新编英语语法教程第五版 chapter11 课件
新编英语语法教程第11讲
5.我多么希望你也在这里和我们在一起. A: How I wish you were here with us. 6.Jane 告诉我,你明年即将进大学. A: Jane told me you were going into the college. 7.罗马建成非一日之功. A: Rome was not built in a day.
• • • • • • • • • • •
Exercise 11A 1. 滴水穿石。 A: Patience wears out stones. 2. 骄必败。 A：Pride goes before a fall. 3。事实胜于雄辩。 A： Facts speak louder than words. 4。一燕不成夏。 A： One swallow doesn’t make a summer. 5。长江流入东海。 A：Changjiang flows into the East China Sea.
class. • 11. 我们的公司并非总是高额赢利. • A: Our company does not always make high profits.
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12. 母亲通常不在早晨喝咖啡. A: My Mum usually doesn’t have coffee in the morning. 13. 她几乎从严不在午夜之前就寝. A: She hardly ever goes to bed before mid-night. 14. Arizona州首府凤凰城( Phoenix) 天气很干燥；几 乎不下雨。 A: Phoenix, the captital of Arizona, is dry and it hardly rains. 15. 星期日我父母很少去做礼拜. A: My parents seldom go to church on Sunday. 16. 地球围绕太阳转. A: The Earth moves around the Sun. 17. 印度位于中国迤南. A: India lies to the south o• •
精品新编英语语法教程第五版chapter11课件.ppt
compare:
He worked hard all his life. He has worked hard all his life.
I didn't know you were here!
I meant to take the camera along, but I forgot.
2.2 attitudinal and hypothetical past
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. ……It all was a joke.
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I put up my hands. Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend! It all was a joke.
I cycle to work. He is impatient.
I often cycle to work. He is usually impatient. He usually `is impatient.
1.3 momentary and instantaneous present
1.3.1 momentary present
Tomorrow is Sunday. Next Friday is by birthday.
The election takes place in two weeks. The train leaves at 9:00 pm.
8-Infinitive新编英语语法教程第五版章振邦PPT回顾.ppt
❖ Used in some fixed combinations: let go/fly/slip/fall, make do, make believe…, e.g.
❖ He did all that just to make believe.
❖ We don’t have time for lunch, but we made do with
(to).
演示课件
Notes on the use of “to”
❖ Ellipsis of the infinitive “to” ——
❖ The second “to” can be omitted when two infinitives are
coordinated by and or or, e.g.
演示课件
Grammatical forms of infinitive
❖ Bare infinitive following modal idioms such as: would rather, would rather… than, would sooner, would as soon, may/might as well, cannot but…, e.g.
演示课件
The forms of infinitive
Past action/event
Active
passive
to do
to be done
Perfective
Progressive Perfective Progressive
to have done to have been done
to be doing
❖ He was seen to walk out the room.
新编英语语法教程讲ppt演示文稿
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（2）可以计数的集体名词：有单、复数形式和单复数意义；将其视为 一个整体时，用作单数；强调构成集体的成员时，用作复数。 例如： p. 46 中页
b) Number forms of the material 例如： （p. 46中页）
不可计数 sand 沙 water 水 food 食物 coffee 咖啡 rubber 橡胶 stone 石头 egg 蛋渍 lamb 羔羊肉 onion 洋葱味
Ander, China, The People’s Congress, the New York Times, the Democratic Party
a car, a family
two cars, many families
物质名词、抽象名词、和 sand, water, coffee, 专有名词通常是不可计数 failure, knowledge 的名词
表示同一类人或物，以及 抽象概念的名词
boy, house, tiger family, team, cattle, police air, snow, bread, rice
glory, honesty, education
表示人、国家、地方、机 构、组织等的专有名称
可以计数的个体名词和集 体名词，称为可数名词
II. Number forms of nouns
1. Regular and irregular plural a) Regular plural (p.p. 42-44) b) Irregular plural (p.p. 44-45)
2. Number forms of the collective, material, abstract
新编英语教程 第五册教案 PPT1-10单元
