中国_22089090_浓度<80%的未改性乙醇;其他酒精饮料(2003-2013)进口量及进口额
国内在线健康社区用户信息行为研究

I G I T C W技术 分析Technology Analysis86DIGITCW2024.04在线健康社区是健康医疗领域在线社区的垂直应用,是一个开放的用户之间(包括普通公众、患者及其家属、护理人员、医疗护理专业人员等)交流健康医疗相关问题、分享经验、问答咨询和社会支持的网络平台,也称为网络健康社区、虚拟健康社区、电子健康社区等。
网络用户信息行为指网络用户在信息需求和思想动机的支配下,利用网络工具进行网络信息查询、选择、吸收、利用、交流和发布的活动。
用户的信息行为是一种有目的的行为[1]。
在线健康社区可以看成一个复杂的系统,包含信息、用户、社区三大要素,三者之间相互影响,相互依存。
其中,信息是用户参与互动行为的记录,是支持社区信息服务和知识发现的信息服务,也是用户在网络健康社区中的参与者、贡献者和管理者;社区是用户线上活动的场所和用户间的信息交流空间,为用户行为活动、信息产生和传播提供基础设施、文化环境和制度机制[2]。
2013年吕英杰博士在其博士论文中运用文本挖掘方法首次对用户寻求保健和疾病诊疗经验、病人及家属的情感交流等信息交流行为进行了分析[3]。
2015年李裕广等一批哈工大硕士在其毕业论文中对在线健康社区中用户医疗信息共享意愿、医生的贡献行为,病患之间的信息交流行为进行了研究[4]。
2016年,武汉大学的邓胜利关注到了该领域,其发表的文章也极大推进了相关研究的进展[5]。
国内在线健康社区的实践应用可谓是百花齐放,典型代表如甜蜜家园、好大夫在线、百度艾滋病吧等[6]。
在线健康社区强大的交流互动功能,对广大市民、患者,特别是慢性疾病患者的健康自我管理和日常疾病控制具有重要作用。
此外,在线健康社区也能缓解医疗健康资源总量有限、分布不均衡问题。
因此本文针对国内在线健康社区用户信息行为研究现状和发展态势进行系统的解读,以期为该领域的进一步发展探索提供一点微薄之力。
1 数据与方法1.1 数据来源本文使用CNKI 数据库进行专业检索,数据来源截止时间为2019年12月31日,避免相关数据受到影响波动。
外泌体在肝内胆管癌中的作用

外泌体在肝内胆管癌中的作用唐晋元1,杨陈凤麟1,梁冬乐2,罗雨豪11 西南医科大学附属医院肿瘤科,四川泸州 6460002 廊坊市人民医院肿瘤科,河北廊坊 065000通信作者:罗雨豪,*********************.cn(ORCID: 0000-0002-7489-5770)摘要:肝内胆管癌(ICC)是一种特殊类型的肝癌,其早期临床症状不典型,大多数患者初诊时已处于中晚期。
由于缺乏有效的分子标志物和治疗手段,ICC患者5年生存率极低。
外泌体是一种细胞分泌的囊泡,包含蛋白质、RNA、脂质等,是细胞间通讯的重要载体。
近期研究显示外泌体在ICC发生发展过程中扮演重要角色,本文就外泌体在ICC中的诊断、治疗作用及其机制进行综述,并展望外泌体的治疗前景与潜在的临床应用。
关键词:胆管上皮癌;外泌体;诊断;治疗学基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81903000);四川省自然科学基金(2023NSFSC1846)Role of exosomes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomaTANG Jinyuan1, YANG Chenfenglin1, LIANG Dongle2, LUO Yuhao1.(1. Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University,Luzhou,Sichuan 646000,China;2. Department of Oncology,Langfang People’s Hospital,Langfang,Hebei 065000, China)Corresponding author: LUO Yuhao,*********************.cn(ORCID: 0000-0002-7489-5770)Abstract:Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a special type of liver cancer with atypical clinical symptoms in the early stage,and most patients are already in the advanced stage at the time of initial diagnosis. Due to a lack of effective molecular markers and treatment options,ICC patients tend to have an extremely low five-year survival rate. Exosomes are vesicles secreted by cells that contain proteins, RNA, and lipids, and they are important carriers of intercellular communication. Recent studies have shown that exosomes play a crucial role in the development and progression of ICC, and this article reviews the role and mechanism of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of ICC and looks into the future treatment prospect and potential clinical application of exosomes.Key words:Cholangiocarcinoma; Exosomes; Diagnosis; TherapeuticsResearch funding:National Natural Science Foundation of China (81903000); Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC1846)肝内胆管癌(intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma,ICC)是一种具有胆管细胞分化特征的胆管上皮恶性肿瘤,占所有类型原发性肝癌的10%~15%。
2009两百家采购商

