第13章 核酸的结构
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➢ The base sequence of a DNA or RNA molecule is always written with the 5’ end on the left and 3’ end on the right by convention.
The primary structure of RNA
Nucleic acid covalent structure
13.2.1 核酸中核苷酸的连接方式
核苷酸是核酸的结构单位
Phosphodiester bonds
13.2.2 The primary structure of DNA
➢The covalent backbones of nucleic acids consist of alternating 交互的phosphate and pentose (-D-deoxyribose in DNA, -D-ribose in RNA) residues.
5'-腺苷三磷酸
5'-adenosine triphosphate
5'-脱氧腺苷单 5'-deoxyadenosine
磷酸
monophosphate
3'5'-环化腺苷单 3'5'-cyclic adenosine
磷酸
monophosphate
AMP ADP ATP dAMP cAMP
13.2 核酸的共价结构
➢ Each DNA and RNA strands have a specific polarity with a distinct 5’ end (the end lacking a nucleotide at the 5’ position) and a 3’ end (the end lacking a nucleotide at the 3’ position).
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
NH2 N
N
H
NH2 H
NH
O
H
N
O
O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
N
H O
N O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
O H
N
N
NH2
O
H
H
N
O
H
N
O
O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H O
H OH
The primary structure of RNA
➢ The characteristic bases can be regarded as side groups attaching to the backbone at regular intervals (similar to the R groups on a peptide chains).
The primary structure of RNA
➢ 无分支的线形链; ➢不同种类具有不同结构:
RNA 核苷酸 碱基组成
3'端
5'端
其他特点
种类 数目
tRNA
5S rRNA 5.8 S rRNA
.........
原核 mRNA
真核 mRNA
73-93 120 160 /
/
稀有碱基较多 CpCpAO pG或pC H
The primary structure of DNA
T
OH
5’
3’
DNA
5′PdAPdCPdGPdTOH 3′ 5′ACGT.............. 3′
ACGT........ 5'→3'端
U
OH OH OH OH
OH
5’
3’
RNA
5′PAPCPGPUOH 3′ 5′ACGU......... 3′
核糖核苷酸
(ribonucleotide)
脱氧核糖核苷酸
(deoxyribonucleotide)
The nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotide units
➢ DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds.
(ribonucleotide) ( deoxyribonucleotide )
磷酸+核糖+碱基
磷酸+脱氧核糖+碱基
pyrimidine and purine
pyrimidine and purine
稀有碱基(minor bases)
13.1.2 核苷 (nucleoside)
➢ 糖与碱基之间的C-N键称为N-糖苷键
组
鸟嘌呤(guanine)、 鸟嘌呤(guanine)、
成
胞嘧啶(cytosine) 胞嘧啶(cytosine)、
尿嘧啶(uracil) 胸腺嘧啶(thymine)
磷酸 phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid
13.1核苷酸
核苷酸(nucleotide)
核糖核苷酸
脱氧核糖核苷酸
➢ The carbon and nitrogen atoms in the pyrimidine and purine rings are numbered.
H
两类核酸的基本化学组成
RNA
DNA
戊糖 核糖(D-ribose)
脱氧核糖(D-2deoxyribose)
碱基 腺嘌呤(adenine)、 腺嘌呤(adenine)、
➢ The covalent backbones of nucleic acids consist of alternating phosphate and pentose (-D-deoxyribose in DNA, -Dribose in RNA) residues.
N
H O
N O P O CH3 O
第十三章 核酸的结构
Structure of Nucleic Acid
核酸的化学组成:
核酸(nucleic acid)
↓
核苷酸(nucleotide)
磷酸(phosphoric acid)核苷(nucleoside)
戊糖(pentose) 碱基(base)
核酸
核糖核酸
(RNA)
脱氧核糖核酸
(DNA)
Erwin Chargaff (1905-1995)
不同生物DNA的碱基组成
DNA fibre x-ray diffraction ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱattern
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer
GDP-galactose, GDP-glucose:
glycosidoprotein synthesis
Nucleotide and nomenclature
中文名称
英文名称
英文简称
5'-腺苷单磷酸
5'-adenosine monophosphate
5'-腺苷二磷酸
5'-adenosine diphosphate
✓有助于蛋白质合成过程中核糖体对mRNA的 识别与结合,使翻译得以正确起始
typeⅠ: m7 G5′ppp 5′NmpNp
13.3 DNA的高级结构
The three dimensional structures of DNA
Chargaff’s law: ① A=T ② G=C ③ A+C = G+T ④ A+G = C+T
➢ The nucleotide sequences of short segment of nucleic acids can be represented in different ways.
