the act C that B will perform. 命题内容规则： 命题只能出现在话语（或比话语更大的语境） 中，他讲述了说话人将实施的某一行为。 3) Sincerity conditions – A really wants B to do C. 只有当说话人希望实施某一行为时，才能 说出某一命题。这一规则来自于真诚条件。
Later, when Austin tries to separate performatives from constatives, he realizes the difficulty in distinguishing them from apart. In fact, all sentences can be used to perform speech acts. In order to explain in what sense to say something is to do something, Austin classifies three kinds of speech acts: 1)locutionary act（言内行为） – the movement of vocal organs to produce a stretch of meaningful sounds,
(1) Speaker X: “We should leave for the show or else we‟ll be late.” (2) Speaker Y: "I am not ready yet.“ Here the primary illocutionary act is Y's rejection of X's suggestion, and the secondary illocutionary act is Y's statement that she is not ready to leave. By dividing the illocutionary act into two subparts, Searle is able to explain that we can understand two meanings from the same utterance all the while knowing which is the correct meaning to respond to.

Introduction
The theory of indirect speech acts was put forward by the American philosopher of language John Searle. It originated from Austin's theory, but made some revisions. One of Searle's contributions lies in his understanding of the importance of speech acts. He regards a speech act as a basic unit in social communication, yet not a word or a sentence. This means that his theory pays much attention to the functions rather than the forms of languages.

According to these principles, we can analyze the felicity conditions of a particular speech act. Take the speech act request as an example to show how A request B to do C. 1) Preparatory conditions – A has not done C; A believes that B can do C; B will not do C if he is not asked to. a. 只有当听话人希望说话人去实施该行为，而且 说话人也相信听话人希望他去实施该行为时，才 能说出某一命题 b. 只有当说话人和听话人都明白，在正常情况 下说话人不会趋势是某一行为时，才能说出某一 命题
"I nominate John to be President", “I sentence you to ten years’imprisionment", "I promise to pay you back."
In these typical, rather explicit cases of performative sentences, the action that the sentence describes (nominating,sentencing, promising) is performed by the utterance of the sentence itself.
Austin's Speech Act Theory It all begins with Austin's) distinction between two kinds of sentences: performatives(施为句) and constatives（叙事句）. Austin argues that the uttering of a performative sentence is actually doing an action.

2) illocutionary act（言外行为） - the making of a statement, offer, promise, etc. to fulfill the purpose of speaking. (3) perlocutionary act（言后行为） – the effects left on the audiences. The second speech act, i.e. illocutionary act, is the focus of Austin's research, because the illocution of an utterance is the speaker's communicative intention or the function it is intended to perform. In this sense, Austin's speech act theory is actually a theory of illocutionary acts. His previous research focus performatives then in fact belongs to a special group of illocutionary acts which are expressed explicitly.
塞尔认为间接言语现象实质上是“通过实施另一种言语行 为来间接地实施某一种言语行为”。换言之，说话人想要 通过句子的“字面用意”来表达间接的“言外之力”。
In summary, people often express ideas in an indirect way which leads to two illocutionary acts in the indirect utterance. Taning is called primary illocutionary act, while the act linked to the literal meaning is called secondary illocutionary act.