行业分类简体地区联系电话传真电子邮箱ADCOM通讯产品, 伊朗+971 2 5500171+971 2 5500120khr60tameme@y EURL Farid Import/Expor 通讯产品,阿尔及利亚2137267513821324857533FARIDCH@CARAM adar innovations通讯产品,法国3356163606033561636067contact@adari HAMED AL-KAFF TRADING E 通讯产品,阿联酋971-50-4455691noneyarubhasoon@ymurcia foods, S.L 食品饮料加工设中国0532 ********0532 ********qdfoods@gmail DL TRADING FZE汽车,水箱及配阿尔及利亚9716572660197165726602dl.trading@emChina Auto Internationa 摩托车, 摩托车中国13996473214023-89088016ttnwu.caic@gm JOSE AUTO DISTRIBUTOR 交通运输, 汽车波多黎各787-642-5964787-745-5031joseautoairdi C.D.M.AGRIMARKET s.r.l 交通运输, 摩托意大利0039 09226069690039 0922606969c.d.m.srl@virjinhua airuike plastic 交通运输, 摩托中国5792132019info@kingboy.ABE TRANS LOGISTICS 交通运输, 土耳其(+90) 212 347 60 60 Pbx (+90) 212 347 60istsales3@abe T.H.KUAN & Co.交通运输, 马来西亚603-78758200,1345048066603-78771820thkpj@thkuan-AVEDIAN Co.交通运输, 叙利亚+963 21 21276290-9+963 21 2219915lavedian@scs-HONDA交通运输,阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@hoSouth Star(HongKong)Ent 家用电器, 中国852-31063196852-31063198southstarhk@n ADCOM家用电器, 伊朗+971 2 5500171+971 2 5500120khr60tameme@y qingdao kaiyang rubber 家用电器, 中国0532-831915590532-83192881ANGEL-810620@AMCONICS INTERNATIONAL 家用电器,中国(852)2375 5850(852)2375 5003amconics@bizn HONDA家用电器,阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@homurcia foods, S.L机械及工业制品中国0532 848886350532 84889229qdfoods@gmailBAODING TIANEPNG I/G GR 机械及工业制品中国0312-*******LWJ678@HOTMAI sun oil.S.A.R.L 机械及工业制品突尼斯217217sunoil2000@hoASLAN TEKNIK A.S机械及工业制品土耳其+900212 2490912+ 90 212 2493279aslanteknik@s TAIZHOU XINHONHJI PUMP 机械及工业制品中国86 1351147077686 6339802carriezhao102HUNING IMPORT&EXPORT CO 机械及工业制品中国2803 21682559 6556cecfhelp@ec.c 北迪斯贸易有限公司机械及工业制品中国-84707449-84706349info@nanjingb Sociedad Industrialy Co 机械及工业制品智利56-2555775056-25562402para@bisontei企业名称每天更新外贸询盘买家信几十万进口商资料免费下德骏商贸文化http://www.dedrin.cDrizit ENNIRONMENTAL机械及工业制品美国0031 274 2304031 206 1189gparton@iafri印度尼西亚(62 21)661 9692(62 21)669 3886HANHOACHEN@YA PT.DEKADINAMIKA INTRAGC机械及工业制品中国862083281227862083281667chexpro12@163香港博悦国际有限公司机械及工业制品坦桑尼亚0255 713-218932+255 713-503059laibaik@yahoo MR OIL SERVICE(SKUVI机械及工业制品wash.sing@lib WAH-SING S.A.S Imort-Ex机械及工业制品法国(00 33)1 45 82 68 18(00 33)1 45 82 6伊朗0086-135331941840086-20-36183275amir1212005@y REX Cargo Co Ltd机械及工业制品菲律宾032-346-8536032-346-8411COLONIE0983@Y COLONIE Pest Control/En机械及工业制品DHRUVIL1@YAHO DHRUVIL机械及工业制品印度0091-79-227000810091-79-22700081阿尔及利亚2137267513821324857533FARIDCH@CARAM EURL Farid Import/Expor机械及工业制品中国86-20-6107301386-20-61073013fraxlink@yaho FRAXLINK INTERNATIONAL 机械及工业制品印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@tha SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT机械及工业制品Wasatch Co.机械及工业制品美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmai叙利亚+963 21 21276290-9+963 21 2219915lavedian@scs-AVEDIAN Co.机械及工业制品阿联酋9714887378897148873787ali.jafari@sa Ali Reza J.Fesharaki机械及工业制品中国0312-30265520312-3032273LWJ678@163.CO BAODING TIANENG I/E GRO机械及工业制品中国台湾5718724697557187246644dennis@topmar Topmarketing电子电工, 照明中国025-86936242025-84515401jimsheng@njgl Nanjing Glorious Import电子电工, 广电PARDIS intellectual imp电子电工, 伊朗-88849080-16591MKhavari@Ha-P-25420915aseanjq@163.c PACIFIC AGENT电子电工, 中国香港+852-********,+852-6076SEPAND MERCHANT GROUP C电子电工, 伊朗982122887323982122882323omid_hasseini Chassin International电子电工, 法国06 13 35 21 2506 13 35 21 25gilbert.chass South Star(HongKong)Ent电子电工, 中国852-31063196852-31063198southstarhk@n HUNING IMPORT&EXPORT CO电子电工, 中国2803 21682559 6556cecfhelp@ec.c Esschert Design Guangzh电子电工, 中国86-20-8762197286-20-87604196info@esschert ADCOM电子电工, 伊朗+971 2 5500171+971 2 5500120khr60tameme@ywash.sing@lib WAH-SING S.A.S Imort-Ex电子电工, 法国(00 33)1 45 82 68 18(00 33)1 45 82 694112561058japlks@sltnet BOART LONGYEAR 电子电工, 斯里兰卡0094-112-563031,0773655EURL Farid Import/Expor电子电工, 阿尔及利亚2137267513821324857533FARIDCH@CARAM FRAXLINK INTERNATIONAL 电子电工, 中国86-20-6107301386-20-61073013fraxlink@yaho adar innovations电子电工, 法国3356163606033561636067contact@adari HAMED AL-KAFF TRADING E电子电工, 阿联酋971-50-4455691none yarubhasoon@y DELCARINO电子电工, 中国86755826777918675582677791matin@delcari CASH CONVERTERS电子电工, 加拿大(416)785-7797(416)785-7821310otoronto@cAMCONICS INTERNATIONAL 电子电工,中国(852)2375 5850(852)2375 5003amconics@bizn HONDA电子电工,阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@hosat@ethionet. SAT Import Trading P.L.电子电工,埃塞俄比亚00251-11-157 78 12 , 0000251-11-1577811SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT电子电工,印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@thab.randbroschi B.R.&BROS电子电工,巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154Ali Reza J.Fesharaki电子电工,阿联酋9714887378897148873787ali.jafari@sa中国139********sf wiggo@air-com 电动工具, 电子浙江永源机电制造有限公司坦桑尼亚-2771578-2771578kundaeli@yaho OPPORTUNITIES INDUSTRIA包装印刷纸业,印度0091-79-227000810091-79-22700081DHRUVIL1@YAHO DHRUVIL包装印刷纸业,菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO包装印刷纸业,翰诺可国际企业有限公司安全防护, 中国台湾222888942222889356hanook@seed.n B.R.&BROS冶金矿产, 巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154b.randbroschi SIGNORI冶金矿产,意大利390309121202390309126291alberto@signoamir1212005@y REX Cargo Co Ltd冶金矿产,伊朗0086-135331941840086-20-36183275AVEDIAN Co.冶金矿产,叙利亚+963 21 21276290-9+963 21 2219915lavedian@scs-SIGNORI能源,意大利390309121202390309126291alberto@signosat@ethionet.00251-11-1577811SAT Import Trading P.L.能源,埃塞俄比亚00251-11-157 78 12 , 00OPPORTUNITIES INDUSTRIA建筑建材, 坦桑尼亚-2771578-2771578kundaeli@yaho HUNING IMPORT&EXPORT CO建筑建材, 中国2803 21682559 6556cecfhelp@ec.camir1212005@y REX Cargo Co Ltd建筑建材, 伊朗0086-135331941840086-20-36183275 STEELWORLD MFG.CORP.建筑建材, 菲律宾29208502927657steelworldmfg MR OIL SERVICE(SKUVI建筑建材,坦桑尼亚0255 713-218932+255 713-503059laibaik@yahooDHRUVIL1@YAHO DHRUVIL建筑建材,印度0091-79-227000810091-79-22700081EURL Farid Import/Expor建筑建材,阿尔及利亚2137267513821324857533FARIDCH@CARAM FRAXLINK INTERNATIONAL 建筑建材,中国86-20-6107301386-20-61073013fraxlink@yaho SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT建筑建材,印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@thaseven@cyber.n巴基斯坦0092-021-24258000092-021-*******SEVEN STAR CORPORATION化工,烯烃及衍巴基斯坦9221 241573792212417561kbchem@cyber. KHALID BROTHERS化工,农药制剂阿尔巴尼亚-4422889-6698857jetisuw@yahoo 哈萨克斯坦中介服务中心化工, 机械及工CHOP WEE KIAT化工, 新加坡(65)64661933(65)64672939wekiat@mbox2. MERIT INTERNATIONAL化工, 印度982048742791222570sujen@meritas Tufail化工, 吉尔吉斯(92-21)4388205-8(92-21)4546688chemicals@tuf PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO化工, 菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass B.R.&BROS化工, 巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154b.randbroschi SIGNORI化工,意大利390309121202390309126291alberto@signomkannan@rkspl RKS PLAST CHEM化工,英国0091-44-651879900091-44-42078112sat@ethionet.00251-11-1577811SAT Import Trading P.L.化工,埃塞俄比亚00251-11-157 78 12 , 00b.randbroschi B.R.&BROS珠宝首饰,巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154CASH CONVERTERS珠宝首饰,加拿大(416)785-7797(416)785-7821310otoronto@c qingdao kaiyang rubber 珠宝首饰,中国0532-831915590532-83192881ANGEL-810620@ HONDA运动休闲,阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@ho DELCARINO运动休闲,中国86755826777918675582677791matin@delcari SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT鞋类, 印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@tha GLOBAL EXPO鞋类, 中国861084404261861088404260export@cce360 SEMINARIUM鞋类, 巴拿马5116107272511447-1939alexia.brazziABOVE THE LINE INTERNAT鞋类, 美国310-9270746310-9270746tureksusa@aolyilunxy@pub6.福建省连江凤城华珥鞋厂鞋类, 中国0086-591-262202510086-591-2622438SMA鞋类,意大利020-31542687020-83579012pcq210@126.co PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO箱包, 菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass GWAILOR箱包, 巴巴多斯902 18 10 0493 591 02 21info@pedrafor HONDA箱包,阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@ho Wasatch Co.箱包,美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmai UNI-PROMET箱包,南斯拉夫-3009830+381-11-3010233,djoric@uni-pr PEITA TRADING PTY.,LTD.箱包,澳大利亚613-9846 5889613-9846 5949peitasew@swif GLOBAL EXPO箱包,中国861084404261861088404260export@cce360 SEMINARIUM箱包,巴拿马5116107272511447-1939alexia.brazzi哥伦比亚56502024145665miguelaescoba IMPORTADOS MIGUEL ANGEL玩具,其他, 娃AMCONICS INTERNATIONAL 玩具, 中国(852)2375 5850(852)2375 5003amconics@bizn AL SAFAA FOR SUPPLIES C玩具, 埃及002-02-3128691002-02-3120715Alsafa_egy@ho RKS PLAST CHEM玩具,英国0091-44-651879900091-44-42078112mkannan@rkspl SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT玩具,印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@thaljinj@vip.163 KASS INPORT/EXPORT TRAD玩具,荷兰0086-27-656059290086-27-65605929UNI-PROMET玩具,南斯拉夫-3009830+381-11-3010233,djoric@uni-pr PEITA TRADING PTY.,LTD.玩具,澳大利亚613-9846 5889613-9846 5949peitasew@swif AVEDIAN Co.玩具,叙利亚+963 21 21276290-9+963 21 2219915lavedian@scs-中国86-20-8762197286-20-87604196info@esschert Esschert Design Guangzh礼品、工艺品,中国862083281227862083281667chexpro12@163香港博悦国际有限公司礼品、工艺品,ljinj@vip.163荷兰0086-27-656059290086-27-65605929KASS INPORT/EXPORT TRAD礼品、工艺品,djoric@uni-pr南斯拉夫-3009830+381-11-3010233,UNI-PROMET礼品、工艺品,澳大利亚613-9846 5889613-9846 5949peitasew@swif PEITA TRADING PTY.,LTD.礼品、工艺品,巴巴多斯902 18 10 0493 591 02 21info@pedrafor GWAILOR礼品、工艺品,英国0091-44-651879900091-44-42078112mkannan@rkspl RKS PLAST CHEM礼品、工艺品,中国台湾5718724697557187246644dennis@topmar Topmarketing礼品、工艺品,94112561058japlks@sltnet斯里兰卡0094-112-563031,0773655BOART LONGYEAR 家居用品,家用意大利0039 09226069690039 0922606969c.d.m.srl@vir C.D.M.AGRIMARKET s.r.l家居用品, 家具PLANETA SERVIS-K家居用品, 乌克兰-937-937pack1@ NSI PTY LTD家居用品, 澳大利亚6142220591161395096782raffi@saffars Multi-reach Llc 家居用品, 美国(980) 756-8899480-756-1539gbroni@multi-PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO家居用品, 菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass Rank Distributors Inc.家居用品, 美国864-573-6969864-5736964ackshay@mywaymkannan@rkspl RKS PLAST CHEM家居用品, 英国0091-44-651879900091-44-42078112B.R.&BROS家居用品, 巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154b.randbroschi Ali Reza J.Fesharaki家居用品, 阿联酋9714887378897148873787ali.jafari@sa HIGH PLATEAU TRADING L.家居用品,阿联酋-5586713-2286534boudoukhamour INDUSTRIAS GREPER家居用品,墨西哥619-428-9660619-625-1997kolivos@multi Wasatch Co.家居用品,美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmai DELCARINO家居用品,中国86755826777918675582677791matin@delcari 中山洪良化织有限公司 福服装、服饰, 中国5918529004959185290031tamy50@hotmai Cebo服装、服饰, 中国862038886420862038886419CEBO@CEBOGLOB YH TRADING&CO.服装、服饰, 中国1371121946413711219464info@yhtradin SMA服装、服饰, 意大利020-31542687020-83579012pcq210@126.co GWAILOR服装、服饰,巴巴多斯902 18 10 0493 591 02 21info@pedraforWasatch Co.服装、服饰,美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmai英国(161)923 4677(161)923 4750lambert@hkofc SPEED SOURCING GROUP纺织、裘皮革、中国-84707449-84706349info@nanjingb 北迪斯贸易有限公司纺织、裘皮革、坦桑尼亚0748 785 3560748 785 356kays@ TANZANIA CHAMBER OF COM纺织、裘皮革、美国(980) 756-8899480-756-1539gbroni@multi-Multi-reach Llc 纺织、裘皮革、中国1371121946413711219464info@yhtradin YH TRADING&CO.纺织、裘皮革、yilunxy@pub6.中国0086-591-262202510086-591-2622438福建省连江凤城华珥鞋厂纺织、裘皮革、澳大利亚6142220591161395096782raffi@saffars NSI PTY LTD纺织、裘皮革、wash.sing@lib WAH-SING S.A.S Imort-Ex纺织、裘皮革、法国(00 33)1 45 82 68 18(00 33)1 45 82 6中国(852)2375 5850(852)2375 5003amconics@bizn AMCONICS INTERNATIONAL 纺织、裘皮革、巴巴多斯902 18 10 0493 591 02 21info@pedrafor GWAILOR纺织、裘皮革、Wasatch Co.纺织、裘皮革、美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmaib.randbroschi B.R.&BROS纺织、裘皮革、巴基斯坦0086-579-55411270086-579-5550154阿根廷4926-1500iadamian@hotm importadora americana办公文教,胶粘PLANETA SERVIS-K办公文教, 乌克兰-937-937pack1@ SIVALIK ENTERPRISES PVT办公文教, 印度919810020705919810896202VIVEKKUMA@tha OPPORTUNITIES INDUSTRIA办公文教,坦桑尼亚-2771578-2771578kundaeli@yahodjoric@uni-pr UNI-PROMET办公文教,南斯拉夫-3009830+381-11-3010233,HUNING IMPORT&EXPORT CO食品饮料, 中国2803 21682559 6556cecfhelp@ec.c PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO食品饮料, 菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass CHOP WEE KIAT食品饮料, 新加坡(65)64661933(65)64672939wekiat@mbox2. HIGH PLATEAU TRADING L.食品饮料, 阿联酋-5586713-2286534boudoukhamour HONDA食品饮料, 阿曼505250-1800505268-4884arodriguez@ho Wasatch Co.食品饮料, 美国310-637-6160310-637-7346yasyou@hotmai EURL Farid Import/Expor食品饮料,阿尔及利亚2137267513821324857533FARIDCH@CARAM TANZANIA CHAMBER OF COM农业, 坦桑尼亚0748 785 3560748 785 356kays@ PURE ESSENCE INTERNATIO农业, 菲律宾63-26717707-10ethel@compass sun oil.S.A.R.L农业, 突尼斯217217sunoil2000@ho94112561058japlks@sltnet BOART LONGYEAR 农业, 斯里兰卡0094-112-563031,0773655sat@ethionet.00251-11-1577811SAT Import Trading P.L.农业, 埃塞俄比亚00251-11-157 78 12 , 00Ali Reza J.Fesharaki农业,阿联酋9714887378897148873787ali.jafari@sa Multi-reach Llc 医药保健, 美国(980) 756-8899480-756-1539gbroni@multi-SIGNORI医药保健, 意大利390309121202390309126291alberto@signo COLONIE Pest Control/En医药保健, 菲律宾032-346-8536032-346-8411COLONIE0983@Y INDUSTRIAS GREPER医药保健, 墨西哥619-428-9660619-625-1997kolivos@multi Ali Reza J.Fesharaki医药保健,阿联酋9714887378897148873787ali.jafari@sa Jilin Chemical Industri综合性公司, 中国432-3903483432-3903484YSH@JILINCHEM EAGLE HOCKEY综合性公司, 中国86-571-8848676586-571-88486765STEVENEMANSFI SKYLAKE INTERNATIONAL N综合性公司, 巴拉圭597-0481386597-0481386SLYLAKE@SR.NEjamie@sunmed. SUNMED HEALTHCARE CO.,L综合性公司, 中国0086-20-842304400086-20-84242385chinese global granit综合性公司, 中国86-592-5999981-5980927jack@globalgr guangdong xin qing feng综合性公司, 中国20388038552038803772curbychan@xqf IPD(asia pacific)limite综合性公司, 英国8523428312685231604596ipd-asia@hotm 明顺国际有限公司综合性公司, 中国8523105077685231051775a@美国国际贸易中心北京代表综合性公司, 美国8610586126868610-58612666beijing@aaaoe91-11-25436533shrutindia@sa S.K.Gupta综合性公司, 印度91-11-25159356,25431660MGM GENERAL IMPORTER & 综合性公司, 埃塞俄比亚251114653241251114653241mosgeb@yahoo.Tanawa Int.Gen Trdg.&Co综合性公司, 科威特96526321319652632313tanawa_kwt@ya TULUMEN TEKSTIL综合性公司, 土耳其(0212)519 10 60(0212)513 33 87TULUMEN61@HOT CRYSTAL GALAXY CO.综合性公司, 伊朗-8806604-8806565parsa@dpimail SENNA&MEDICINAL PLANTS 综合性公司, 印度400273591 461 2326404ttn_abirami@s SG TRADING综合性公司, 阿富汗2731464956827314649568s_gtrading@terajujs@rediff ABHINAY ENTERPRISES综合性公司, 印度+91 22 2636 5812+91 22 5692 3683 BULWARK综合性公司, 萨巴+255 22 2780975+255 22 2781254bulwarklimite MONDIAL TRADE综合性公司, 澳大利亚005411-4824-034500541-4807-6014mondial@inter FRAXLINK INTERNATIONAL 综合性公司,中国86-20-6107301386-20-61073013fraxlink@yaho联系地址英文网址手机号码联系人英文联系人简体中文P.O.Box 25298 Abu Dhabi United Ara Kadum H.AI Tameme CITE HOUCH EI MEKHFI BP 294 O/H BO Farid CHALABI 62 boulevard Carnot 31000 Toulouse Edmond Malka P.O.Box:126880 Abu Dhabi U.A.E.Yaroub K.AL-Rawi Qingdao chinaGao Jian po. box 46518 sharjah U.A.E.HAFIT AROUNEKing City Hot TitanAve,Luis Mufioz Marin E-27 Urb,Not Jose Alburquerque Viale Leonardo Sciascia,19-92100 A Bonnie zhejiang jinh http://www.arcjs.en.ali Mr mouPorf. Dr Bulent Tarcan Sok. Gungen Akin Yasar DAYI 19A,Jalan Tha http://www.thkuan-aica.ENG KIM HUAT Jeser Al Razi-Adjami Bldg.P.O.Box Raffi BAGHDASSARIAN Estatua de Montoya 3c.al sur,1/2 c Alvaro Rodriguez Z.Flat H,7/Fl.Yue Cheung Centre,No.1Eric Hsueh P.O.Box 25298 Abu Dhabi United Ara Kadum H.AI Tameme 哈尔滨MR SONG5A,Yiu Kei Mansion,106 Austin Road S.K.DUBEYEstatua de Montoya 3c.al sur,1/2 c Alvaro Rodriguez Z.Qingdao chinaGao Jian12B, CHAOYANG RAOD, BAODING HEBEI,LIU WEIJING 22,AV.Farhat Hached 3000 Sfax TUNI mohamed fourati PERSEMBEPAZARI CAD.CESME SOKAK CES YUDA SIYONCARRRIEG/F.,168A,Connaught Road,West,Hong C.Y.Chan 南京市石鼓路100号金鹰国际花园,金日Behdis TejaratMiguel Leon Prado 225 Santiago-chi Pedro Ramirez Arriagada买家信息免费下载特别推荐化/2752825-2459P.O.Box 10463 Marine Parade 4056 R Greg PartonBLOCK C/33-A PURI DELTAMAS COMPLEX CHEN HAN HUA广州市越秀区解放南路39号周樨P.O.Box 5638 Old Bagarnoyo Road-Ka Laibai Kallaghe 105,rue de Tolbiac 75013 Paris(Fra NGAU SY ZOL GUANGZHOU CHINA AMIRZARGAR482L Jaena Street Tipolo,Mandaue C FLORABELLE O.SUICO Plot No.138,Vikrampark Ploting,Opp DILIP PATELCITE HOUCH EI MEKHFI BP 294 O/H BO Farid CHALABIS100 Tianhe Plaza,Dongpu No.268 Zh Francis C.Ndubisi india VIVEK KUMAR11000 Wright Road.Lynwood,Californ Yousuf HaroonJeser Al Razi-Adjami Bldg.P.O.Box Raffi BAGHDASSARIAN 18325,Jebel Ali,United Arab Emirat sadco12B, CHAOYANG ROAD, BAODING HEBEI,LIU WEIJINGDennis Hung17FL,Nanjing, China JimP.O.Box 15847 NO.306,Iranshahr St.MehrdadRm.607,6/F.,The Centre Mark,287-29B.S.QuekNo21.1,mohajery St.,5th sarvestan OMID HASSERNI France Gilbert ChassinFlat H,7/Fl.Yue Cheung Centre,No.1Eric HsuehG/F.,168A,Connaught Road,West,Hong C.Y.ChanRm1505-06,1st Tower,DongJun Plaza,范代肯P.O.Box 25298 Abu Dhabi United Ara Kadum H.AI Tameme 105,rue de Tolbiac 75013 Paris(Fra NGAU SY ZOLno.401,hokandara north,hokandara,s J.A.P.PERERACITE HOUCH EI MEKHFI BP 294 O/H BO Farid CHALABIS100 Tianhe Plaza,Dongpu No.268 Zh Francis C.Ndubisi 62 boulevard Carnot 31000 Toulouse Edmond MalkaP.O.Box:126880 Abu Dhabi U.A.E.Yaroub K.AL-Rawi中国深圳市罗湖区布吉路独树村丰湖花H amed Matin#24-508 Lawrence Avenue West Jackie Xu5A,Yiu Kei Mansion,106 Austin Road S.K.DUBEYEstatua de Montoya 3c.al sur,1/2 c Alvaro Rodriguez Z.P.O.Box:- 29641 Addis Ababa, Ethio Seid Abdellaindia VIVEK KUMAR3F.NO.86 Wuai Road.Yiwu China JIBRAN AHMED18325,Jebel Ali,United Arab Emirat sadcodsf http://www.air-compress罗P.O.BOX 4069 DAR ES SALAAM TANZANI KAWA.E.N.KUNDAELLPlot No.138,Vikrampark Ploting,Opp DILIP PATEL4 Avis St.Bagong Hog Phils.Ethel Tantuco台北新芦洲市长安街道233巷45号2楼罗杰夫3F.NO.86 Wuai Road.Yiwu China JIBRAN AHMEDVia,Colombare di Casiglione, 25015Alberto Agostelli GUANGZHOU CHINA AMIRZARGARJeser Al Razi-Adjami Bldg.P.O.Box Raffi BAGHDASSARIANVia,Colombare di Casiglione, 25015Alberto AgostelliP.O.Box:- 29641 Addis Ababa, Ethio Seid AbdellaP.O.BOX 4069 DAR ES SALAAM TANZANI KAWA.E.N.KUNDAELLG/F.,168A,Connaught Road,West,Hong C.Y.ChanGUANGZHOU CHINA AMIRZARGARPaul Yeung Leung TinP.O.Box 5638 Old Bagarnoyo Road-Ka Laibai KallaghePlot No.138,Vikrampark Ploting,Opp DILIP PATELCITE HOUCH EI MEKHFI BP 294 O/H BO Farid CHALABIS100 Tianhe Plaza,Dongpu No.268 Zh Francis C.Ndubisiindia VIVEK KUMAR12-13,1st floor,waqar centre,mohd OWAIS JAVEDMUHAMMAD YAHYA ARSHAD阿拉木市塞纳大街111号阿迪。
一种用于去除病理切片中水珠的方法

-230•临床与实验病理学杂志J Clin Exp Pathol2021Fe2;37(2)网络出版时间:2021-2-253:55网络出版地址:htt p s//Sus.csSU set/dems/d etaiU34.1273.R.02212224.1627.027.Ctvi一种用于去除病理切片中水珠的方法、迈新二□歹技术交流武振汝-,陈梦琳、,李丽-,石毓君、,步宏-,关键词:病理切片;脱水封片;解决对策中图分类号:R342-83文献标志码:B文章编号:401-7399(2021)02-0232-02doi:4/3315/6csSU cjcep.0221.02.023近年随着我国医学科研水平的提高,病理技术在科学研 究中越来越受到重视,由于科研病理样本来源及染色复杂,往往不能像病理科一样完全使用全自动染色机染色,多采用手工染色。
病理切片制作过程中往往会出现脱水液更换不及时,或封片剂开封后保存不当,造成脱水不足,或封片剂过干,使封片剂不能完全覆盖组织而造成盖玻片与组织之间出现细小间隙影响折射率,产生类似“水珠”一样的间隙,严重影响阅片和采图,成为不合格的病理切片。
日常工作中此类情况往往成批出现,如重新制片将造成时间和试剂的严重浪 费。
本实验室通过多次实践摸索,取得较好效果,现报道如 下。
1材料与方法1.1材料收集有封片问题的病理切片2342张,二甲苯、无水乙醇均购自成都科隆公司,封片剂、载玻片均购自美国Theono Fisker Scie/tike公司,盖玻片购自江苏世泰公司。
1.2方法(1)问题切片脱胶:将问题切片浸泡在二甲苯中2天,待盖玻片松动后手动取下盖玻片,继续在二甲苯中浸泡3h,待切片上的胶完全脱掉后从二甲苯中取出,置于通风橱中待二甲苯完全挥发。
(2)切片水化:将无水乙醇用双蒸水准确配制成35%乙醇、缸,95%乙醇2缸,再准备无水乙醇2缸。
将脱胶完全的切片依次浸入无水乙醇2缸,95%乙醇2缸,85%乙醇1缸中;免疫组化染色切片每缸2mis;HE或PAS染色切片每缸5s行乙醇梯度水化。
2010年初中学业水平考试省实验中学名单

刘昶 许昊然 薛明亮 马思捷 张洪桢 周子儒 李家瑞 张潇然 王雪松 王宇辰
付娆 王涉 彭程 刘朔晗 徐文珂 谢惠东 张明玥 曹径舟 李丞 周云柯 汤秀洁 王傲寒 张旭 张弛 冯冠霖 高明烨 柯萌萌 刘昱昭 龚昊 谯英固 李伊铭 袁鑫 那天宇 陈曦 张靖翼 王乐宁 宋少苒 林怡飞 李庆战 刘文佳 傅弋洋 米若钰 朱陈佳 胥天雨 张琪萱 王奕飞 周泽嘉
2007370102010120000
2007370102010220000 2007370102010320000 2007370102010220000 2007370103000620000 2007370102010220000 2007370103000620000 2007370103000620000 2007370102000720000 2007370102010220000 2007370102000320000
100010026
王兴禹
霍新宇 卫先哲 邓蜀阳
张敏
熊凯
孙广达 张子杰 董龙飞 刘晓龙
杨璐 刘瀚钰 宋天宝
张桐 邢君宇
康雷
孙嘉梁
100010027
100010028 100010029 100010030 100010032 100010033 100010034 100010035 100010036 100010037 100010039 100010040 100010041 100010044 100010045 100010046 100010047 100010049 100010050 100010051 100010058
100010147
段安琪
邢晨 石真玉
郑航 李泰然
于维潇
段南 管明辉 李子豪 臧克难
维A酸脂质体乳膏的制备与质量评价