➢ The backbones of both DNA and RNA are hydrophilic, having negative charges at physiological pH, that are generally neutralized by positively charged proteins, metal ions, and polyamines in cells.
无稀有碱基
有修饰碱基
无修饰碱基 有修饰碱基
有一段非 翻译区
有poly(A)
有一段 非翻译
区
有5'端
帽子
有保守序列
核糖可被甲基化 有多顺反子 mRNA
单顺反子
The primary structure of RNA
The primary structure of RNA of Prokaryotes 原核生物
➢ The nitrogenous base can be adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).
➢ The nitrogenous bases are derivatives衍生物 of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.
O-
O-
O-
N
N
OCH2 O
HH
H
H
OH OH 三磷酸腺苷 (ATAMP)P
ADP
ATP
(2) Cyclic nucleoside monophosphate
3’,5’-cAMP
3’,5’-cGMP
Secondary messengers in cell signal transductions.
NH2
N N
H 9
O-
N
N
-O P O CH2
O
O
H
H
H OH
H OH
NH2
N
H
1H
O
N
CH2OH
O
H
H O
-O P O
O-
H
H H
5'—腺嘌呤核苷酸
3'—胞嘧啶脱氧核苷酸
(1) Nucleoside triphosphates ATP,GTP,CTP
NH2
N
N
O
O
O
~ ~ O- P O- P O- P
ACGU.......
O O P OH
O O
H2C
H
A H
H
O
OP O
H2C
OH O
H
H H
C H
H
O
OP O
H2C
OH O
H
H H
T H
H
O
O P OH
O
H2C
O
H
H H
G H
H O
H H
DNA一级结构的特点
无分支的线形或环形链; DNA链很长,分子量很大,编码巨大的信息量; 真核生物与原核生物具有不同的特性:
5’
4’
1’
3’ 2’
(OH)
5’
4’
1’
3’ 2’
(OH)
核苷
➢-糖苷键
➢碱基与糖环平面互相垂直
13.1.3 核苷酸 (nucleotide)
核苷酸=核苷+磷酸(核苷酸是核苷的磷酸酯) 核苷中戊糖C2'、C3'、C5'羟基可被磷酸酯化(脱氧核糖
只有两个羟基可被磷酸酯化)
nucleotide
细胞内游离核苷酸及其衍生物
➢ Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
(3)Other functions
➢ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is part of many coenzymes, e.g., coenzyme A, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
真核生物:绝大多数真核细胞mRNA3′端有长 约20- 250的多聚腺苷酸
poly(A)是在转录后经poly(A)聚合酶的作用 添加上去的
poly(A)尾巴可能与mRNA从细胞核到细胞质 的运输有关
poly(A)还可能与mRNA的半寿期有关
The primary structure of RNA
真核生物mRNA的5端帽子cap的功能 ✓抗5'核酸外切酶的降解作用
真核生物具有断裂基因,有内含子,无操纵 子,调控序列所占比例大,有大量重复序列 原核生物无内含子,有操纵子,调控序列所 占比例小,很少重复序列。。。。。
13.2.3 The primary structure of RNA
➢ The 3’-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide is joined to the 5’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide by a phosphodiester bridge.