Unit OneTEXT I Hit the Nail on the Head(恰到好处；一语中的）•III. Library Work•1. 1) Gustave Flaubert (1821 –1880), French novelist, was associated with, though not representative of, the movement of naturalism and known as one of the greatest realists of 19th-century France. He devoted his life to long hours spent in heavy toil over his work. His writing is marked by exactness and accuracy of observation, extreme impersonality and objectivity of treatment, and precision and expressiveness in style, or the principle of the mot juste.•1. 2) Mrs. Malaprop is a famous character in Sheridan’s comedy The Rivals(1775). She is noted for her blunders in the use of words. ―As headstrong（不受管束的）as an allegory（比方；寓言）(alligator) on the banks of the Nile‖ is one of her grotesque（荒唐的）misapplications. She also requests that no delusions（欺骗;迷惑）(allusions) to the past be made. She has given us the word malapropism（用词错误，尤指误用发音相似而意义全非的词）as a name for such mistakes. •2. Hindi（印地语）is a literary and official language of northern India. Swahili（斯瓦希里语）is a Bantu（班图) language that is a trade and governmental language over much of East Africa and in the Congo region. Bantus are people belonging to a group of tribes found in equatorial and southern Africa.•IV. Organization of the Text•1. An analogy between the unskilled use of the hammer and the improper choice of words (Paragraph 1)•2. The significance of finding the right words (Paragraphs 2 --- 3)•3. Semantic differences between words having the same root (Paragraphs 4 --- 7) •(1). Example 1 (human vs. humane) (Paragraph 4)•(2). Example 2 (anxiety vs. eagerness) (Paragraph 5)•(3). Example 3 (singularity vs. singleness) (Paragraphs 6 – 7)•4. Wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations (Paragraph 8) •Examples: imprison, contain, sum up, epitomize and distill•5. Stylistic differences between synonyms (Paragraph 9)•Examples: in my childhood vs. when I was a child; love to watch vs. love watching; die vs. expire; poor vs. in indigent circum-stances•6. The abundance of specific words in English for general notions (Paragraph 10)•7. Conclusion (Paragraph 11): the importance of a good control and command over known words (A good writer is not measured by the extent of his vocabulary, but by his skill in finding the word that will hit the nail cleanly on the head. )•V. Key Points of the Text•Paragraph 1•knock over: hit … to fall 捶翻•drive something home: force (the nail) into the right place; make something unmistakably clear 把（钉子等）打入；使明确无误•E.g. (1). He slammed the door and drove the bolt home. 他砰地关上门，把门闩插好。
新编英语教程-5-unit-12PPT课件
7. Incumbent(upon someone): being the duty
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or responsibility (of someone) 8. Unintelligible:not understandable 9. Hold sway over: have a control over 10.sophistication: intellectual development, refinement, worldly knowledge or experience
2. A person’s life is, above all else, shaped by conformity to the customs passed down in his society.
3. 2. Until we are intelligent as to its laws and varieties, the main complicating facts of human life must remain unintelligible. (ll.43-45)
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II. Library work
1. John Dewey(1859-1952), U.S. philosophe, psychologist, and educator, was one of the founders of the philosophical school of pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and representative of the progressive movement in U.S. education.
done unconsciously or without premeditation, e.g., “He
李观仪新编英语教程第5册 UNITppt课件
s through barter and trade.
The connection between the producer and the consumer remained intimate, permanent, and caring.
Kayak and umiak
kayak
umiak
Text analysis
This is a cause and effect paper. The writer first states the effect, then he makes a causal analysis.
Effect: poor-quality products (para. 1) Major cause: human rather than technology (para. 2).
1.corollary[c]formal sth. that is the direct result of sth. else 直接的结果(结论)
e.g. This is the inevitable corollary of his determination to succeed.