广东药科大学学报Journal of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Nov,2023,39(6)维A酸脂质体乳膏的制备与质量评价郑燕燕,颜利,郝吉福,何玉静[山东第一医科大学(山东省医学科学院)药学院/先进药物递送系统全国重点实验室,山东济南271000]摘要:目的制备维A酸脂质体乳膏并对其进行质量评价,为维A酸的应用提供新思路。
方法采用乙醇注入法制备维A酸脂质体,以包封率和载药量为综合评价指标筛选最佳制备工艺。
采用乳化法制备维A酸脂质体乳膏,采用Franz扩散池对维A酸脂质体乳膏和普通维A酸乳膏进行体外经皮渗透速率的测定。
结果维A酸脂质体的最佳制备工艺为:磷脂质量浓度为16mg/mL,磷脂与胆固醇质量比为5∶1,药脂比为1∶40,水浴温度为60℃;所得脂质体包封率为89.44%,载药量为2.19%。
维A酸脂质体乳膏渗透速率为(0.6558±0.0319)(μg·h)/cm2,高于普通维A酸乳膏[(0.4427±0.0345)(μg·h)/cm2];24h累积渗透量为(17.18±1.96)μg/cm2,高于普通维A酸乳膏[(8.9646±0.3942)μg/cm2]。
结论乙醇注入法制备维A酸脂质体的工艺简单,包封率高;相较于普通维A酸乳膏,维A酸脂质体乳膏可以提高维A酸的经皮渗透速率和累积渗透量。
关键词:维A酸;脂质体乳膏;包封率;载药量;经皮渗透速率中图分类号:R944.6文献标识码:A文章编号:2096-3653(2023)06-0092-06DOI:10.16809/ki.2096-3653.2023101103Preparation and quality evaluation of retinoic acid liposome creamZHENG Yanyan,YAN Li,HAO Jifu,HE Yujing*[Shandong First Medical University(Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences)&School of Pharmaceutical Science/National Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery Systems,Jinan271000,China]*Corresponding author Email:******************Abstract:Objective To prepare retinoic acid liposome cream and evaluate its quality,which will provide new ideas for the application of retinoic acid.Methods Retinoic acid liposomes were prepared by ethanol injection method,and the optimal preparation technology was screened with the encapsulation rate and drug loading as comprehensive evaluation indexes.The retinoic acid liposome cream was prepared by emulsion method.Percutaneous penetration rate of retinoic acid liposome cream and retinoic acid cream was measured by Franz diffusion cell.Results The best preparation technology was as follows:the concentration of phospholipid was 16mg/mL,the ratio of phospholipid to cholesterol was5∶1,the ratio of drug to lipid was1∶40,and the bath temperature was60℃.The encapsulation rate of liposomes reached89.44%,the drug loading capacity of liposomes reached2.19%.The penetration rate of retinoic acid liposome cream was(0.6558±0.0391)(μg·h)/cm2, which was higher than that of retinoic acid cream by(0.4427±0.0345)(μg·h)/cm2,and the cumulativewhich was higher than that of permeability of retinoic acid liposome cream in24hours was(17.18±1.96)μg/cm2,retinoic acid cream by(8.9646±0.3942)μg/cm2.Conclusion The ethanol injection method for preparing retinoic acid liposomes has a simple process and high encapsulation efficiency.The penetration rate and the accumulated permeability of retinoic acid liposome cream are higher than that of retinoic acid cream.Key words:retinoic acid;liposome cream;encapsulation rate;drug loading capacity;penetration rate收稿日期:2023-10-11基金项目:国家自然科学基金-青年项目(82003677);山东省自然科学基金-青年项目(ZR2020QH352);山东第一医科大学本科生研究计划(SRTP)暨大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2022104391584)作者简介:郑燕燕(2000-),女,2023级硕士研究生,Email:131****************通信作者:何玉静(1991-),女,从事药剂学及药物新剂型研究与开发,Email:******************。
cnki有效入口及密码

3、29阿健的台州学院期刊网https://61.153.205.122用户名:yingjj 密码:8381502(选择图书馆)https://61.153.205.122/A9230433434201835366066374/rap/index.jsp蜡笔小新/ty 16:15:54https://61.153.205.122/A9230420346323003892466511HE/htmlPlay/2011.Htm(此网址可下载MTV,把数字改一下就行)康同杰的网络相册:/photos/kangtj0123/在中国电子琴网上有个活雷锋在163免费油箱中放了一些书,你可以去看看下载一些。
是超星的PDG格式,需要超星阅览器。
到这下载/download/index.html因网站的附件有限制,书都放在163信箱中01-world@密码:gaobodzq请千万不要删除文件和更改密码书目: (不断增加中....) 希望大师们推荐一些好的书,我到超星是去找,如果有就传上来,当然如果你想找哪本书也可以告诉我,我帮你去找找(最好提供书名或作者,我好搜索)@@@@@@@@@@拜厄钢琴基础教程哈农钢琴练指法五线谱入门基础教程新概念乐理教程——五线谱、简谱—起学电子琴和弦图典:汉、英对照爵士鼓伴奏处理法及电子琴鼓机弹奏法全国电子琴演奏(业余)考级重奏作品集:第一级~第四级新编电子琴系列教程(上、下册)电子琴独奏曲20首电子琴典谱:中外名典精选100首车尔尼的599和849谱https://61.153.205.122/A9230434310168989152148454/TPI50/Brief.aspx?(直接登录)[3.23原创]期刊网的密码肯定能用!!!/index.htmsh0036/shsd[原创]绝对原创的cnki下载按照期刊分类的,目前维普类和万方类不能用,但是cnki绝对可用的,必须按照期刊名---****年*期----文章题目的顺序---全文下载,绝对free!这样就绕过了IP的限制啦!!!http://202.114.65.40/journal/3.23清华同方外文期刊整合系统访问网址:http://211.151.93.232/journal/index.htm用户名:idwem密码:wflk1、重庆工商大学入口地址:http://211.83.192.212/tpi50/2、浙江财经学院入口地址:http://210.32.20.250/tpi50/index128.aspx3、浙江杭州另一大学入口地址http://61.153.5.210/tpi50/cnki有效入口及密码http://210.32.20.250/tpi50/index128.aspxhttp://211.83.192.212/tpi50/http://61.153.5.210/tpi50/index128.aspxdx0452/scshkx推荐土木工程在线词典/word.asp12.20转贴-cnki报纸验证报纸可用。
SMC 气动元件产品说明书

VR12F-TF222-005ENPage 1 of 1Instruction ManualAND Valve with One-touch FittingsThe intended use of this product is to control pneumatic signal lines.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.” They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 1: Robots.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.Warning • Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.2 SpecificationsNote 1) Use caution when the maximum operating pressure is used with soft nylonand polyurethane. Depending on the temperature, these tubes have a lower operating pressure. Refer to the specification of the tubes.Note 2) Two axes (horizontal and vertical) and two directions were tested, and nomalfunction of the valve occurred (pulse shape: sine shape), 3 times (test sample mounted with bracket).Note 3) No malfunction occurred in a sweep cycle test between 10 to 150 Hz atvibration sweep 0.35 mm. The test was performed in the two axes and two directions, 7 min per cycle (20 cycles).Note 4) Brass components are all electroless nickel plated as standard. (Copper-free and fluorine-free)2.2 Response timeValve response time depends on the overall circuit design, so it must be determined by the circuit designer. 2.3 Special productsWarningSpecial products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in this section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.3 Installation3.1 InstallationWarning• Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood. 3.2 EnvironmentWarning• Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.• Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.• Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.• Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications.• Do not mount in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.• Do not use in high humidity environment where condensation can occur.• Contact SMC for altitude limitations.3.3 Operating pressure conditions• Only when air is supplied to both P1 and P2 does air flow to the OUT side.• When air pressure differs, the lower pressure flows to the OUT side.Figure 1.• If air is supplied only to either P1 or P2, it does not flow to the OUT side.Figure 2.Warning• Air may flow to the OUT side for a moment until the valve switches (About 1/100 second). If there is any effect on the connected equipment due to the above air flow, install a speed controller, etc, on the OUT side, and adjust to prevent this effect before use.3.4 PipingCaution• Before connecting piping make sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dust etc.• When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does not enter inside the port. When using seal tape, leave 1 thread exposed on the end of the pipe/fitting.• Stop using the equipment immediately when air leaks are large enough to be audible, or when the equipment does not operate properly. Perform appropriate function and leakage tests.• Check periodically that piping is not loosened and that there is no air leakage.• Regularly check that there is no external damage.• When connecting tubes using One-touch fittings, provide some spare tube length.• Do not apply external force to the fittings when binding tubes with bands.Caution• SMC products have been lubricated for life at manufacture, and do not require lubrication in service.• If a lubricant is used in the system, refer to catalogue for details. 3.5 Air supplyWarning• Use clean air. If the compressed air supply includes chemicals, synthetic materials (including organic solvents), salinity, corrosive gas etc., it can lead to damage or malfunction.Caution• Install an air filter upstream of the valve. Select an air filter with a filtration size of 5 μm or smaller.4 How to OrderRefer to catalogue for ‘How to Order’.5 Outline DimensionsRefer to catalogue for outline dimensions.6 Maintenance6.1 General maintenanceCaution• Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the product to malfunction and lead to equipment damage.• If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.• Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only by qualified personnel.• Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released to atmosphere.• After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure and power to the equipment and perform appropriate functional and leakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.• If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensure they are reconnected correctly, and safety checks are carried out as required to ensure continued compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not make any modification to the product.• Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation or maintenance instructions.7 Limitations of UseWarningThe system designer should determine the effect of the possible failure modes of the product on the system.7.1 Limited warranty and disclaimer/compliance requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.Warning7.2 Effect of energy loss on valve state• The valve is an AND logic element in an all-air circuit. When the air pressure is cut to both inputs the valve goes into an undefined state. Backflow of air from out to in port may occur under this condition.• It is the responsibility of the system designer to determine the effect in the system when air pressure is cut and when it is restored. 7.3 Cannot be used as an emergency shut-off valveThis product is not designed for safety applications such as an emergency shut-off valve. If the valves are used in this type of system, other reliable safety assurance measures should be adopted.7.4 Holding of pressureSince valves are subject to air leakage, they cannot be used for applications such as holding pressure (including vacuum) in a system.Caution7.5 Low temperature operationUnless otherwise indicated in the specifications for each valve, operation is possible to -5˚C, but appropriate m easures should be taken to avoid solidification or freezing of drainage and moisture, etc.8 Product DisposalThis product shall not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.9 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor/importer.URL : https:// (Global) https:// www.smc.eu (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, JapanSpecifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2022 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085MORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONS2 (OUT)(IN) 1 (IN) 1IN P 1 IN P 2 OUT OUTOUT IN P 1 IN P 2 IN P 1 IN P 2。
中国高等教育学生信息网

中国地质大学
专科
7800元
经济管理、工商企业管理、行政管理、法律事务、会计、人力资源管理、公共安全管理(煤矿安全)、国土资源管理、机电一体化技术(矿山机电)、岩土工程技术、建筑工程技术、建筑工程技术、计算机应用技术、安全技术管理、区域地质调查及矿产普查、测绘工程技术、珠宝鉴定与营销
西安电子科技大学
高起专
9800元
工商企业管理、人力资源管理、市场营销、金融管理与实务、
电气工程管理、会计电算化、计算机信息管理、计算机网络技术、
软件技术、电子商务、计算机应用技术、通信技术、机械设计与自动化、电气自动化技术
2.5年
3月25日,
9月25日
专升本
9800元
工商管理、人力资源管理、市场营销、金融学、工程管理(项目管理方向)、
中专
1300
计算机、会计、学前教育、建筑工程、化工、工业与民用建筑、机电技术应用、旅游管理、导游、市场营销、文秘、企业经营管理、音乐、烹饪等
中央广播电视中等专业学校
中专
1400
饭店服务与管理、物流管理、文秘、会计、金融、计算机、旅游服务与管理
济南成人中等专业学校
中专
1400
计算机、会计、学前教育、建筑工程等
【报名时间】每年3月和9月底截止报名时间。
【交费方式】:报名时先交一半学费,第一次考试完了可以在所报的学校网上查到考试成绩后交另一半学费。
性质
学校名称
层次
辅导费
招生专业
学制
报名及交费方式
莫里莫里泡沫胶带产品说明书

Table.Spearman Correlations between CRISS and individual components at12months and Comparison of ABA and PBO using CRISS index and individual components at12 months;Outcome ABAN=44PBON=44TreatmentDifference(ABA-PBO)P-value^ACR CRISS(0.0-1.0) median(IQR)0.68(1.00)0.01(0.86)0.03 SpearmanCorrelationLSmean(SE)LSmean(SE)LS mean(SE)P-value^^D mRSS(0-51)-0.75*-6.7(1.30)-3.8(1.23)-2.9(1.75)0.10D FVC%predicted0.36*-1.4(1.30)-3.1(1.20)1.7(1.72)0.32D PTGA(0-10)-0.17-0.50(0.392)-0.30(0.385)-0.20(0.557)0.73D MDGA(0-10)-0.47*-1.34(0.282)-0.18(0.284)-1.16(0.403)0.004D HAQ-DI(0-3)-0.21-0.11(0.079)0.11(0.076)-0.22(0.108)0.05^p-value for treatment comparisons based on Van Elteren test^^p-value for treatment comparisons based on ANCOVA model with treatment,duration of SSc and baseline value as covariates*p<0.01using Spearman correlation coefficientNegative score denotes improvement,except for FVC%where negative score denotes worsening;LS mean=least squares mean;SE=standard errorFRI0328BRANCHED CHAIN AMINO ACIDSIN THE TREATMENTOF POLYMYOSITIS AND DERMATOMYOSITIS:RESULTSFROM THE BTOUGH STUDYNaoki Kimura,Hitoshi Kohsaka.Tokyo Medical and Dental University(TMDU), Department of Rheumatology,Tokyo,JapanBackground:Muscle functions of patients with polymyositis and dermato-myositis(PM/DM)remain often impaired even after successful control of the immune-mediated muscle injury by immunosuppressive therapy.The only effort at the present to regain muscle functions except for the immu-nosuppression is rehabilitation,which is carried out systematically in lim-ited institutes.No medicines for rebuilding muscles have been approved. Branched chain amino acids(BCAA)promote skeletal muscle protein syn-thesis and inhibit muscle atrophy.They thus have positive effects on muscle power,but have never been examined for the effects on PM/DM patients.Objectives:To assess the efficacy and safety of BCAA in the treatment of PM/DM for official approval of their use in Japan.Methods:Untreated adults with PM/DM were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind trial to receive either TK-98(drug name of BCAA)or pla-cebo in addition to the conventional immunosuppressive agents.One package of TK-98(4.15g)contained L-isoleucine952mg,L-leucine 1904mg,and L-valine1144mg(molar ratio is1:2:1.35),and6packages were administered daily in3divided doses.After12weeks,patients with average manual muscle test(MMT)score less than9.5were enrolled in an open label extension study for12weeks.The primary end point was the change of the MMT score at12weeks.The secondary end points were the disease activity evaluated with myositis disease activity core set (MDACS)and the change of functional index(FI),which evaluates dynamic repetitive muscle functions.Results:Forty-seven patients were randomized to the TK-98(24patients [12with PM and12with DM])and placebo(23patients[11with PM and12with DM])groups.The baseline MMT scores were equivalent (7.97±0.92[mean±SD]in the TK-98group and7.84±0.86in the placebo group).The change of MMT scores at12weeks were0.70±0.19(mean ±SEM)and0.69±0.18,respectively(P=0.98).Thirteen patients from the TK-98group and12from the placebo group were enrolled in the exten-sion study.The MMT scores in both groups improved comparably throughout the extension study.The increase of the FI scores of the shoulder flexion at12weeks was significantly larger in the TK-98group (27.9±5.67and12.8±5.67in the right shoulder flexion[P<0.05],27.0±5.44and13.4±5.95in the left shoulder flexion[P<0.05]).The improvement rate of the average FI scores of all tested motions(head lift,shoulder flexion,and hip flexion)through the first12weeks was larger in the TK-98group.No difference was found in the disease activ-ity throughout the study period.Frequencies of the adverse events until 12weeks were comparable.Conclusion:Although BCAA exerted no effects in the improvement of the muscle strength evaluated with MMT,they were effective in the improve-ment of dynamic repetitive muscle functions in patients with PM/DM with-out significant increase of adverse events.Disclosure of Interests:None declaredDOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5235FRI0329ANALYSIS OF11CASES OF ANTI-PL-7ANTIBODYPOSITIVE PATIENTS WITH IDIOPATHIC INFLAMMATORYMYOPATHIES.MALIGNANCY MAY NOT BE UNCOMMONCOMPLICATION IN ANTI-PL-7ANTIBODY POSITIVEMYOSITIS PATIENTSTaiga Kuga,Yoshiyuki Abe,Masakazu Matsushita,Kurisu Tada,Ken Yamaji, Naoto Tamura.Juntendo University School of Medicine,Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology,Tokyo,JapanBackground:Various autoantibodies are known to be related to idiopathic inflammatory myopathies(IIM).Anti-PL-7antibody is anti-threonyl-tRNA synthetase antibody associated with antisynthetase syndrome(ASS).Since anti-PL-7antibody is rare(mostly1-4%of myositis,while a Japanese study reported17%),little is known as to clinical characteristics of it(1). Objectives:To analyze clinical characteristics of anti-PL-7positive IIM patients.Methods:Anti-PL-7antibody was detected by EUROLINE Myositis Profile 3.IIM diagnosis was made by the2017EULAR/ACR classification criteria (2)and/or Bohan And Peter classification(3).Eleven anti-PL-7antibody positive adult patients(all female),age at onset(61.5±12.6years)were enrolled in this study between2009and2018.Clinical manifestations, laboratory and instrumental data were reviewed in this single centre retro-spective cohort.Results:Characteristic symptoms were identified at diagnosis:skin mani-festations(7/11cases,63.6%),muscle weakness(8/11cases,72.7%), arthralgia(5/11cases,45.5%)and Raynaud’s phenomenon(4/11cases, 36.4%).Myogenic enzymes were elevated in most cases(10/11cases, 90.9%).ILD was detected in all patients(11/11cases,100%)and2 patients(18.2%)developed rapidly progressive rgest IIM subtype was polymyositis(PM,5/11cases),followed by dermatomyositis(DM,3/ 11cases)and amyopathic dermatomyositis(ADM,3/11cases).Five patients(45.5%)complicated with malignancy within3years from the diagnosis of IIM.Though clinical manifestations and laboratory data showed any difference between malignancy group and non-malignancy group,all3ADM cases but no DM cases complicated with malignancy in this study.Conclusion:Anti-PL-7antibody positive IIM patients frequently complicated with ILD.Frequency of cancer in ASS patients within three years from diagnosis was 1.7%and not much different from the general population in previous report from France(4).Though this study only included IIM patients and may have selection bias,careful malignancy survey may be essential in Anti-PL-7antibody positive IIM patients.REFERENCES:[1]Y Yamazaki,et al.Unusually High Frequency of Autoantibodies to PL-7Associated With Milder Muscle Disease in Japanese Patients With Poly-myositis/DermatomyositisARTHRITIS&RHEUMATISM Vol.54,No.6, June2006,pp2004–2009[2]Lundberg IE,Tjärnlund A,Bottai M,et al.EULAR/ACR classification crite-ria for adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and their Major Subgroups.Ann Rheum Dis.2017;76:1955–64.[3]Bohan A,Peter J.Polymyositis and dermatomyositis.N Engl J Med1975,292:344-347;403-407.[4]Hervier B,et al.Hierarchical cluster and survival analyses of antisynthe-tase syndrome:phenotype and outcome are correlated with anti-tRNA syn-thetase antibody specificity.Autoimmunity reviews.2012;12:210–217. Disclosure of Interests:Taiga Kuga:None declared,Yoshiyuki Abe:None declared,Masakazu Matsushita:None declared,Kurisu Tada Grant/ research support from:Eli Lilly,Ken Yamaji:None declared,Naoto Tamura Grant/research support from:Astellas Pharma Inc.,Asahi Kasei Pharma,AYUMI Pharmaceutical Co.,Chugai Pharmaceutical Co.LTD, Eisai Inc.,:Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd.,Speakers bureau:Jans-sen Pharmaceutical K.K.,Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K.,:Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co.DOI:10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.4150846Friday,14June2019Scientific Abstractson December 25, 2023 by guest. Protected by copyright./Ann Rheum Dis: first published as 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-eular.5235 on 27 May 2019. Downloaded from。
超导磁共振氦压缩机结构功能与故障案例分析