顺反子
顺反子
顺反子
5´
3´
先导区
插入顺序
插入顺序
末端顺序
The primary structure of RNA of Eukaryota真核生物
非编码区 5´ “帽子”
编码区
AAAAAAA-OH 非编码区
PolyA 3´
m7G-5´ppp-N-3 ´ p
The primary structure of RNA
The primary structure of RNA
Nucleic acid covalent structure
13.2.1 核酸中核苷酸的连接方式
核苷酸是核酸的结构单位
Phosphodiester bonds
13.2.2 The primary structure of DNA
➢The covalent backbones of nucleic acids consist of alternating 交互的phosphate and pentose (-D-deoxyribose in DNA, -D-ribose in RNA) residues.
5'-腺苷三磷酸
5'-adenosine triphosphate
5'-脱氧腺苷单 5'-deoxyadenosine
磷酸
monophosphate
3'5'-环化腺苷单 3'5'-cyclic adenosine
磷酸
monophosphate
AMP ADP ATP dAMP cAMP
13.2 核酸的共价结构
➢ Each DNA and RNA strands have a specific polarity with a distinct 5’ end (the end lacking a nucleotide at the 5’ position) and a 3’ end (the end lacking a nucleotide at the 3’ position).
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
NH2 N
N
H
NH2 H
NH
O
H
N
O
O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
N
H O
N O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
O H
N
N
NH2
O
H
H
N
O
H
N
O
O P O CH2 O
OH
H
H
H O
H OH
The primary structure of RNA
➢ The characteristic bases can be regarded as side groups attaching to the backbone at regular intervals (similar to the R groups on a peptide chains).
The primary structure of RNA
➢ 无分支的线形链; ➢不同种类具有不同结构:
RNA 核苷酸 碱基组成
3'端
5'端
其他特点
种类 数目
tRNA
5S rRNA 5.8 S rRNA
.........
原核 mRNA
真核 mRNA
73-93 120 160 /
/
稀有碱基较多 CpCpAO pG或pC H
The primary structure of DNA
T
OH
5’
3’
DNA
5′PdAPdCPdGPdTOH 3′ 5′ACGT.............. 3′
ACGT........ 5'→3'端
U
OH OH OH OH
OH
5’
3’
RNA
5′PAPCPGPUOH 3′ 5′ACGU......... 3′
核糖核苷酸
(ribonucleotide)
脱氧核糖核苷酸
(deoxyribonucleotide)
The nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are polymers of nucleotide units
➢ DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds.
(ribonucleotide) ( deoxyribonucleotide )
磷酸+核糖+碱基
磷酸+脱氧核糖+碱基
pyrimidine and purine
pyrimidine and purine
稀有碱基(minor bases)
13.1.2 核苷 (nucleoside)
➢ 糖与碱基之间的C-N键称为N-糖苷键
组
鸟嘌呤(guanine)、 鸟嘌呤(guanine)、
成
胞嘧啶(cytosine) 胞嘧啶(cytosine)、
尿嘧啶(uracil) 胸腺嘧啶(thymine)
磷酸 phosphoric acid
phosphoric acid
13.1核苷酸
核苷酸(nucleotide)
核糖核苷酸
脱氧核糖核苷酸
➢ The carbon and nitrogen atoms in the pyrimidine and purine rings are numbered.
H
两类核酸的基本化学组成
RNA
DNA
戊糖 核糖(D-ribose)
脱氧核糖(D-2deoxyribose)
碱基 腺嘌呤(adenine)、 腺嘌呤(adenine)、
➢ The covalent backbones of nucleic acids consist of alternating phosphate and pentose (-D-deoxyribose in DNA, -Dribose in RNA) residues.
N
H O
N O P O CH3 O
第十三章 核酸的结构
Structure of Nucleic Acid
核酸的化学组成:
核酸(nucleic acid)
↓
核苷酸(nucleotide)
磷酸(phosphoric acid)核苷(nucleoside)
戊糖(pentose) 碱基(base)
核酸
核糖核酸
(RNA)
脱氧核糖核酸
(DNA)
Erwin Chargaff (1905-1995)
不同生物DNA的碱基组成
DNA fibre x-ray diffraction ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱattern
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer
GDP-galactose, GDP-glucose:
glycosidoprotein synthesis
Nucleotide and nomenclature
中文名称
英文名称
英文简称
5'-腺苷单磷酸
5'-adenosine monophosphate
5'-腺苷二磷酸
5'-adenosine diphosphate
✓有助于蛋白质合成过程中核糖体对mRNA的 识别与结合,使翻译得以正确起始
typeⅠ: m7 G5′ppp 5′NmpNp
13.3 DNA的高级结构
The three dimensional structures of DNA
Chargaff’s law: ① A=T ② G=C ③ A+C = G+T ④ A+G = C+T
➢ The nucleotide sequences of short segment of nucleic acids can be represented in different ways.