2. forestall v [T] to prevent or defeat sb. by acting first
她父亲有意挫伤她学演艺的抱负拒绝供她上戏剧学校
Unit 8
Why Nothing Works
Marvin Harris
Cultural Background Text Analysis Writing Skill Questions on the Text Language Points Discussion Exercises
新编英语语法教程1-18讲参考答案---上外第五版
《新编英语语法教程》1-18讲参考答案新编英语语法教程第01讲练习参考答案Ex. 1A1. A. his home workB. quickly, to play2. A. The huge black horseB. the race3. A. have thought aboutB. going into space4. A. warms up and crawlsB. out of the bag5. A. one of the most beautiful planets to look at through a telescopeB. because of the many rings that surround it6. A. 165 yearsB. to complete its path, or orbit,around the sun7. A. you and your brotherB. How many pairs of shorts8. A. the most expensive meal listed on the menuB. What9. A. an “Outdoor Code”B. their members10. A. can blowB. as fast as 180 miles (290 kilometers) an hour11. A. The spiral of heated air and moist airB. to twist and grow and spin12. A. The direction a hu rricane’s spiral movesB. counterclockwise13. A. does not shineB. At the north pole: for half of the year14. A. The cold winds that blow off of the Arctic OceanB. a very cold place15. A. might have beenB. guilty of murderEx. 1B1. SVCWithin the stricken area, not a single soul remained alive, and the city centre looked as if it had been razed by monster steam-roller.2. SVThe bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the groun.3. SVOOn August 6, 1945, an American aircraft dropped a bomb on the Janpanese town of Hiroshima.4. SvoOThree days later, yet another bomb of the same kind gave the town of Nagasaki the same fatal blow.5. SVOCThe explosion made one and a half square miles of the city an expense of reddish rubble.6. SV AWithin the fraction of a second, the bomb changed from a metal cylinder into an immense mass of enpanding gas, millions of degrees hot.7. SVOAA tremendous blast of hot air whirled the debris of stone, cencrete, metal, and wood over the ground. Ex. 1C1. Walden Pond, once praised by Thoreau for its natural beauty, is now the site of many tourist stands.2. Almost every summer night the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom windows, marking air conditioning unnecessary and a light blanket welcome. / Swepping through our bedroom windows almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind made…3. The steep surrounding slopes were capped with snow, which fed two streams plunging down to join in the valley below.4. With the river on one side and a large tree providing shade, this is a good spot for a picnic, and we can spread our blanket on the grassy knoll.5. Panting for breath after running up the stairs, Mr wood stood at his neighbour’s doo r and knocked again and again till someone opened it.6. The town folk envied horace, who had come into a small fortune with which he bought a big house and obtained a partnership in the biggest grocery in town.7. Standing in front of the mirror, Jim looked at his image, wondering at the big change that had come over him in recent years.8. The idea that his only daughter whom he had greatly wronged might never forgive him almost drove hime mad.9. The story, written in plain language, consists of three parts with an interesting plot centering round an aristocratic family living in 17th century France.10. Mud-covered and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth prepared by his father to drive off the chill.11. Far above the waters of a beautiful lake and over the tops of the tall pime trees growing on the steep ofa hill stand five Chinese-style pavilions.12. Farther down the street, the old man stopped and leaned against a lamp-post, listening to a cheerful song coming out of a restaurant on the oppsite side of the street.13. Sarah sank in the nearest chair, completely exhausted, her limbs stiff with cold, her mind a piece of blank.14. Throughout the day Mrs Rymer behaved very properly, her pleasant, refined face wearing a grave look, her elegant figure wrapped in deep mourning while occasionally she uttered a sigh or a sob.15. Tony thought it necessary to break the news to his family, that Mr Jacob, his former employer, had promised him a half-day job at 20 pounds a week. 16. The thought that he might have wronged his friend who had rendered him good services on many occasions troubled his mind, already overburdened with worries and cares.17. The men of the disbanded royal bodyguard, suddenly turned loose onto the street of a capital seething with unrest, unemployed and perhaps disgruntled at their abrupt dismissal, were a potentially dangerous element.18. For many years London has been a business centre with hotel accommadation for visiting businessmen toghter with well-to-do travellers but completely inadequate for the swarms of shour-stay tourists landing at Heathrow or disembarking at Dover.19. Nearing the top, he climbed recklessly faser and faster, his eyes already glowing with triumph, but suddenly he slipped and fell, tumbling to the ground and lying motionless there, a crumpled pile of arms and legs.20. Bertrand Russell was one of the very few persons who have received both the Order of Merit, which was conferred on him by the British government in 1949, and the Nobel Prize for literature, conferred in Norway in 1950.