维修工程中国医学装备2024年4月第21卷第4期 China Medical Equipment 2024 April V ol.21 No.4Structural function and failure case analysis of superconducting magnetic resonance helium compressor/Zhang Falun 1, Wang Jixi 2, Zhou Yalin 2, Shi Zhan 31Department of Medical Equipment T eaching and Research, Jiangsu Health V ocation College, Nanjing 211800, China; 2Department of Medical Engineering, Jiangsu Province Official Hospital, Nanjing 210024, China; 3Siemens Medical Systems Ltd., Shanghai 201318, ChinaCorresponding author: [Abstract] Helium compressor is the core component of the refrigeration system of superconducting magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) equipment, and timely resolution of helium compressor failures is crucial to ensure the stability of the superconducting magnet cryogenic system. T aking the Sumitomo F-70 helium compressor manufactured by Sumitomo Heavy Industries as an example, the structural composition and functional principle of the helium compressor for superconducting MRI were analyzed, and the maintenance ideas and solutions for common helium compressor faults were proposed. By developing standardized fault maintenance strategies, reference was provided for failures of other types of helium compressor, so as to improve the quality of clinical technical support.[Key words] Superconducting magnetic resonance imaging; Helium compressor; Structure and function; Fault diagnosisFund program: 2022 Faculty Research Projects of Jiangsu Health V ocation College (JKC2022006)[摘要] 氦压缩机是超导磁共振成像(MRI)设备制冷系统核心部件,及时解决氦压缩机故障对保障超导磁体低温系统的稳定性至关重要。
塑料国家标准