➢ The backbones of both DNA and RNA are hydrophilic, having negative charges at physiological pH, that are generally neutralized by positively charged proteins, metal ions, and polyamines in cells.
无稀有碱基
有修饰碱基
无修饰碱基 有修饰碱基
有一段非 翻译区
有poly(A)
有一段 非翻译
区
有5'端
帽子
有保守序列
核糖可被甲基化 有多顺反子 mRNA
单顺反子
The primary structure of RNA
The primary structure of RNA of Prokaryotes 原核生物
➢ The nitrogenous base can be adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).
➢ The nitrogenous bases are derivatives衍生物 of two parent compounds, pyrimidine and purine.
O-
O-
O-
N
N
OCH2 O
HH
H
H
OH OH 三磷酸腺苷 (ATAMP)P
ADP
ATP
(2) Cyclic nucleoside monophosphate
3’,5’-cAMP
3’,5’-cGMP
Secondary messengers in cell signal transductions.
NH2
N N
H 9
O-
N
N
-O P O CH2
O
O
H
H
H OH
H OH
NH2
N
H
1H
O
N
CH2OH
O
H
H O
-O P O
O-
H
H H
5'—腺嘌呤核苷酸
3'—胞嘧啶脱氧核苷酸
(1) Nucleoside triphosphates ATP,GTP,CTP
NH2
N
N
O
O
O
~ ~ O- P O- P O- P
ACGU.......
O O P OH
O O
H2C
H
A H
H
O
OP O
H2C
OH O
H
H H
C H
H
O
OP O
H2C
OH O
H
H H
T H
H
O
O P OH
O
H2C
O
H
H H
G H
H O
H H
DNA一级结构的特点
无分支的线形或环形链; DNA链很长,分子量很大,编码巨大的信息量; 真核生物与原核生物具有不同的特性:
5’
4’
1’
3’ 2’
(OH)
5’
4’
1’
3’ 2’
(OH)
核苷
➢-糖苷键
➢碱基与糖环平面互相垂直
13.1.3 核苷酸 (nucleotide)
核苷酸=核苷+磷酸(核苷酸是核苷的磷酸酯) 核苷中戊糖C2'、C3'、C5'羟基可被磷酸酯化(脱氧核糖
只有两个羟基可被磷酸酯化)
nucleotide
细胞内游离核苷酸及其衍生物
➢ Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
(3)Other functions
➢ Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is part of many coenzymes, e.g., coenzyme A, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).
真核生物:绝大多数真核细胞mRNA3′端有长 约20- 250的多聚腺苷酸
poly(A)是在转录后经poly(A)聚合酶的作用 添加上去的
poly(A)尾巴可能与mRNA从细胞核到细胞质 的运输有关
poly(A)还可能与mRNA的半寿期有关
The primary structure of RNA
真核生物mRNA的5端帽子cap的功能 ✓抗5'核酸外切酶的降解作用
真核生物具有断裂基因,有内含子,无操纵 子,调控序列所占比例大,有大量重复序列 原核生物无内含子,有操纵子,调控序列所 占比例小,很少重复序列。。。。。
13.2.3 The primary structure of RNA
➢ The 3’-hydroxyl group of one nucleotide is joined to the 5’-hydroxyl group of the next nucleotide by a phosphodiester bridge.
顺反子
顺反子
顺反子
5´
3´
先导区
插入顺序
插入顺序
末端顺序
The primary structure of RNA of Eukaryota真核生物
非编码区 5´ “帽子”
编码区
AAAAAAA-OH 非编码区
PolyA 3´
m7G-5´ppp-N-3 ´ p
The primary structure of RNA