新编英语语法教程第02讲练习参考答案Ex. 2A1. come2. are3. has / have4. are5. are6. are7. was / were8. is9. costs 10. were 11. are 12. are 13. was 14. are 15. lie 16. were 17. are 18. is 19. is 20. was 21. Has 22. were 23. is 24. is 25. are 26. is 27. are 28. cover, are 29. is / are 30. was/wereEx. 2B1. were2. have3. is, is4. was5. were6. is7. is8. are9. is 10. are, are11. have 12. are, their, their 13. was, It, was 14, It / They, is / are 15. are, their, they, disapprove 16. were, they 17. was 18. are 19. were 20. were新编英语语法教程第03讲练习参考答案Ex. 3A1. is2. was3. is4. has5. were6. means7. is8. is9. is 10. is 11. were 12. sells 13. is 14. are 15. are 16. are 17. is 18. is 19. was 20.provides 21. are 22. was 23. stops 24. is 25. is 26. does 27. produces 28. is 29. is 30. was Ex. 3B1. ’s2. are3. is4. are5. is6. was7. is8. were9. is 10. ’s 11. is 12. is, is, is 13. are 14. is 15. have 16. is 17. are 18. looks 19. are 20. are 21. understand 22. has 23. was 24. have 25. was 26. was 27. are 28. is 29. is 30. was 31. is 32. is / are 33. leaves 34. is / are 35. are 36. are 37. is 38. comes 39. is 40. live 41. are 42. points / point 43. are 44. is 45. are 46. was 47. is / are 48. is 49. has 50. wasEx. 3C1. is / are2. is / are3. is4. is / are5. is / are6. remain7. is8. are9. has / have 10.care / cares 11. is 12. plays 13. is 14. am 15. are / is 16. was 17. is, has 18. was 19. come 20. is新编英语语法教程第04讲练习参考答案Ex. 4A1. description2. arrangement3. attendance4. peculiarity5. expectation6. argument7. dependence 8. originality 9. exaggeration10. measurement 11. purity 12. persistence 13. extension 14. statement 15. generosity 16. entrance 17. loneliness18. forgetfulness 19. happiness 20. seriousness Ex. 4B1. strange sounds2. foods are3. chief, tribes, their, salmon (s)4. The runners-up were given pound notes / The runners-up were each given a pound note.5. bodies, their heroes6. mice, tooth-marks7. Crises, occur, families8. / 9. / 10. these businesses 11. / 12. fruits are13. / 14. these articles are well written 15. / 16. several personal kindnesses17. / 18. sufferings 19. professors 20. children are playing, sandsEx. 4C1. experience2. waters3. for advice4. an important piece of information5. for it is fun6. were not numerous7. Poultry8. directors are9. militia 10. geniuses 11. merchandise has 12. sympathies 13. experiences 14. were times, rivalry 15. clippings, were 16. lookers-on 17. foliage is 18. photos 19. 12-pages 20. Luggage isEx. 4D1. blade2. piece3. choir4. flash5. lump6. gang7. grain8. head9. staff 10. collection 11. fleet 12. cluster 13. bundle 14. bunch 15. team 16. piece 17. ear 18. bar 19. herd 20. pack 21. flock 22. crowd / swarm 23. troupe 24. bench 25. grove 26. collection 27. suite 28. squadron 29. band 30. libraryEx. 4E1-5 BCADC 6-10 CBDAB 11-15 ADBBC 16-20 BDCAB新编英语语法教程第05讲练习参考答案Ex. 5A1. my father has a car2. the bull has horns3. the prisoner escaped4. her parents consented5. somebody released the prisoner6. somebody assassinated the President7. a letter from the general / the general sent a letter8. the crowd felt sympathy9. a college for women10. a summer day, a day in the summer11. the earth has a (rough) surface12. the absence lasted ten days13. a doctoral degree, a doctorate14. the bird made the nest15. the committee made a report16. a story told by the girl / the girl told a story17. the volcano erupted18. the victim had courage / the victim was courageous19. somebody punished the boy20. the critics recevied the play in a hostile manner Ex. 5B1. The comedian performed, and he was well received by a huge audience.这位喜剧演员的演出很受广大观众的欢迎。
《新编英语语法教程》PPT课件
2021/6/20
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Lecture 30 Coordination了
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in a form, equal in rank of
❖ One more boot, and I’ll have a pair.
❖ 如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：
❖ Surrender and live; resist and die. ❖ = If you surrender, you’ll live; … ❖ Don’t drink and drive. ❖ = If you don’t drink, you can drive. Or: ❖ If you drink, you can’t drive. 不许酒后开车。
❖ He is good and hungry. (very, extremely.)
❖ You’re all nice and hardworking.
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❖ And前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性 质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是 nice and good.还有：
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❖ Or-group coordinators: or, either…or…
❖ 在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 连接同等成分。Or 一 般不表示所择关系：
❖ He has no money or food. ❖ = He has neither money nor food. ❖ I didn’t find him clever or good-looking. ❖ = I found him neither clever nor…. ❖ A sheep was not moving about or eating grass like the
新编英语语法教程第五版10 Verb and verb phrase
Be quiet. I’m thinking (= giving thought
to a problem).