GB 13454-1992 GB 12672-1990 GB 8655-1988 GB 1404-1995 GB 15592-1995 GB 12671-1990 GB 12670-1990 GB 15593-1995 HG/T 3314-1999 HG/T 3315-1999 HG/T 3604-1999 HG/T 3605-1999 HG/T 2001-1991 HG/T 2002-1991 HG/T 2106-1991 HG/T 2107-1991 HG/T 2232-1991 HG/T 2235-1991 HG/T 2350-1992 HG/T 2364-1992 HG/T 2365-1992 HG/T 2361-1992 HG/T 2362-1992 HG/T 2704-2002 HG/T 2705-1995 HG/T 2706-1995 HG/T 2707-1995 HG/T 2708-1995 HG/T 2709-1995 HG/T 2710-1995 HG/T 2711-1995 HG/T 2712-1995 HG/T 2899-1997 HG/T 2900-1997 HG/T 2901-1997HG/T 2903-1997 HG/T 2904-1997 HG/T 2905-1997 HG/T 3021-1999 HG/T 3028-1999 HG/T 3029-1999 HG/T 3032-1999 GB/T 9341-2000 GB/T 9342-1988 GB 9343-1988GB/T 9349-2002 GB/T 9350-2003 GB/T 10723-2002 GB/T 12000-2003 GB/T 12004.4-2003 GB/T 12598-2001 GB 11115-1989GB 11116-1989GB/T 13453.1-1992 GB/T 13453.2-1992 GB/T 13453.3-1992 GB/T 13455-1992 GB/T 13525-1992 GB/T 13937-1992 GB/T 13940-1992 GB/T 14153-1993 GB/T 14189-1993 GB/T 14190-1993 GB/T 14483-1993 GB/T 14484-1993 GB/T 14485-1993 GB/T 14486-1993 GB/T 14572-1993 GB/T 14590-1993 GB/T 14694-1993 GB/T 15047-1994 GB/T 15182-1994 GB/T 15585-1995 GB/T 15595-1995 GB/T 15596-1995 GB/T 15598-1995GB/T 16420-1996 GB/T 16421-1996 GB/T 16422.1-1996 GB/T 16422.2-1999 GB/T 16422.3-1997 GB/T 16422.4-1996 GB/T 16579-1996 GB/T 16580-1996 GB/T 16582-1996 GB/T 16613-1996 GB/T 17037.1-1997 GB/T 17037.3-2003 GB/T 17037.4-2003 GB/T 17391-1998 GB/T 14519-1993 GB/T 14520-1993 GB/T 13657-1992 GB/T 13659-1992 GB/T 13660-1992 GB/T 18964.2-2003 GB/T 19275-2003 GB/T 19276.1-2003 GB/T 19276.2-2003 GB/T 19277-2003 GB/T 19466.1-2004 GB/T 19466.2-2004 GB/T 19466.3-2004 GB/T 19467.1-2004 GB/T 19467.2-2004 GB 17931-2003GB 1033-1986GB/T 1034-1998 GB/T 1035-1970 GB/T 1036-1989 GB/T 1039-1992 GB/T 1041-1992 GB/T 1632-1993 GB/T 1633-2000 GB/T 1634.1-2004 GB/T 1634.2-2004 GB/T 1634.3-2004GB 1841-1980GB/T 1842-1999GB/T 1843-1996GB/T 1845.1-1999 GB/T 2035-1996GB/T 2406-1993GB/T 2407-1980GB/T 2408-1996GB/T 2409-1980GB 2410-1980GB 2411-1980(1989) GB 2412-1980(1989) GB/T 2546-1988GB/T 2546.2-2003 GB/T 2547-1981GB/T 2571-1995GB 2895-1982GB 2913-1982GB/T 2914-1999GB/T 2915-1999GB/T 2916-1997GB/T 2917.1-2002 GB/T 3398-1982GB/T 3399-1982GB/T 3400-2002GB/T 3401-1999GB/T 3402-1994GB/T 3403-1982GB/T 3681-2000GB/T 3682-2000GB 3960-1983GB/T 4608-1984GB/T 4610-1984GB 4612-1984GB/T 4613-1984GB/T 4615-1984GB/T 4616-1984GB/T 4617-1984GB/T 4618-1984GB/T 4726-1984GB/T 4850-2002GB/T 5471-1985 GB/T 5472-1985 GB/T 5473-1985 GB/T 5474-1985 GB/T 5475-1985 GB/T 5476-1996 GB/T 5478-1985 GB/T 5757-1986 GB/T 5758-2001 GB/T 5759-2000 GB/T 5760-2000 GB/T 5761-1993 GB/T 6594.1-1998 GB/T 6594.2-2003 GB/T 6598-1986 GB/T 6599-1986 GB/T 7139-2002 GB/T 7141-1992 GB/T 7142-2002 GB/T 7193.1-1987 GB/T 7193.2-1987 GB 7193.3-1987 GB/T 7193.4-1987 GB/T 7193.5-1987 GB/T 7193.6-1987 GB/T 7193.7-1992 GB/T 7194-1987 GB/T 8324-1987 GB 8807-1988GB 8808-1988GB/T 8810-1988 GB 8811-1988GB/T 8812-1988 GB/T 8813-1988 SH/T 1591-1994 QB/T 2591-2003 QB/T 1868-2004 QB/T 2665-2004 QB/T 2666-2004 SH/T 1750-2005 HG/T 3791-2005GB/T 4611-1993GB 6595-1986GB 8144-1987GB 8325-1987GB 8330-1987GB 8331-1987GB 8661-1988GB 9345-1988GB 9347-1988GB 9348-1988GB 9352-1988GB/T 9638-1988GB/T 11546-1989 GB/T 11547-1989 GB 11548-1989GB/T 11991-1989 GB 11992-1989GB 11997-1989GB 11998-1989GB/T 12001.1-1989 GB/T 12001.2-1989 GB/T 12001.3-1989 GB/T 12004.1-1989 GB/T 12004.2-1996 GB/T 12004.3-1989 GB/T 12004.5-1992 GB 12005.1-1989 GB/T 12005.2-1989 GB/T 12005.3-1989 GB/T 12005.4-1989 GB 12005.5-1989 GB/T 12005.6-1989 GB/T 12005.7-1989 GB/T 12005.8-1989 GB/T 12005.9-1992 GB/T 12005.10-1992 GB/T 12006.1-1989 GB/T 12006.2-1989 GB/T 12006.3-1989 GB/T 12006.4-1989 GB 12007.1-1989GB/T 12007.2-1989 GB/T 12007.3-1989 GB 12007.7-1989 GB 12008.1-1989 GB/T 12008.2-1989 GB 12008.3-1989 GB 12008.4-1989 GB 12008.5-1989 GB 12008.6-1989 GB/T 12008.7-1992 GB/T 12008.8-1992 GB/T 12009.1-1989 GB/T 12009.2-1989 GB/T 12009.3-1989 GB/T 12009.4-1989 GB/T 12009.5-1992 GB/T 12010.1-1989 GB/T 12010.2-1989 GB/T 12010.3-1989 GB/T 12010.4-1989 GB/T 12010.5-1989 GB/T 12010.6-1989 GB 12010.7-1989 GB/T 12010.8-1989 GB/T 12010.9-1989 GB/T 12010.10-1989 GB/T 12010.11-1989 GB/T 12010.12-1989 GB/T 12007.4-1989 GB/T 12007.5-1989 GB/T 12007.6-1989 GB/T 14966-1994 GB/T 4614-1984GB 1847-1980GB 1846-1980GB/T 19811-2005 GB/T 19860-2005 GB/T 19861-2005 GB/T 20022-2005 GB/T 3402.1-2005 GB/T 1634-1979GB/T 5479-1985GB/T 9353-1988 GB/T 12000-1989 GB/T 12004.4-1989 GB/T 3400-1993 GB/T 7139-1986 GB/T 7142-1986 GB/T 9349-1988 GB/T 9350-1988 GB/T 8655-2006 GB/T 2546.1-2006 GB/T 1845.2-2006 GB/T 6038-2006 GB/T 20417.2-2006 SH 2605.01-2003 SH 2605.02-2003 SH 2605.03-2003 SH 2605.04-2003 SH 2605.05-2003 SH 2605.06-2003 SH 2605.07-2003 SH 2605.08-2003 SH 2605.09-2003 HJ/T 245-2006HJ/T 246-2006Q/CNPC 99-2004Q/CNPC 100-2004 HJ/T 231-2006SH/T 1541-2006 SN/T 1513-2005 HG/T 3836-2006 HG/T 3837-2006 HG/T 3838-2006 HG/T 3839-2006 HG/T 3840-2006 HG/T 3841-2006 HG/T 3862-2006 HG/T 3865-2006 HG/T 3866-2006 HG/T 3867-2006 HG/T 3868-2006 HG/T 3869-2006 HG/T 3870-2006HG/T 3872-2006GB/T 1040.1-2006GB/T 1040.2-2006GB/T 1040.4-2006GB/T 12829-2006GB/T 16422.1-2006GB/T 5761-2006GB/T 6030-2006GB/T 13253-2006GB/T 13934-2006SH/T 1758-2007HG/T 3943-2007HG/T 3944-2007HG/T 3945-2007HG/T 3946-2007GB/T 21059-2007GB/T 21060-2007QB/T 2891-2007GB/T 2916-2007GB/T 3401-2007GB/T 21460.2-2008GB/T 21461.2-2008GB/T 21511.1-2008GB/T 21511.2-2008GB/T 12670-2008HG/T 4076-2008SH/T 1761.1-2008/det ail/74910.htmlICS国际标准分类目录之83.080塑料址: 电话:400-7255 888 QQ:569872709 MSN/Email:csres@氨基模塑料丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯(ABS)树脂丁苯橡胶(SBR)1500酚醛模塑料糊用聚氯乙烯树脂聚苯乙烯树脂聚丙烯树脂输血(液)器具用软聚氯乙烯塑料阳离子羟基硅油乳液阴离子羟基硅油乳液聚甲醛树脂稀溶液粘数和特性粘数测定聚氯醚树脂稀溶液粘数和特性粘数测定301-G30阻燃增强聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)工程塑料涂料用过氯乙烯树脂耐酸酚醛塑料 耐酸度的测定耐酸酚醛塑料 丙酮可溶物的测定改性聚苯醚工程塑料聚酰胺熔点的测定方法模塑和挤塑用聚酰胺(PA)均聚物命名聚对苯二甲酸烷撑二酯稀溶液 粘数的测定聚对苯二甲酸烷撑二酯粒料 含水量的测定聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT) 热塑性材料命名聚甲醛模塑材料命名氯化聚乙烯210松香改性酚醛树脂聚酯多元醇命名聚酯多元醇规格聚酯多元醇中酸值的测定聚酯多元醇中羟值的测定液体酚醛树脂水混溶性的测定液体酚醛树脂非挥发物的常规测定液态和溶液状酚醛树脂粘度的测定聚四氟乙烯材料命名聚四氟乙烯树脂体积密度试验方法聚四氟乙烯树脂粒径试验方法模塑用聚四氟乙烯树脂模塑用细粒聚四氟乙烯树脂模塑和挤塑用聚全氟乙丙烯树脂酚醛树脂萃取液电导率的测定未增塑乙酸纤维素水解乙酸值的测定糊状挤出用聚四氟乙烯树脂乙酸纤维素模塑时粘度下降测定方法三聚氰胺甲醛模塑制品中可提取甲醛测定方法塑料弯曲性能试验方法塑料洛氏硬度试验方法塑料燃烧性能试验方法 闪点和自燃点的测定聚氯乙烯、相关含氯均聚物和共聚物及其共混物热稳定性的测定 变色法塑料 氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂水萃取液pH值的测定用ASTM参比炭黑改善炭黑试验 再现性的标准方法塑料暴露于湿热、水喷雾和盐雾中影响的测定聚氯乙烯增塑糊表观粘度的测定 Brookfield试验法离子交换树脂渗磨圆球率、磨后圆球率的测定低密度聚乙烯树脂高密度聚乙烯树脂氯乙烯均聚物和共聚物树脂水中筛析方法聚氯乙烯树脂甲醇或乙醇萃取物含量的测定方法聚氯乙烯灰分和硫酸化灰分的测定氨基模塑料挥发物测定方法塑料拉伸冲击性能试验方法分级用硫化橡胶动态性能的测定 强迫正弦剪切应变法聚丙烯酰胺硬质塑料落锤冲击试验方法 通则纤维级聚酯切片纤维级聚酯切片分析方法塑料负载变形试验方法塑料承载强度试验方法工程塑料硬质塑料板材及塑料件耐冲击性能试验方法 落球法工程塑料模塑塑料件尺寸公差热塑性塑料树脂产品检验规则及标志、包装、贮运规定钮扣用液体不饱和聚酯树脂塑料压缩弹性模量的测定塑料扭转刚性试验方法线型低密度聚乙烯树脂热塑性塑料注射成型收缩率的测定聚氯乙烯树脂热稳定性试验方法 白度法塑料暴露于玻璃下日光或自然气候或人工光后颜色和性能变化的测定塑料剪切强度试验方法 穿孔法塑料弯曲性能小试样试验方法塑料冲击性能小试样试验方法塑料拉伸性能小试样试验方法塑料实验室光源曝露试验方法 第1部分:通则塑料实验室光源暴露试验方法 第2部分:氙弧灯塑料实验室光源暴露试验方法 第3部分:荧光紫外灯塑料实验室光源曝露试验方法 第4部分:开放式碳弧灯D001大孔强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂D201大孔强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂部分结晶聚合物熔点试验方法 毛细管法试验用聚氯乙烯(PVC)糊的制备 分散器法热塑性塑料材料注塑试样的制备 第1部分:一般原理及多用途试样和长条试样的制备塑料 热塑性塑料材料注塑试样的制备 第3部分:小方试片塑料 热塑性塑料材料注塑试样的制备 第4部分:模塑收缩率的测定聚乙烯管材与管件热稳定性试验方法塑料在玻璃板过滤后的日光下间接曝露试验方法气相色谱分析法测定不饱和聚酯树脂增强塑料中的残留苯乙烯单体含量双酚--A型环氧树脂001x7强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂201x7强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂塑料 抗冲击聚苯乙烯(PS-I)模塑和挤出材料水 第2部分:试样制备和性能测定材料在特定微生物作用下潜在生物分解和崩解能力的评价水性培养液中材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定 采用测定密闭呼吸计中需氧量的方法水性培养液中材料最终需氧生物分解能力的测定 采用测定释放的二氧化碳的方法受控堆肥条件下材料最终需氧生物分解和崩解能力的测定 采用测定释放的二氧化碳的方法塑料 差示扫描量热法(DSC)第1部分:通则塑料 差示扫描量热法(DSC)第2部分:玻璃化转变温度的测定塑料 差示扫描量热法(DSC)第3部分:熔融和结晶温度及热焓的测定塑料 可比单点数据的获得和表示 第1部分:模塑材料塑料 可比单点数据的获得和表示 第2部分:长纤维增强材料瓶用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)树脂塑料密度和相对密度试验方法塑料吸水性试验方法塑料耐热性(马丁)试验方法塑料线膨胀系数测定方法塑料力学性能试验方法总则塑料压缩性能试验方法聚合物稀溶液粘数和特性粘数测定热塑性塑料维卡软化温度(VST)的测定塑料 负荷变形温度的测定 第1部分:通用试验方法塑料 负荷变形温度的测定 第2部分:塑料、硬橡胶和长纤维增强复合材料塑料 负荷变形温度的测定 第3部分:高强度热固性层压材料聚烯烃树脂稀溶液粘度试验方法聚乙烯环境应力开裂试验方法塑料悬臂梁冲击试验方法聚乙烯(PE)模塑和挤出材料 第1部分:命名系统和分类基础塑料术语及其定义塑料燃烧性能试验方法 氧指数法塑料燃烧性能试验方法 炽热棒法塑料燃烧性能试验方法 水平法和垂直法塑料黄色指数试验方法透明塑料透光率和雾度试验方法塑料邵氏硬度试验方法聚丙烯等规指数测试方法聚丙烯和丙烯共聚物材料命名塑料 聚苯烯(PP)模塑和挤出材料 第2部分:试样制备和性能测定塑料树脂取样方法树脂浇注铸体冲击试验方法不饱和聚脂树脂酸值的测定塑料白度试验方法塑料 氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂 挥发物(包括水)的测定聚氯乙烯树脂水萃取物电导率的测定塑料--氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂--用空气喷射筛装置的筛分析以氯乙烯均聚和共聚物为主的共混物及制品在高温时放出氯化氢和任何其他酸性产物的测定 刚果红法塑料球压痕硬度试验方法塑料导热系数试验方法 护热平板法塑料 通用型氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂室温下增塑剂吸收量的测定聚氯乙烯树脂稀溶液粘数的测定氯乙烯均聚物和共聚物树脂命名氨基模塑料命名塑料大气暴露试验方法热塑性塑料熔体质量流动速率和熔体体积流动速率的测定塑料滑动摩擦磨损试验方法部分结晶聚合物熔点试验方法 光学法塑料燃烧性能试验方法 点着温度的测定环氧化合物环氧当量的测定环氧树脂和缩水甘油脂无机氯的测定聚氯乙烯树脂中残留氯乙烯单体含量测定方法酚醛模塑料丙酮可溶物(未模塑态材料的表观树脂含量)的测定酚醛模塑制品丙酮可溶物的测定环氧树脂和有关材料易皂化氯的测定树脂浇铸体扭转试验方法压敏胶粘带低速解卷强度的测定热固性模塑料压塑试样制备方法热固性模塑料矩道流动固化性试验方法酚醛模塑制品游离氨的检定酚醛模塑制品游离氨和铵化合物的测定 比色法离子交换树脂取样方法离子交换树脂预处理方法塑料滚动磨损试验方法离子交换树脂含水量测定方法离子交换树脂粒度、有效粒径和均一系数的测定氢氧型阴离子交换树脂含水量测定方法氢氧型阴离子交换树脂交换容量测定方法悬浮法通用型聚氯乙烯树脂聚苯乙烯(PS)模塑和挤出材料 第1部分:命名系统和分类基础塑料 聚苯乙烯(PS)模塑和挤出材料 第2部分:试样制备和性能测定小角激光光散射法测定聚苯乙烯标准样品的重均分子量体积排斥色谱法测定聚苯乙烯标准样品的平均分子量及分子量分布塑料 氯乙烯均聚物和共聚物氯含量的测定塑料热空气暴露试验方法塑料长期热暴露后时间-温度极限的测定不饱和聚酯树脂 粘度测定方法不饱和聚酯树脂 羟值测定方法不饱和聚酯树脂 固体含量测定方法不饱和聚酯树脂 80℃下反应活性测定方法不饱和聚酯树脂 80℃热稳定性测定方法不饱和聚酯树脂 25℃凝胶时间测定方法液态不饱和聚酯树脂颜色试验方法不饱和聚酯树脂浇铸体耐碱性测定方法模塑料体积系数试验方法塑料镜面光泽试验方法软质复合塑料材料剥离试验方法硬质泡沫塑料吸水率试验方法硬质泡沫塑料尺寸稳定性试验方法硬质泡沫塑料弯曲试验方法硬质泡沫塑料压缩试验方法乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物(E/VAC)中乙酸乙烯酯含量测定方法抗菌塑料-抗菌性能试验方法和抗菌效果聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)碳酸饮料瓶热灌装用聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)瓶双向拉伸聚丙烯包装标签冷热水管道系统用无规共聚聚丙烯(PP-R)专用料氯乙烯-纳米碳酸钙原位聚合悬浮法聚氯乙烯树脂塑料拉伸性能试验方法通用型聚氯乙烯树脂鱼眼测试方法聚丙烯树脂鱼眼测试方法阳离子交换树脂交换容量测定方法聚合物和共聚物水分散体 pH值试验方法离子交换树脂湿真密度测定方法离子交换树脂湿视密度测定方法用气相色谱法测定丙腈/丁二希/苯乙烯(ABS)树脂中残留丙烯腈单体含量塑料灰分通用测定方法氯乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯共聚物中乙酸乙烯酯的测定方法聚氯乙烯树脂的杂质与外来物粒子数的测定方法热塑性塑料压缩试样的制备塑料燃烧烟尘的测定 称量法塑料拉伸蠕变测定方法塑料耐液体化学药品(包括水)性能测定方法硬质塑料板材耐冲击性能试验方法 落锤法离子交换树脂转型膨胀率测定方法氯型强碱性阴离子交换树脂交换容量测定方法塑料多用途试样的制备和使用塑料玻璃化温度测定方法(热机械分析法)未增塑聚氯乙烯窗用模塑料 第一部分:命名未增塑聚氯乙烯窗用模塑料 第二部分:质量规格未增塑聚氯乙烯窗用模塑料 第三部分:性能试验方法聚氯乙烯糊树脂中杂质粒子数测定方法聚氯乙烯糊树脂 糊的制备聚氯乙烯增塑糊表观粘度测定方法聚氯乙烯增塑糊刮板细度的测定聚丙烯酰胺特性粘数测定方法聚丙烯酰胺固含量测定方法聚丙烯酰胺中残留丙烯酰胺含量测定方法 溴化法聚丙烯酰胺中残留丙烯酰胺含量测定方法 液相色谱法聚丙烯酰胺中残留丙烯酰胺含量测定方法 气相色谱法部分水解聚丙烯酰胺水解度测定方法粉状聚丙烯酰胺粒度测定方法粉状聚丙烯酰胺溶解速度测定方法聚丙烯酰胺命名聚丙烯酰胺分子量测定 粘度法聚酰胺粘数 测定方法聚酰胺含水量测定方法聚酰胺灰分测定方法聚酰胺均聚物 沸腾甲醇可提取物测定方法环氧树脂颜色测定方法 加德纳色度法环氧树脂钠离子测定方法环氧树脂总氯含量测定方法环氧树脂凝胶时间测定方法聚醚多醇命名聚醚多醇规格聚醚多醇中羟值测定方法聚醚多醇中钠和钾测定方法聚醚多醇中酸值测定方法聚醚多醇中水分含量测定方法聚醚多醇中不饱和度的测定聚醚多醇的粘度测定异氰酸酯中总氯含量测定方法异氰酸酯中水解氯含量测定方法多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯粘度测定方法多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯中异氰酸根含量测定方法异氰酸酯中酸度的测定聚乙烯醇树脂命名聚乙烯醇树脂规格聚乙烯醇树脂粘度测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂挥发分测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂残留乙酸根(或醇解度)测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂乙酸钠含量测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂灰分测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂pH值测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂平均聚合度测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂粒度测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂氢氧化钠含量测定方法聚乙烯醇树脂透明度测定方法环氧树脂粘度测定方法环氧树脂密度的测定方法 比重瓶法环氧树脂软化点测定方法 环球法尼龙 6树脂及成型品中已内酰胺卫生标准的分析方法用气相色谱法测定聚苯乙烯中残留的苯乙烯单体聚甲醛树脂稀溶液粘度试验方法聚氯醚树脂稀溶液粘度试验方法在定义堆肥化中试条件下塑料材料崩解程度的测定弱酸性阳离子交换树脂氢型率测定方法丙烯酸系阴离子交换树脂强碱基团、弱碱基团和弱酸基团交换容量测定方法塑料 氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂 表观密度的测定塑料 氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂 第1部分:命名体系和规范基础塑料弯曲负载热变形温度 (简称热变形温度) 试验方法塑料对应术语用气相色谱法测定丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯 (ABS)树脂中残留苯乙烯单体塑料在恒定湿热条件下曝露试验方法聚氯乙烯增塑糊Brookfield粘度测定方法通用型聚氯乙烯树脂在室温下增塑剂吸收量的测定氯乙烯均聚物和共聚物中氯的测定塑料长期受热作用后的时间-温度极限的测定聚乙烯均聚物共聚物树脂及组合物热稳定性的测定 变色法氯乙烯均聚物和共聚物树脂水萃取液pH值测定方法苯乙烯-丁二烯橡胶 (SBR) 1500塑料 聚丙烯(PP〕模塑和挤出材料 第1部分:命名系统和分类基础塑料 聚乙烯 (PE) 模塑和挤出材料 第2部分: 试样制备和性能测定橡胶试验胶料的配料、混炼和硫化设备及操作程序塑料 丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯 (ABS) 模塑和挤出材料 第2部分:试样制备和性能测定001×7强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂(附附录)D001大孔强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂(附附录)002SC强酸性苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂(附附录)D111大孔弱酸性丙烯酸系阳离子交换树脂(附附录)D113大孔弱酸性丙烯酸系阳离子交换树脂(附附录)201×7强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂(附附录)D201大孔强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂(附附录)D202大孔Ⅱ型强碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂(附附录)D301大孔弱碱性苯乙烯系阴离子交换树脂(附附录)环境保护产品技术要求 悬挂式填料环境保护产品技术要求 悬浮填料丙烯腈—丁二烯—苯乙烯(ABS)树脂聚苯乙烯树脂环境标志产品技术要求 再生塑料制品热塑性塑料颗粒外观试验方法聚乙烯和聚丙烯树脂密度的测定 常温浮定法硫化橡胶滑动磨耗的测定硫化橡胶中橡胶含量的测定 管式炉热解法橡胶 游离硫的测定 电位滴定法塑料剪切强度试验方法 穿孔法塑料弯曲性能小试样试验方法塑料冲击性能小试样试验方法塑料黄色指数试验方法热固性模塑料矩道流动固化性试验方法硫化橡胶压缩耐寒系数的测定硫化橡胶拉伸耐寒系数的测定硫化橡胶高温拉伸强度和扯断伸长率的测定橡胶压缩或剪切性能的测定 (扬子尼机械示波器)硫化橡胶溶胀指数测定方法体积排斥色谱法测定聚苯乙烯标准样品的平均分子量及分子量分布塑料 拉伸性能的测定 第1部分:总则塑料 拉伸性能的测定 第2部分:模塑和挤塑塑料的试验条件塑料 拉伸性能的测定 第4部分:各向同性和正交各向异性纤维增强复合材料的试验条件硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶小试样(德尔夫特试样)撕裂强度的测定塑料实验室光源暴露试验方法第1部分:总则悬浮法通用聚氯乙烯树脂橡胶中炭黑和炭黑/二氧化硅分散的评估快速比较法橡胶中锰含量的测定 原子吸收光谱法硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶 屈挠龟裂和裂口增长的测定(德墨西亚型)给水管道系统用聚乙烯(PE)专用料聚氯乙烯树脂 甲苯含量的测定聚氯乙烯树脂 金属离子含量的测定 ICP法氯乙烯单体 有机杂质含量的测定聚氯乙烯树脂 腈基团含量的测定塑料 液态或乳液态或分散体系聚合物/树脂 用旋转黏度计在规定剪切速率下黏度的测定塑料 流动性的测定3-羟基丁酸/戊酸酯共聚物(PHBV)塑料 氯乙烯均聚和共聚树脂 用空气喷射筛装置的筛分析用毛细管黏度计测定聚氯乙烯树脂稀溶液的黏度塑料 苯乙烯-丙烯腈(SAN)模塑和挤出材料 第2部分: 试样制备和性能测定塑料 超高分子量聚乙烯(PE-UHMW)模塑和挤出材料 第2部分: 试样制备和性能测定纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺复合材料 第1部分: 命名纳米磷灰石/聚酰胺复合材料 第2部分:技术要求聚丙烯(PP)树脂本体法聚氯乙烯树脂聚丙烯树脂粉料 第1部分:间歇法1993/4/1 1991/10/1 1988/12/1 1996/6/1 1995/12/1 1991/10/1 1991/10/1 1995/12/1 2000/11/1 2000/11/1 2001/1/1 2001/1/1 1992/1/1 1992/1/1 1992/1/1 1992/1/1 1992/7/1 1992/7/1 1993/1/1 1994/12/1 1994/12/1 1994/12/1 1994/12/1 2003/6/1 1996/1/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/12001/3/1 2001/3/1 2001/3/1 1997/9/1 2000/6/1 2000/6/1 2000/6/1 2000/6/1 2001/5/1 1989/2/1 1989/2/1 2002/12/1 2004/2/1 2002/12/1 2004/6/1 2004/2/1 2002/3/1 1990/4/1 1990/4/1 1993/4/1 1993/4/1 1993/10/1 1993/4/1 1993/3/1 1993/10/1 1993/10/1 1993/10/1 1993/8/1 1993/8/1 1994/5/1 1994/5/1 1994/5/1 1994/5/1 1994/7/1 1994/7/1 1994/7/1 1994/12/1 1995/6/1 1995/1/2 1995/1/2 1995/1/2 1995/1/21997/4/1 1997/4/1 1997/4/1 2000/6/1 1998/2/1 1997/4/1 1997/5/1 1997/5/1 1997/5/1 1997/5/1 1998/4/1 2003/7/1 2003/7/1 1999/2/1 1994/4/1 1994/4/1 1993/7/1 1993/7/1 1993/7/1 2003/7/1 2004/2/1 2004/2/1 2004/2/1 2004/2/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/1 2004/8/1 1987/10/1 1999/5/1 1970/10/1 1989/12/25 1993/4/1 1993/4/1 1993/1/2 2001/3/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/1 2004/12/11980/10/1 2000/6/1 1997/4/1 2000/6/1 1997/4/1 1994/4/1 1981/9/1 1997/4/1 1981/9/1 1981/9/1 1981/9/1 1981/9/1 1989/5/1 2003/7/1 1982/3/1 1996/8/1 1982/10/1 1983/2/1 2000/6/1 2000/6/1 1998/2/1 2002/12/1 1983/10/1 1983/10/1 2003/4/1 2000/6/1 1995/8/1 1983/10/1 2001/3/1 2001/5/1 1984/11/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/5/1 1985/9/1 2002/12/11986/7/1 1986/7/1 1986/7/1 1986/7/1 1986/7/1 1998/6/1 1986/7/1 1986/10/1 2002/3/1 2000/9/1 2000/9/1 1993/10/1 1999/2/1 2003/7/1 1987/7/1 1987/7/1 2003/4/1 1993/10/1 2002/12/1 1987/11/1 1987/11/1 1981/11/1 1987/11/1 1987/11/1 1987/11/1 1993/4/1 1987/1/1 1988/8/1 1988/7/1 1988/7/1 1988/7/1 1988/7/1 1988/7/1 1988/7/1 1994/10/1 2003/10/1 2005/6/1 2005/6/1 2005/6/1 2005/9/1 2006/1/11993/10/1 1987/7/1 1988/1/1 1988/8/1 1988/8/1 1988/8/1 1988/12/1 1989/2/1 1989/2/1 1989/2/1 1989/5/1 1989/2/1 1990/7/1 1990/7/1 1990/7/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1997/5/1 1990/11/1 1993/10/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1993/4/1 1993/10/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/11990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1993/4/1 1993/4/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1993/4/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1990/11/1 1994/9/1 1985/5/1 1980/10/1 1980/10/1 2005/10/1 2006/2/1 2006/2/1 2006/5/1 2006/5/11987/10/11990/11/1 1990/11/1 1993/10/1 1987/10/1 1987/10/1 1989/2/1 2002/12/1 2006/10/1 2006/11/1 2006/11/1 2006/12/1 2006/11/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2004/1/1 2006/6/1 2006/6/1 2004/6/1 2004/6/1 2006/3/1 2006/11/1 2005/7/1 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/11 2006/10/112007/1/1 2007/2/1 2007/2/1 2007/2/1 2007/2/1 2007/2/1 2007/2/1 2007/6/1 2007/6/1 2008/1/1 2008/1/1 2008/1/1 2008/1/1 2008/1/1 2008/2/1 2008/2/1 2008/1/1 2008/2/1 2008/2/1 2008/8/1 2008/8/1 2008/8/1 2008/8/1 2008/8/1 2008/10/1 2008/10/1。
润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响

王胡军, 谢正灿, 赵修远, 田炉林, 郑靖. 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响[J]. 摩擦学学报(中英文), 2024, 44(3):300−311. WANG Hujun, XIE Zhengcan, ZHAO Xiuyuan, TIAN Lulin, ZHENG Jing. Effect of Wettability Gradient on Tribological Behavior of Biomimetic Textured Surfaces[J]. Tribology, 2024, 44(3): 300−311. DOI: 10.16078/j.tribology.2023185润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响王胡军*, 谢正灿, 赵修远, 田炉林, 郑 靖(西南交通大学 机械工程学院 摩擦学研究所, 四川 成都 610031)摘 要: 润湿性调控和仿生织构设计是实现表面减摩耐磨的重要方法. 利用飞秒激光在AISI 440C 不锈钢表面制备了仿生微凹坑,在微凹坑中沉积润湿性可调的超疏水涂层,通过紫外线辐照构筑了4种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面.采用往复滑动摩擦磨损试验,以水为润滑剂,对比研究了不同载荷和速度下润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响. 结果表明,在低载高速条件下,当表面形成低黏附性超疏水-弱疏水的润湿性梯度时,耐磨性最佳,相较于AISI 440C 不锈钢抛光表面,磨损率降低47.9%,说明润湿性梯度耦合仿生织构能够有效减小磨损.关键词: 润湿性梯度; 仿生织构; 水润滑; 耐磨; 飞秒激光中图分类号: TH117.1文献标志码: A文章编号: 1004-0595(2024)03–0300–12Effect of Wettability Gradient on Tribological Behavior ofBiomimetic Textured SurfacesWANG Hujun *, XIE Zhengcan, ZHAO Xiuyuan, TIAN Lulin, ZHENG Jing(Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University,Sichuan Chengdu 610031, China )Abstract : With the rapid development of modern industry, higher technical requirements are put forward for the friction reduction and wear resistance of the surfaces/interfaces of mechanical parts. Wettability regulation and biomimetic texture design are important methods to achieve friction reduction and wear resistance, but the coupling effects of wettability gradient and biomimetic textures on tribological behaviors have rarely been investigated. In this paper,femtosecond laser was used to fabricate biomimetic microdimples with diameter of 50 μm, spacing of 100 μm, and depth of 15 μm on the smooth surfaces of AISI 440C stainless steel. We also prepared an environmentally friendly superhy-drophobic coating with tunable wettability, which was composed of TiO 2 and polyurethane-modified silicone. The coating was deposited in the microdimples to fabricate biomimetic textured surfaces with wettability gradient. To demonstrate the successful fabrication of the surfaces, the microscopic morphology and elemental composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer, respectively. The results showed that the superhydrophobic coatings were deposited in the biomimetic textures and the flat regions outside the textures were not covered by the coatings. Then, four biomimetic textured surfaces with different wettability gradients (contact angles of coatings = 156°, 120°, 50° and 0°, respectively) were constructed by UV irradiation. The tribological behaviorsReceived 14 September 2023, revised 14 November 2023, accepted 17 November 2023, available online 28 March 2024.*Corresponding author. E-mail: ******************.cn, Tel: +86-28-87634954.This project was supported by Sichuan Science and Technology Program (2023NSFSC0863), National Natural Science Foundation of China (52105212), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M702712) and Opening Project of the Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering of Ministry of Education (K202205).四川省科技计划项目(2023NSFSC0863)、国家自然科学基金项目(52105212)、中国博士后科学基金项目(2021M702712)和工程仿生教育部重点实验室开放基金(K202205)资助.第 44 卷 第 3 期摩擦学学报(中英文)Vol 44 No 32024 年 3 月TribologyMar, 2024of the four surfaces under different loads (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 N) and frequencies (3, 6, 9, 12 Hz) were comparatively studied. Reciprocating tribological experiments were performed under 20 μL water lubrication. The reciprocating stroke and test duration were set to 4 mm and 15 min, respectively. The wear rate was calculated after examining the profiles of wear scars using laser confocal microscopy. The microscopic morphologies of wear scars were characterized by SEM. The results showed that wear rates decreased with the increases in load and frequency. More interestingly, it was found that the biomimetic textured surfaces with the wettability gradient of low-adhesion superhydrophobicity-weak hydrophobicity were conducive to achieving high wear resistance under low load and high frequency. When compared with polished surfaces, 47.9% decrease in wear rate was obtained. The underlying anti-wear mechanism was elucidated. Boundary slip was easy to occur when a solid surface possessed superhydrophobic property. Therefore, for biomimetic textured surfaces with superhydrophobic coatings, the flow velocity of water in the textures was higher than that on the flat regions. This contributed to the generation of hydrodynamic pressure and the improvement in bearing capacity of lubricating film. When a load was applied, the contact between rough peaks decreased, leading to a decrease in wear rate. For biomimetic textured surfaces with hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and superhydrophilic coatings, boundary slip was not easy to occur, which was not beneficial to the generation of hydrodynamic pressure. In conclusion, when a special wettability gradient of low-adhesion superhydrophobicity/weak hydrophobicity was formed between biomimetic textures and flat regions, the hydrodynamic pressure was maximum, resulting in the lowest wear rate. This work clarified the effect of wettability gradients on the tribological property of biomimetic textures and provided an effective strategy to decrease surface wear.Key words: wettability gradient; biomimetic texture; water lubrication; anti-wear; femtosecond laser润滑是减小机械零部件表界面摩擦磨损的主要方式. 润湿性是影响润滑液润湿、铺展和运动行为的重要因素. 通过调节固体表面润湿性能够改善润滑,从而提高摩擦学性能(减小摩擦阻力并降低磨损)[1]. 一般而言,亲液/超亲液表面由于能够更好地吸附并锚定润滑液,呈现低摩擦系数[2]. 自然界中就存在许多利用亲水性实现润滑减摩的例子,如动物眼睛、猪笼草唇部和莼菜等[3-5]. 受此启发,研究人员设计制备出多种亲水性表面,从而获得了极低的摩擦系数[6-8]. 然而,在自然界中存在的另一种现象也值得关注:昆虫油性足垫(疏水)容易从超亲水猪笼草唇部滑落,螽斯腿关节的低摩擦与其摩擦副(亲水性胫骨与疏水性股骨)的润湿性差异有关[9-10]. Borruto等和Pawlak等[11-12]发现当亲水性与疏水性摩擦副配对时,摩擦系数最低. 根据这些现象,进一步研究表明,对表面进行疏液/超疏液改性亦可改善润滑. 如Hao等[13]采用激光加工结合化学修饰的方法获得了疏液的硬质合金表面,由于疏液表面的微观结构能够储存润滑液和磨屑,且润滑液易于从疏液表面流动至亲液的摩擦对偶表面而形成润滑膜,相较于普通平面,疏液表面摩擦系数和磨损量均明显下降. 最近研究发现,对亲液表面进行局部润湿改性,使之形成亲液/疏液区不连续分布的梯度润湿性表面,可通过增大润滑液膜厚度或增强流体动压来改善润滑[14-15]. 然而,目前针对不同润湿性梯度对摩擦学行为的影响研究还鲜有报道.表面织构化是实现减摩降磨的另一种有效方式.对于人工织构的设计,自然界提供了丰富的灵感宝库.师法自然,减摩耐磨仿生织构化功能表面研发长期以来吸引着摩擦学领域理论研究与工程技术人员的探索目光[16-20]. 如Wang等[21]受蜣螂前胸背板分布的凹坑结构启发,开发了1种仿生金刚石钻头,发现仿生凹坑能够通过捕获硬质颗粒来提高工作表面的耐磨性. Greiner等[22]模仿蛇和蜥蜴下腹部鳞片,利用激光加工技术在轴承钢表面制备仿生鳞片状织构,摩擦力得到大幅降低(~40%). 最近,Liu等[23]模仿泥鳅鳞片结构,采用金属三维打印技术制造了仿生鳞片状织构,结果显示,仿生织构能够通过提供二次润滑并预湿摩擦接触界面,显著改善乏油工况下的摩擦学性能. 然而,目前单一仿生织构已越来越难以满足复杂条件下机械零部件对减摩耐磨性能的更高要求,需要耦合其他技术以实现高效减摩耐磨.以上研究表明,通过润湿性调控和织构仿生设计能够显著提升摩擦学性能,但迄今鲜见润湿性梯度耦合仿生织构对摩擦学行为影响的研究. 本文中作者利用飞秒激光加工技术在AISI 440C不锈钢表面制备仿生微凹坑织构,然后采用涂层技术在仿生微织构中沉积润湿性可调节的超疏水涂层,通过摩擦学试验研究所获得表面的摩擦学行为,分析润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响规律. 研究结果可为机械零部件表面耐磨设计提供一定的指导.第 3 期王胡军, 等: 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响3011 试验材料与方法1.1 仿生微织构表面制备AISI 440C 不锈钢具有较好的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性,是1种有望应用于制造高性能水润滑轴承的金属材料[24]. 因此,在本文中选取块状的AISI 440C 不锈钢(20 mm×8 mm×7 mm ,硬度60 HRC)作为基材,将其打磨抛光至表面粗糙度(R a )小于0.1 μm ,经酒精超声清洗且干燥后备用. 模仿蜣螂前胸背板凹坑结构,设计并采用飞秒激光加工系统在不锈钢表面制备仿生微凹坑(直径D 为50 μm ,间距S 为100 μm ,深度H 为15 μm),如图1所示. 飞秒激光加工参数:中心波长为1 030 nm ,脉冲宽度为290 fs ,输出功率为0.3 W ,重复频率为20 kHz ,扫描速度为200 mm/s ,扫描次数为17次.1.2 润湿性可调的超疏水涂层制备目前润湿性可调的二氧化钛(TiO 2)基超疏水涂层的制备存在流程复杂且对环境不友好等问题[25-26]. 因此,本文中通过单因素(修饰剂浓度、不同粒径纳米粒子质量比、纳米粒子与黏附剂质量比以及固含量)优化试验,采用一步法制备1种润湿性可调的环境友好型TiO 2复合聚氨酯改性有机硅(SiPU)超疏水涂层.将5 g 的TiO 2纳米粒子添加到50 mL 无水乙醇中超声分散5 min ,并以不同浓度(20、40、60、80以及100 μL/mL)添加低表面能修饰剂—正辛基三乙氧基硅烷(OTEOS). 磁力搅拌9 h 后,通过离心并干燥获得疏水TiO 2纳米粒子. 随后,按不同质量比(3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2以及1:3)分别称取粒径为100和25 nm 的疏水TiO 2纳米粒子,并添加至10 mL 乙酸乙酯中. 利用超声分散5 min 并磁力搅拌30 min 后,将SiPU 加入到分散液中,再次磁力搅拌30 min 以形成液体涂料. 其中,疏水TiO 2纳米粒子与黏附剂SiPU 的质量比为3:1、2:1、1:1、1:2和1:3,固含量(TiO 2与SiPU 占涂料的质量百分数)为4%、10%、16%、22%和28%.利用刮涂法将制备的涂料涂覆在载玻片表面,待溶剂基本挥发后,将其放入60 ℃烘箱中加热12 h. 利用接触角测量仪(SDC-200,中国,东莞市晟鼎精密仪器有限公司)检测所获得涂层的水接触角(CA)和滚动角(SA),测试时所用水滴体积为6 μL ,该测试至少重复5次. 在得到超疏水涂层的最优组成配比后,利用紫外线(UV)照射(汞灯功率为250 W ,照射距离为15 cm)最佳的超疏水涂层,探究涂层润湿性随UV 照射时间的变化规律.1.3 摩擦磨损试验如图1所示,将超疏水涂料刮涂在仿生微凹坑织构表面,待溶剂挥发10 min 后,用滤纸轻轻擦除微织构之外区域的涂层,将其放入60 ℃的烘箱中加热12 h ,获得超疏水涂层不连续分布的梯度润湿性仿生织构表面. 利用UV 对该表面辐照不同时间,可得到具有不MirrorMirrorMirrorMirrorGalvanometer systemSampleThree-axis platformBlade-coating Solvent volatilization Erasing coating and heating Biomimetic textureUV radiationSDH Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of femtosecond laser processing and fabrication of various biomimetictextured surfaces with wettability gradient图 1 飞秒激光加工与各种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面制备示意图302摩擦学学报(中英文)第 44 卷同润湿性梯度的试样.利用摩擦磨损试验机(UMT-TriboLab ,德国,布鲁克)以直径为10 mm 、硬度为60 HRC 的AISI 440C 不锈钢球作为摩擦对偶,采用球-面接触往复滑动模式测试试样的摩擦磨损性能. 试样往复运动的行程为4 mm ,频率分别为3、6、9和12 Hz ,受到法向载荷分别为0.5、1.0、2.0和4.0 N ,摩擦时间为15 min. 试验前滴加20 μL 去离子水作为润滑剂,每组试验均至少重复3次.利用激光共聚焦显微镜(LCSM ,VK-X1000,日本,基恩士公司)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM ,Gemini 300,德国,蔡司集团)检测表面磨损前后形貌,通过能谱仪(EDS ,Xplore 30,英国,牛津仪器公司)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR ,NICOLET5700FT-IP ,美国,尼高力公司)测试化学组成.2 结果与讨论2.1 润湿性可调的超疏水涂层优化表面微观结构和化学组成是影响表面润湿性的主要因素[27-28]. 利用低表面能修饰剂对TiO 2纳米粒子进行化学修饰可降低其表面能,有利于超疏水涂层的构筑. 保持粒径为100和25 nm 的TiO 2纳米粒子的质量比为1:1,TiO 2纳米粒子与SiPU 质量比为2:1,涂料固含量为16%,探究修饰剂浓度对涂层润湿性的影响,结果如图2(a)所示. 随着OTEOS 浓度增加,涂层疏水性先增强后减弱,当OTEOS 浓度增加到60 μL/mL 时,疏水性最佳(CA = 155.6°,SA = 11.5°). 然而,随着OTEOS 含量的继续增加,样品表面的疏水性却逐渐降低. 这是由于OTEOS 水解产生的过量羟基吸附在纳米TiO 2表面,涂层表面能降低,疏水性减弱[29].为了研究不同粒径TiO 2纳米粒子的质量比对涂层润湿性的影响,保持OTEOS 的浓度为60 μL/mL ,其他配比不变. 如图2(b)所示,随着大小粒径TiO 2纳米粒子质量比的降低,涂层疏水性先增大后基本保持稳定.当质量比为1:3时,涂层疏水性最优(CA = 156.1°,SA =8.1°). 丰富的小粒径纳米粒子形成的纳米间隙能够捕获更多的空气,同时减小固液接触面积[30],根据Cassie-Baxter 模型(式1)推测,这是涂层疏水性增强的主要原因[31].cos θA =f sl cos θY −f lv(1)其中,f sl 和f lv 分别是液滴覆盖区域固液和气液实际接20406080100130140150160170180OTEOS concentration/(μL/mL)C o n t a c t a n g l e /(°)20406080100S l i d i n g a n g l e /(°)Contact angle Sliding angleC o n t a c t a n g l e /(°)3:12:11:11:21:3130140150160170180TiO 2 weight ratio (100 nm:25 nm)Percentage of TiO 2/SiPU0102030405060S l i d i n g a n g l e /(°)Contact angle Sliding angleContact angleSliding angleCo n t a c t a n g l e /(°)C o n t a c t a n g l e /(°)3:12:11:11:21:380100120140160180Weight ratio (TiO 2:SiPU)20406080100S l i d i n g a n g l e /(°)S l i d i n g a n g l e /(°)(a) Effect of OTEOS concentration(b) Effect of weight ratio of TiO 2 with different sizes(c) Effect of weight ratio of TiO 2 and SiPU (d) Effect of percentage of TiO 2/SiPU in coating414013015016025301702015105010162228Contact angle Sliding angleFig. 2 Effects of various factors on wettability 图 2 多因素对涂层润湿性的影响规律第 3 期王胡军, 等: 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响303触面积与液滴在固体表面投影面积的比值,θY 是液体在光滑固体平面的CA 值.图2(c)所示为TiO 2纳米粒子与SiPU 质量比对涂层润湿性的影响. 保持OTEOS 的浓度为60 μL/mL ,大小TiO 2纳米粒子质量比为1:3,涂料固含量为16%. 随着SiPU 质量的增加,涂层表面的疏水性持续降低. 当二者比例为3:1时,涂层疏水性最佳,此时CA = 156.4°,SA = 4.8°. 这主要是由于过量的黏附剂会覆盖TiO 2纳米粒子,不仅导致难以形成丰富的表面微观结构,增大固液的接触面积,而且能增大表面能,从而降低涂层的疏水性.图2(d)所示为涂层润湿性随固含量的变化规律.保持其他3种因素为最优参数组合,发现涂层疏水性随固含量增大先基本保持不变(固含量≤ 16%)而后略有降低(固含量≥ 16%). 当固含量为4%时,涂层疏水性最佳(CA = 156.6°,SA = 4.0°). 涂层疏水性轻微降低可能是由于微纳结构轻微致密化导致固液接触面积略有增大. 以上表明,超疏水涂层的最优制备参数为OTEOS 浓度为60 μL/mL ,大小粒径TiO 2纳米粒子质量比为1:3,TiO 2纳米粒子与SiPU 质量比为3:1,固含量为4%.图3(a)和(b)分别所示为最优超疏水涂层的表面形貌的FESEM 照片和润湿性照片. 涂层表面主要由2种粒径的TiO 2纳米粒子构成,并且这些纳米粒子组成了丰富的微观结构,为涂层良好的疏水性提供了结构基础. 如图3(c)所示,经OTEOS 修饰后的TiO 2 (OTEOS-TiO 2)在2 850和2 918 cm −1处有明显增强的特征峰,来自于OTEOS 中的-CH 2和-CH 3基团[32-34],表明TiO 2被OTEOS 成功修饰. 此外,超疏水涂层较TiO 2不仅表现出增强的-CH 2和-CH 3基团特征峰,还在1 714cm −1处出现氨酯键中的C=O 伸缩振动峰,在1 535cm −1处出现了氨酯键中的N-H 弯曲振动峰[34-35]. 以上表明,超疏水涂层主要成分为OTEOS 修饰的TiO 2和SiPU. 研究发现,TiO 2经UV 照射会产生氧空位,空气中的H 2O 分子被吸收到氧空位中,可以进一步与TiO 2表面反应形成Ti-OH ,Ti-OH 基团会明显增强TiO 2超疏水涂层表面的亲水性[26,34]. 因此,理论上通过UV 照射不同时间,涂层润湿性可从超疏水调节至疏水、亲水或超亲水.2.2 具有不同润湿性梯度的仿生织构表面制备如图4(a)和(b)所示,沉积超疏水涂层后仿生微凹坑参数约为D = 50 μm ,S = 100 μm ,H = 15 μm ,微凹坑之外平面区域的粗糙度为S a = 0.086 μm. 从表面微观形貌照片可以看出,超疏水涂层成功地沉积在微凹(a) FESEM micrographs of superhydrophobic coatings(b) Wettability of superhydrophobic coatings (c) FTIR of various coatings4.03.53.0Wavenumber/103 cm −12.5 2.0 1.5 1.00.5Tr an s m i t t a n c eTiO 22 9182 850 1 7141 535OTEOS-TiO 2OTEOS-TiO 2/SiPUCA=156°±2°SA=4°±2°Fig. 3 SEM micrographs of surface morphology, wettability and chemical composition of superhydrophobic coatings图 3 超疏水涂层的表面形貌、润湿性和化学成分304摩擦学学报(中英文)第 44 卷坑中. EDS 测试结果如图4(c)所示,沉积超疏水涂层前后平面区域均未检出Ti 元素,而沉积超疏水涂层后微凹坑中能够检测出丰富的Ti 元素,进一步证实了超疏水涂层仅沉积在微凹坑中,而微凹坑之外的平面区域未覆盖超疏水涂层.为了表征仿生织构表面存在的润湿性梯度,将超疏水涂料刮涂在抛光的不锈钢表面,10 min 后使用滤纸擦除并将其放入60 ℃烘箱加热12 h 获得试样S0,测得的接触角(CA = 96°)即可代表微凹坑之外平面区域的润湿性,如图5(a)所示. 由于超疏水涂层沉积在仿生织构底部,且仿生织构面积占比小,在经UV 照射前,梯度润湿性仿生织构表面(试样S1)的表观接触角仅为92°. 利用UV 同时照射试样S0、试样S1和超疏水涂层各5、10和40 min 后,试样S0和S1平顶区的润湿性没有发生明显变化,而超疏水涂层CA 值分别减小至120°、50°和0°,如图5所示,表明UV 主要改变了超疏水涂层的润湿性,而对微凹坑之外平面区域以及整个梯度润湿性表面的润湿性未产生明显影响. 试样S1经过UV 照射5、10和40 min 后,获得了另外3种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面,分别记为S2、S3和S4,如图5(b)所示.03691215Energy/keVO C FeFeFeEDSSi03691215Energy/keVI n t e n s i t yI n t e n s i t yI n t e n s i t yO C FeFeFe Si 03691215Energy/keVO C Fe Fe FeTiSiEDSSuperhydrophobiccoatingSuperhydrophobiccoating EDSElement Fe Si C O Ti Mass fraction/%74.190.534.510.430.00Element Fe Si C O Ti Mass fraction/%78.400.313.580.570.02Element Fe Si C O Ti Mass fraction/%47.871.0612.5216.9311.2025000250−5−10−15−20−25500x /μm /μm 500z /μm(a) LCSM micrograph and profile of thebiomimetic textured surface(b) FESEM micrograph of the biomimetictextured surface(c) EDS of the biomimetic textured surfaces before and after depositing superhydrophobic coatings AAS a =0.086 μmFig. 4 Morphology and chemical composition of biomimetic textured surfaces with wettability gradient图 4 梯度润湿性仿生织构表面的形貌和化学成分5104020406080100120140160C o n t a c t a n g l e /(°)UV radiation time/min10 min5 minCA=156°±0.5°CA=120°±3°CA=50°±5°S1S2S3S4CA=0°40 min(a) Variation of contact angle of different coatings surfaceswith increase in UV radiation time irradiation (b) Contact angle of superhydrophobicdeposited in textures after UVSuperhydrophobic coating S0 S1Fig. 5 Changes in wettability after UV irradiation 图 5 不同表面经UV 照射后湿润性的变化第 3 期王胡军, 等: 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响3052.3 摩擦学行为分析2.3.1 速度和载荷对摩擦磨损行为的影响为了研究滑动频率对梯度润湿性仿生织构表面摩擦学性能的影响,将载荷固定为1.0 N. 如图6(a)所示,4种表面(S1,S2,S3和S4)的摩擦系数均随滑动频率的增大而减小,这与高滑动速度下水膜的边界润滑能力有关[36]. 同时,4种表面的摩擦系数始终未展现出明显差异,说明在不同的速度条件下润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦系数影响不明显. 图6(b)所示为4种表面磨损率随滑动频率的变化. 磨损率k 的计算公式如下:k =V FL(2)式中,V 是磨损量(mm 3),F 是载荷(N),L 是摩擦长度(m).如图6(b)所示,随着滑动频率从3 Hz 增加到12 Hz ,4种表面的磨损率均呈现出逐渐减小的趋势. 对于涂层CA = 156°的试样S1,磨损率由6.3×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)减小至2.5×10−6 mm 3/(N·m);对于涂层CA = 120°的试样S2,磨损率由7.1×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)减小至3.5×10−6 mm 3/(N·m);对于涂层CA = 50°的试样S3,磨损率由7.2×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)减小至3.9×10−6 mm 3/(N·m);对于涂层CA = 0°的试样S4,磨损率由7.5×10−6mm 3/(N·m)减小至4.1×10−6mm 3/(N·m). 可见,当滑动频率为12 Hz 时,涂层CA = 156°的梯度润湿性仿生织构表面较其他3种表面表现出较低的磨损率.在研究载荷对摩擦学性能的影响时,将滑动频率固定为12 Hz. 如图6(c)所示,4种表面的摩擦系数均随载荷的增大而减小,这符合摩擦学二项式定律[37-38].4种表面的摩擦系数始终无明显差异,说明不同载荷下润湿性梯度也不会对仿生织构表面摩擦系数产生明显影响. 如图6(d)所示,4种表面的磨损率随载荷增大而减小,随着载荷从0.5 N 增加到4.0 N ,试样S1的磨损率由3.7×10−6mm 3/(N·m)减小至1.2×10−6mm 3/(N·m);试样S2的磨损率由5.6×10−6mm 3/(N·m)减小至1.2×10−6mm 3/(N·m);试样S3的磨损率从5.4×10−6mm 3/(N·m)减小至1.1×10−6mm 3/(N·m);试样S4的磨损率从6.7×10−6mm 3/(N·m)减小至1.4×10−6mm 3/(N·m). 可以看出,在相对低的载荷下,涂层CA = 156°的梯度润湿性仿生织构表面具有良好的耐磨性能,这与水膜较低的承载能力有关. 相较于油,水因黏度较低而承载力不足,水润滑摩擦副一般应用于低载工况条件[39-40].0.00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.50.00.10.20.30.4A v e r a g e f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n tLoad/NW e a r r a t e /[10−6 m m 3/(N ·m )]Load/N0.00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5369120.00.10.20.30.40.50.6Frequency/HzA v e r a g e f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t Frequency/Hz36912123456789W e a r r a t e /[10−6 m m 3/(N ·m )](a) Effect of frequency on friction coefficient(b) Effect of frequency on wear rate(c) Effect of load on friction coefficient (d) Effect of load on wear rateFig. 6 Effects of sliding frequency and load on the tribological properties of biomimetic textured surfaceswith various wettability gradient图 6 滑动频率及载荷对各种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面摩擦学性能的影响306摩擦学学报(中英文)第 44 卷综上,在相对高的速度(12 Hz)和低的载荷(0.5和1.0 N)下,涂层CA = 156°的梯度润湿性仿生织构表面较其他表面展现出良好的耐磨性能,这表明润湿性梯度主要影响仿生织构表面的磨损行为. 为了确定试样S1相较平面的磨损改善情况,在1.0 N 、12 Hz 条件下测试普通抛光平面的磨损率[4.8×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)],对比发现试样S1的磨损率降低了47.9%,说明特定的梯度润湿性仿生织构能够显著改善AISI 440C 不锈钢在水润滑条件下的耐磨性. 此外,为了研究试样S1的长效耐磨性能,将摩擦测试时间延长至45 min ,结果如图7所示.普通抛光平面的磨损率为10.8×10−6 mm 3/(N·m),而试样S1的磨损率为6.5×10−6 mm 3/(N·m),降低了39.8%,说明该梯度润湿性仿生织构具有良好的长效耐磨性能.2.3.2 磨损形貌分析图8所示为普通抛光平面和4种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面磨损后的LCSM 照片、轮廓图、FESEM 照片和元素组成. 可以看出,普通抛光平面磨痕区存在大量与往复滑动方向一致的犁沟,犁削效应显著. 涂层CA = 156°的试样S1磨损明显减轻,犁沟数量降低,在高倍FESEM 照片上仅能观察到轻微的划痕,犁削效应轻微. 当涂层CA 值切换至120°,50°和0°时,虽然梯度润湿性仿生织构表面磨损率较普通抛光平面有所降低,但仍然展现出较严重的磨损,犁沟数量较多,犁削效应显著. 由于水润滑能力有限,摩擦副的粗糙峰在摩擦过程中不可避免地接触和磨损,进而产生磨粒,发生磨粒磨损. 对比5种表面的磨痕形貌照片可以发现,CA = 156°的涂层梯度润湿性仿生织构对AISI 440C 不锈钢在水润滑条件下的减摩效果明显优于其他梯度润湿性仿生织构. 在摩擦过程中,可能会有少量涂层剥落进入摩擦界面,从而充当润滑剂以减小磨损,而不同润湿性涂层的减摩效果可能存在差异. 如FESEM 照片中的插入的元素含量表格所示,从梯度润湿性仿生织构表面的磨痕区未检出Ti 元素,说明涂层并未脱落并进入摩擦界面,因此不会充当固体润滑剂以减小磨损.2.4 讨论UV 照射仅改变了仿生织构内部超疏水涂层的润湿性,但未改变仿生织构之外平面区域的弱疏水性,500−25−20−15−10−5−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.2x /μmD e p t h /μm−1.0−24681012W e a r r a t e /[10−6 m m 3/(N ·m )]Sample(a) Specimen S1(b) Polished surface(c) Wear rateFig. 7 LCSM micrographs and profile images, and wear rate of specimen S1 and polished surface after 45 min of wear图 7 试样S1和普通抛光表面磨损45 min 后的LCSM 照片、轮廓图和磨损率对比图第 3 期王胡军, 等: 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响307从而获得了仿生织构内部润湿性不同而平面区域润湿性相同的各种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面. 润湿性梯度的改变主要可能影响润滑介质(水)的铺展、分布与运动行为. 4种梯度润湿性表面的接触角无明显差异[图5(a)],并且在较短的滑动行程(4 mm)和摩擦时间(15 min)下,足量添加的润滑介质(20 μL)能够保证摩擦接触区始终被润滑介质覆盖而不会发生润滑介质离散分布于表面的现象,因此试样S1相较于试样S2、S3和S4展现出的良好耐磨性应与润滑介质的铺展和分布行为无关.界面滑移是指近表面液体流速与表面相对运动速度不为零的特殊现象. 固体表面润湿性是约束液体流动并直接影响界面滑移的主要因素. 亲液表面通常由于固液界面黏附力较高,不易发生界面滑移,而疏50150250350450−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.20.6D e p t h /μmWidth/μm250005002505001.0Wear rate = (4.8±0.2)×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)x /50150250350450−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.20.6D e p t h /μmWidth/μm00250500250500Wear rate = (2.5±0.3)×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)50150250350450−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.20.6D e p t h/μmWidth/μm00500250250500Wear rate = (3.5±0.2)×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)50150250350450−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.20.6D e p t h/μmWidth/μm00500250250500Wear rate = (3.9±0.3)×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)50150250350450−1.8−1.4−1.0−0.6−0.20.20.6D e p t h/μmWidth/μm25000500250500Wear rate = (4.1±0.5)×10−6 mm 3/(N·m)x /μ(a) Polished surface(b) S1(c) S2(d) S3(e) S4/μm/μm /μm /μm /μm Fig. 8 LCSM micrographs, profile, and FESEM micrographs of wear scars on polished surface and fourbiomimetic textured surfaces with wettability gradient 图 8 普通抛光平面和4种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面磨损后的LCSM 照片、轮廓图、FESEM 照片和元素组成308摩擦学学报(中英文)第 44 卷液表面较低的界面黏附力使界面滑移更容易发生,尤其当固体表面具有低黏附的超疏液特性时,极易发生明显的界面滑移[41-42]. 如图9所示,图中U 为对摩球的相对速度,P 为流体动压,对具有低黏附性超疏水涂层(CA = 156°)的试样S1而言,由于存在界面滑移现象,水在仿生织构内部较在平面区域运动速度相对较高,由流体润滑理论中的流量连续条件可知,这将产生流体动压,提升润滑液膜承载力[43-45]. 当施加外界载荷时,由于液膜承载力提高,摩擦副粗糙峰接触几率将减少,导致犁沟效应降低、磨损量减小. 对于具有疏水、亲水和超亲水涂层的试样S2、S3和S4,由于涂层产生界面滑移的几率逐渐降低,表面各区域之间由界面滑移而导致的水运动速度差异减小,流体动压降低.因此,当仿生织构内部与仿生织构之外平面区域形成低黏附性超疏水-弱疏水的润湿性梯度时,由于流体动压增幅最大,磨损率最低.Sample CA = 156°±0.5°CA = 96°±2°CA = 95°±2°SampleCA = 0°(a) With superhydrophobic coatings (b) With superhydrophilic coatingsFig. 9 Schematic of biomimetic textured surfaces with wettability gradient图 9 梯度润湿性仿生织构表面耐磨机理示意图3 结论a. 本文中通过一步法制备了1种润湿性可调的超疏水涂层,将其沉积在仿生织构中,通过UV 照射不同时间,获得了4种梯度润湿性仿生织构表面.b. 在低载高速条件下,特定的润湿性梯度能够显著降低磨损,随着载荷的增大和速度的降低,润湿性梯度对仿生织构的减摩作用逐渐降低.c. 润湿性梯度明显影响仿生织构的磨损行为,当仿生织构内部与仿生织构之外平面区域形成低黏附性超疏水-弱疏水的润湿性梯度时,耐磨性最佳,相较于AISI 440C 不锈钢抛光平面,磨损率降低47.9%.d. 特定的润湿性梯度通过增强流体动压能够改善仿生织构的耐磨性.参 考 文 献Ge Dongliang, Deng Jianxin, Duan Ran, et al. Effect of surfacewettability on tribological properties of Al 2O 3/TiC ceramic under wet lubrication[J]. Ceramics International, 2019, 45(18): 24554–24563. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.08.184.[ 1 ]Zhou Shuaishuai, Qian Shanhua, Wang Wei, et al. Fabrication of a hydrophilic low-friction poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) coating on silicon rubber[J]. Langmuir, 2021, 37(45): 13493–13500. doi: 10.1021/ngmuir.1c02254.[ 2 ]Dunn A C, Urueña J M, Puig E, et al. Friction coefficientmeasurement of an in vivo murine cornea[J]. Tribology Letters,2013, 49(1): 145–149. doi: 10.1007/s11249-012-0033-6.[ 3 ]Chen Huawei, Zhang Pengfei, Zhang Liwen, et al. Continuous[ 4 ]directional water transport on the peristome surface of Nepenthes alata[J]. Nature, 2016, 532(7597): 85–89. doi: 10.1038/nature17189.Liu Pengxiao, Liu Yuhong, Yang Ye, et al. Mechanism of biologicalliquid superlubricity of Brasenia schreberi mucilage[J]. Langmuir,2014, 30(13): 3811–3816. doi: 10.1021/la500193n.[ 5 ]Wei Qiangbing, Liu Xiaoqian, Yue Qinyu, et al. Mussel-inspiredone-step fabrication of ultralow-friction coatings on diverse biomaterial surfaces[J]. Langmuir, 2019, 35(24): 8068–8075. doi:10.1021/ngmuir.9b00421.[ 6 ]Wei Qiangbing, Pei Xiaowei, Hao Junying, et al. Surfacemodification of diamond-like carbon film with polymer brushes using a bio-inspired catechol anchor for excellent biological lubrication[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2014, 1(5): 1400035.doi: 10.1002/admi.201400035.[ 7 ]Liu Shuhai, Xie Guoxin, Guo Dan, et al. From boundary to thin filmlubrication under water: influence of surface hydrophilicity onadsorbed water layer[J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 2010, 107(10):104323. doi: 10.1063/1.3429074.[ 8 ]Bauer U, Federle W. The insect-trapping rim of Nepenthes pitchers:surface structure and function[J]. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2009,4(11): 1019–1023. doi: 10.4161/psb.4.11.9664.[ 9 ]Oh J K, Behmer S T, Marquess R, et al. Structural, tribological, andmechanical properties of the hind leg joint of a jumping insect: using katydids to inform bioinspired lubrication systems[J]. Acta Biomaterialia, 2017, 62: 284–292. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.013.[10]Borruto A, Crivellone G, Marani F. Influence of surface wettabilityon friction and wear tests[J]. Wear, 1998, 222(1): 57–65. doi: 10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00256-7.[11]第 3 期王胡军, 等: 润湿性梯度对仿生织构表面摩擦学行为的影响309。
FLIR SC7000系列产品说明书