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There are also cases of a special polite use of the progressive with verbs like want, hope, wonder.
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Auxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.
a) Primary auxiliaries: be, do, have. Without lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings.
a) Verb + preposition e.g. The police are looking into the case.
b) Verb + adverb particle e.g. The meeting has been called off.
c) Verb + adverb particle + preposition
e.g. I can taste pepper in it.
I’m tasting this soup.
Attitudinal verbs such as think, imagine, understand are stative verbs, but they can occasionally be used dynamically to express different meanings, e.g.
新编英语教程5UnitTenPPT课件
3
Evaluation
Midterm and final exams to assess student progress.
02 Unit content
Background of the text
01
02
03
04
The text is a story about a group of friends who go on a road trip to a music
Speaking
Role-plays and group discussions on various topics.
Course outline
1 2
Unit 5
Project and Evaluation
Project
Preparation of a short presentation on a chosen topic.
The text includes a variety of phrasal verbs and colloquial expressions that enrich the language and add authenticity.
单击此处添加正文，文字是您思想的为了最终呈 现发布的。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字 是您思。单击此处添加正文文字是您思。文字是 您思。4行*21字
新编简明英语语言学-Chapter-11-Second-language-acquisition
Chapter 11 Second language acquisition第二语言习得知识点：1.*Definition: second language acquisition; overgeneralization; interlanguage2.Connections between first and second language acquisition3.Contrastive analysis4.*Error analysis5.Characteristics of interlanguage6.*Krashen’s Input Hypothesis7.Individual Differences in second language acquisition: language aptitude; motivation;#learning strategies考核目标：识记：Definition: second language acquisition; overgeneralization; interlanguage领会：Connections between first and second language acquisition; Contrastive analysis; Error analysis; Characteristics of interlanguage; Individual Differences in second language acquisition简单应用：Krashen’s Input Hypothesis一、定义1. Second Language Acquisition(SLA)第二语言习得：refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. 指一个人在习得其母语之后是如何习得一门第二语言系统的研究。
新编英语教程-5-unit-12PPT课件
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7
1. 7. Singular
plural
2.
cactus
cacti
3.
fungus
fungi
4.
nucleus
nuclei
5.
alumnus
alumni
6.
bacillus
bacilli
7.
stimulus
stimuli
8.
nebula
nebulae
9.
formula
formulae
10. vertebra
6. Culture, in anthropology, refers to the way of life of a society. The customs, ideas and attitudes shared by a group, which make up its culture, are transmitted form generation to generation by learning processes rather than by biological inheritance. Basically, each human group has its own distinctive culture.
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2
II. Library work
1. John Dewey(1859-1952), U.S. philosophe, psychologist, and educator, was one of the founders of the philosophical school of pragmatism, a pioneer in functional psychology, and representative of the progressive movement in U.S. education.
新编英语语法教程第-讲 ppt课件
wiped out in a few years.
4.听不到有什么声音。 A：There was no sound to be heard. 5. 我已经在这里呆了两天，没有什
么可看的了。
A：I’ve spent 2 days here. There is
say to any other person.
8.这是一个难以解答的问题。 A：This is a difficult question to answer.
9.听见窗外有脚步声，我便轻手轻 脚走出室外，但什么也没看见。
A：Awitntdhoewso, uI nsdtoolef
footsteps out of the
非谓语动词
• 非谓语动词 • 具有双重性质: • 1) 动词性质 • have breakfast fast • Having breakfast fast is bad for
health.
• 2) 非动词性质,即名词及形容词性 质
• To see is to believe. • The girl standing there is my sister.
• He expected to see him at once. • I can’t afford to buy a house now.
• 3)部分动词只用动名词作宾语 • acknowledge/ admit/ advise/
advocate/ allow/ anticipate/ appreciate/ avoid/ complete/ confess/ consider/ contemplate
• 非谓语动词作宾语 • 1) 不定式是 “未发生” 或 “将发生”
新编英语语法教程(第五册)Passive Voice
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by
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Emphasize doer
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• 4) linking verb • appear, become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn • It sounds good. • It smells delicious. • • • • 5) verb & object : same source die (death), dream (dream), live (life) She lived a secret life. He dreamed a bad dream last night.