FLIR SC7000 SeriesState-of-the-art infrared technology for R&D / ScienceThe FLIR SC7000 Series are very flexible cameras, with high sensitivity, accuracy, spatial resolution and speed. The SC7000 Series is specifically designed for academic and industrial R&D applications as well as integrators who need a very flexible camera at an affordable cost.CHOICE OF DETECTORThe FLIR SC7000 Series is available with a wide range of detectors to address any application in single and multispectral analysis. The researcher has a choice between mid-wave Indium Antimonide (InSb) and Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detectors. MCT detectors operating in the long-waveband are also available. The FLIR SC7000 series comes standard with a removable, motorized 4 position filter wheel. This allows imaging of events in a select part of the electromagnetic spectrum.The SC7000 series is available in 640 x 512 or 325 x 256 pixel formats with high sensitivity and noise levels as low as 20 mK.ULTRA HIGH FRAME RATE WITH WINDOWINGWindowing allows a subset of the total image to be selectively read out with user-adjustable window size at a much higher frame rate. The sub-sample window sizes and locations can be arbitrarily chosen and are easily defined using the camera control software. Depending on the model and detector, the FLIR SC7000 series can deliver thermal images up to a speed of 62,000 Hz.ADJUSTABLE INTEGRATION TIME & TRIGGERING Integration time is adjustable in nanosecond increments. The smart external triggering feature allows synchronisation of the image capture to the most fleeting events.SOFTWAREFLIR SC7000 Series works seamlessly together with FLIR ResearchIR Max software enabling intuitive viewing, recording and advanced processing of the thermal data provided by the camera.KEY FEATURES• MULTIPLE DETECTOR OPTIONS• ULTRA HIGH FRAME RATES WITH WINDOWING • REMOVABLE FILTER WHEEL • MULTIPLE VIDEO OUTPUTSSignature and Rangephenomenology applicationsSC7000 systems offer a solution for everyR&D measurement situation.Imaging SpecificationsSpecifications are subject to change without notice©Copyright 2014, FLIR Systems, Inc. All other brand and product names are trademarks of their respective owners. The images displayed may not be representative of the actual resolution of the camera shown. Images for illustrative purposes only. (Created 10/14)PORTLANDCorporate Headquarters FLIR Systems, Inc.27700 SW Parkway Ave.Wilsonville, OR 97070USAPH: +1 866.477.3687BELGIUMFLIR Systems Trading Belgium BVBALuxemburgstraat 22321 Meer BelgiumPH: +32 (0) 3665 5100 NASDAQ: FLIRSWEDENFLIR Systems AB Antennvägen 6, PO Box 7376SE-187 66 Täby SwedenPH: +46 (0)8 753 25 00NASHUAFLIR Systems, Inc.9 Townsend West Nashua, NH 06063USAPH: +1 603.324.7611UKFLIR Systems UK 2 Kings Hill Avenue Kings HillWest Malling - Kent ME19 4AQUnited KingdomPH: +44 (0)1732 220 011。
托 directors 阵列系统ArraySeries1 4 页说明书