《新编英语语法教程》ppt课件
要
特征或所处的状态，即
动词性 “是什么”、“干什么”、 情态动词+原形动词
复合 复合谓语 “怎么样”
成谓
谓语 名词性
系动词+主语的表语（名词、
分语
复合谓语
代词、数词、形容词、副词、 介词短语、非谓语动词、从句）
双重谓语
由不及物动词+主语的 不及物动词come, go, leave,
表语构成，表现主语的 arrive, return, rise, die, live 等
3
Note 1: Single subject/predicate S–V and Compound subject/predicate (p.14)
S1: The boys and the girls are planning a dance.
S V
S
S4： Leah jumped on her bike and rode around the block.
介词+其补足成分
补 宾语补足语 补足直接宾语/主语的意义， 名词、形容词、副词、
要
足 主语补足语 使其完整，宾语/主语与其补 介词短语、不定式、
语
足语之间有逻辑主谓关系
分词、动名词
修饰或限定名词、代词，说 形容词、名词、代词、名
成
定语
明人或物的特性、状态、数 词所有格、数词、副词、
量等
不定式、动名词、分词、
Predicate verb Object (direct object, indirect object, complex object) Complement (subject complement, object complement)
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“Tense” is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinction of time -- present or past.
English has two tense forms:
present tense
event: The war broke out in 1940.
Nobody came to meet me at the airport.
state:
He lived in London during his last years.
He studied linguistics at Oxford University.
She was such a nuisance when she lived upstairs. Every time she came back, which was usually in the middle of the night, she kicks off her shoes and I hear “bang, bang!”
frequently
usually often sometimes
rarely
hardly ever never
position of adverbials
often usually
I cycle to work. He is impatient.
I often cycle to work.
He is usually impatient.
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. ……It all was a joke.
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I put up my hands. Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend! It all was a joke.
Tomorrow is Sunday.
Next Friday is by birthday. The election takes place in two weeks.
The train leaves at 9:00 pm.
restricted use Tomorrow morning I leave England. You will never see me again.
(not interchangeable with “will do”)
1.5 simple present referring to the past
1) “communication verbs” expressing the present effect of information received in the past tell say
past tense
1
simple present
timeless present habitual present momentary and instantaneous present simple present referring to the future simple present referring to the past
“I hope”, “I bet”… I hope you have a pleasant stay in China. (sometimes interchangeable with “will do”)
“see to it…”, “make sure…”, “make certain…”
See that the windows are closed before you leave.
Chapter 11 Tense and Aspect
•He gets up early = He is getting up early吗？ •Are you doing anything special?表 示现在时间还是表示将来时间？ •英语中哪些动词形式可以表示礼 貌和委婉语气？
what is “tense”?
restricted use: 1) radio or television commentaries of fast-moving sports
2) running commentary of conjurors and demonstrators 3) some formal declarations (the subject is usually first person)
hear
write
learn
gather
The doctor tells me that I’ll soon be all right again. I hear that he was murdered.
2) historic present
simple past used in story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description
I declare the meeting open.
I wish you a happy birthday. In the name of God, I pronounce you man and wife. I apologize for being late.
1.4 simple present referring to the future
adverbial clauses of rejected condition
What if… If… As if… If only…
If you didn't love him, you wouldn't be so sad about the news of his marriage. What would you do if you had a lot of money. Suppose they invited us this weekend.
3) newspaper headline
photographic captions
stage directions
President Resigns
2
simple past
2.1 past event, past habit, past state
denoting a single event or state that happened or existed at a definite point or period of time in the past denoting a habitual or recurrent action in the past
He usually `is impatient.
1.3 momentary and instantaneous present
1.3.1
momentary present
denoting a momentary phenomenon or state that exists at the time of speaking
compare:
He worked hard all his life.
He has worked hard all his life.
I didn't know you were here! I meant to take the camera along, but I forgot.
2.2 attitudinal and hypothetical past
denoting present or future time
2.2.1
attitudinal past
--associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion --polite, tentative
mostly applying to stative verbs
What’s the matter with you?
Your shoes smell awful.
You look pale.
1.3.2
instantaneous present
1) implying that the event takes place singly and once-for-all with the moment of speaking 2) the event has little or no duration
“want”, “wonder”, “think”, “hope”
Did you understand?
I wondered if you could help me.
I hoped you would be free this evening.
2.2.2
hypothetical past
referring to a non-fact
1.1 timeless present a) expressing eternal truth and proverbs b) statements with no time limits