SXA18P SPECIFICATIONSOperating Frequency Range (-10 dB): Frequency Response (-3 dB): Maximum SPL @ 1m:Power Rating (Direct Mode):Transducers Low: Crossover Modes:System Sensitivity (1W @ 1 mt):Nominal Impedance:Suspension/Mounting:Enclosure: Input Connectors: Dimensions (HxWxD):Weight:37 Hz - 200 Hz 43 Hz - 200 Hz125 dB Peak (Direct Mode)122 dB SPL Continuous (Direct Mode)(AES Standard)3000 W peak / 1500 W program / 750 W cont. 18” Subwoofer, 4” v oice coil high-power ferrite magnet, weather resistant cone.Passive / Direct with external selector 97 dB SPL (passive configuration)8Ω (nominal)Single 36 mm pole socket, four integrated points for line array suspension, two handles, optional casters 18 mm birch plywood, black finish, perforated metal grille, silver finish Two Speakon NL-4 type24.4”x 24.4”x 27.5” (620 mm x 620 mm x 699 mm)114.2 lbs (51.8 kg)TOURMAX SXA28PThe SXA28P is a two-way line array loudspeaker with dual 8-inch low frequency drivers and dual 1-inch high frequency drivers capable of handling a wide variety of applications. SXA28P loudspeakers are optimized for accurate audience coverage and can be installed indoors or out as a stereo system, mono center, or as delayed tower. When combined with the Alto Professional SXA18P 18-inch vented subwoofer, SXA28P loudspeakers are engineered to deliver a wide array of configuration options, allowing easy incorporation of up to four SXA28P systems as needed for any short or medium throw application. The SXA28P is capable of handling 1600 Watts peak, 800 Watts program, and 400 Watts continuous with a coverage of 7.5° Vertical and 100° Horizontal and a maximum tilt capability of +20°/0°/-20°. Suggested configurations include 2 × SXA18P subwoofers usable from 37 Hz to 180 Hz, plus 4 × SXA28P speakers usable from 77 Hz to 18 kHz and one STAGEDRIVE+ Digital Processor that includes factory presets and user memory for custom presets.TOURMAX SXA18PThe SXA18P is an 18” vented line array subwoofer capable of handling a wide variety of applications. When combined with one or more Alto Professional SXA28P speakers, the SXA18P is engineered to deliver a wide array of configuration options, allowing you to easily incorporate it with up to four SXA28P loudspeakers as needed for any short or medium throw environment. The SXA18P is capable of handling 3000 Watts peak, 1500 Watts program or 750 Watts continuous.APPLICATIONS:• Live sound systems • Touring rigs • InstallationsSXA28P FEATURES:• 1600 Watts peak power rating • Dual 8” LF drivers • Dual 1” HF drivers• Quick and easy to set up for a wide variety of configurations • Optimized for short or medium-throw, indoors or out SXA18P FEATURES:• 3000 Watts peak power rating • 18” Vented Subwoofer• Optimized for short or medium-throw • Suitable for indoor or outdoor installation• Configurable in a stereo system, mono center, or delay tower • Arenas and stadiums • Houses of worship • RentalsSXA28P SPECIFICATIONSOperating Frequency Range (-10 dB): Frequency Response (-3 dB): Maximum SPL @ 1m:65 Hz - 20 kHz 77 Hz - 18 kHz125 dB Peak (Passive Mode)122 dB SPL Continuous (Passive Mode)(AES Standard)1600 W peak / 800 W program / 400 W cont.Bi-amp low: 1600 W peak / 800 W program / 400 W cont.Bi-amp high: 300 W peak / 150 W program / 75 W cont.100° nominal 7.5° per enclosure2 × 8” Mid-Bass, 2” high-power voice coil, ferrite magnet, weather resistant cone. Impedance 16Ω each.2 × 1.4” Titanium diaphragm, neodymium magnet, 1” exit Impedance 16ΩPassive or Bi-Amp with High frequency external level selector, used or Far-field (-3 dB) or Near-field (0 dB)97 dB SPL (passive)Bi-Amp Low 97 dB (2 device parallel) Bi-Amp High 107 dB (2 device parallel)Passive 8ΩBi-Amp Low 8Ω (2 device parallel)Bi-Amp High 8Ω (2 device parallel)Integrated hardware for suspension in Line Array, dual 36 mm diameter pole socket, two handles Two Speakon NL-4 type10.7” x 24.4” x 16.7” (272 mm x 620 mm x 424 mm)48.1 lbs (21.8 kg)Power Rating (Passive):Coverage Horizontal:Coverage Vertical:Transducers (LF):Transducers (HF):Crossover Modes:System Sensitivity (1W @1m):Nominal Impedance:Suspension/Mounting:Input Connectors:Dimensions (HxWxD):Net Weight:SXA28P DIMENSIONSCONNECTORSON AXIS FREQUENCY RESPONSESXA18P DIMENSIONSSXA28PSXA18P80901001106070dB SPL2010010001000020000Frequency (Hz)FRONTSIDESXA28P BLOCK DIAGRAMSXA18P BLOCK DIAGRAMARRAY CONFIGURATIONSMAXIMUM ARRAY CONFIGURATIONSTYPICAL APPLICATION20.117.514.912.10.82.157.810.613.416.118.721.323.7SUSPENSION COMPONENTSRecommended Accessories: STAGEDRIVE+, APX3000, ALTO CONNECTOR PACK。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
服务项目: 采购商数据库 竞争对手数据库 产品贸易趋势分析 竞争区域分析 需求区域分析 买家采购趋势分析 买家供应链分析 买家采购渠道分析 竞争对手贸易趋势分析 竞争对手采购链分析 链分析 、竞争对手贸易渠道分析等
进口额_月度_基础值 单位 2003年01月 2003年02月 2003年03月 2003年04月 2003年05月 2003年06月 2003年07月 2003年08月 2003年09月 2003年10月 2003年11月 2003年12月 2004年01月 2004年02月 2004年03月 2004年04月 2004年05月 2004年06月 2004年07月 2004年08月 2004年09月 2004年10月 2004年11月 2004年12月 565233.00 美元 378728.00 美元 608776.00 美元 651196.00 美元 568924.00 美元 453691.00 美元 674078.00 美元 837178.90 美元 1221196.00 美元 1012524.00 美元 580138.00 美元 918020.00 美元 587083.00 美元 754243.00 美元 957075.00 美元 858887.00 美元 489638.00 美元 294775.00 美元 467694.00 美元 316268.00 美元 417964.00 美元 388187.00 美元 466831.00 美元 371118.00 美元
进口数量_月度_基础值 单位 604891.00 GS 504183.00 GS 681211.00 GS 719857.00 GS 634406.00 GS 545855.00 GS 801118.00 GS 940750.00 GS 1463359.00 GS 1164555.00 GS 682898.00 GS 1017178.00 GS 658841.00 个/平方米 903971.00 个/平方米 1030410.00 个/平方米 866145.00 个/平方米 390159.00 个/平方米 202117.00 个/平方米 201590.00 个/平方米 233010.00 个/平方米 177617.00 个/平方米 238777.00 个/平方米 173173.00 个/平方米 253018.00 个/平方米
中国_22089090_浓度<80%的未改性乙醇;其他酒精饮料(2003-2013)进口量及进口额
数据样本如下: 进口额_月度_基础 值 单位 2013年12月 2013年11月
2013年10月 …… 2013年01月 2012年12月 2012年05月 …… …… 2003年09月 …… 2003年01月 XX 美元 2013年10月 XX 2013 美元年10月 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 XX 美元 进口数量_月度_基 础值 单位 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千克 XX 千介: 如果您对本产品其它相关进出口相关数据感兴趣,欢迎登陆中国产业洞察网官方网站查询并来电咨询。 我们致力于成为您身边的决策咨询专家顾问!
服务内容: 整合全球各国官方政府的真实、权威贸易数据,支持产品、企业、港口、产地等多条件搜索,
提供全球进出口商之间的最新贸易交易数据,实现对行业、采购商、竞争对手等多角度全方位的分析、评估。
402468.00 升 237851.00 升 311788.00 升 200590.00 升 172420.00 升 208333.00 升 229846.00 GS 103797.00 GS 299768.00 升 215036.00 升 314156.00 升 345489.00 升 340443.00 升 270087.00 升 231831.00 升 368765.00 升 256328.00 升 443101.00 升 343714.00 升 554050.00 升 460341.00 升 379340.00 升 392099.00 升 1177149.00 升 441484.00 升 395839.00 升
2005年01月 2005年02月 2005年03月 2005年04月 2005年05月 2005年06月 2005年07月 2005年08月 2005年09月 2005年10月 2005年11月 2005年12月 2006年01月 2006年02月 2006年03月 2006年04月 2006年05月 2006年06月 2006年07月 2006年08月 2006年09月 2006年10月 2006年11月 2006年12月 2007年01月 2007年02月
953298.90 美元 356779.20 美元 452272.00 美元 318541.00 美元 328126.00 美元 532882.00 美元 396590.00 美元 286244.00 美元 770869.00 美元 336309.00 美元 500704.00 美元 647368.00 美元 565831.00 美元 480386.00 美元 489097.00 美元 663592.00 美元 471579.00 美元 1630219.00 美元 928083.00 美元 1844409.00 美元 1674572.00 美元 933669.00 美元 862908.00 美元 3739678.00 美元 945177.00 美元 934643.00 美元
服务价值: 掌握全部真实采购商以及采购商的详细交易信息 了解采购商的采购周期、采购频率、采购量价以及供应商构成 主动把控买家采购行为,准确评估买家贸易资信 有效维护老客户忠诚度,及时挽回已流失客户 掌握全球竞争对手的详细出口信息 了解竞争对手的最新贸易动态、出口状况以及其采购商分布 全面监测竞争对手贸易动向,及时调整企业发展战略 有效避免市场恶意竞争,提升企业市场竞争力