新编英语语法教程第五版 chapter11 课件

(sometimes interchangeable with “will do”)
conditional / temporal clauses introduced by “if” “when”
When I grow up, I’ll be a soldier.
I’ll thank you if you give me a lift.
“want”, “wonder”, “think”, “hope”
Did you understand?
I wondered if you could help me.
I hoped you would be free this evening.
2.2.2
hypothetical past
referring to a non-fact

future events determined in advance by calendar or timetable
future events of unalterable plan or an arrangement future reference in some subclauses

compare:
He worked hard all his life.
He has worked hard all his life.
I didn't know you were here! I meant to take the camera along, but I forgot.
2.2 attitudinal and hypothetical past
habit: I used to get up late in the morning. Each week we walked to the church.
connotation: having no connection with the present moment, no longer existent at the moment of speaking
She was such a nuisance when she lived upstairs. Every time she came back, which was usually in the middle of the night, she kicks off her shoes and I hear “bang, bang!”
mostly applying to dynamic verbs I cycle to work. We work five days a week. I don’t cook my own meals.
adverbials of frequency
always ever occasionally seldom
past tense
1
simple present
timeless present habitual present momentary and instantaneous present simple present referring to the future simple present referring to the past
frequently
usually often sometimes
rarely
hardly ever never
position of adverbials
often usually
I cycle to work. He is impatient.
I often cycle to work.
He is usually impatient.
Chapter 11 Tense and Aspect
•He gets up early = He is getting up early吗？ •Are you doing anything special?表 示现在时间还是表示将来时间？ •英语中哪些动词形式可以表示礼 貌和委婉语气？
what is “tense”?
adverbial clauses of rejected condition
What if… If… As if… If only…
If you didn't love him, you wouldn't be so sad about the news of his marriage. What would you do if you had a lot of money. Suppose they invited us this weekend.
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. ……It all was a joke.
Last night, I was watching TV at home. Suddenly a man broke in. Then the man in the mask pulls a revolver out of his pocket and raises it. I put up my hands. Then suddenly the man raises the mask and I see my best friend! It all was a joke.
I declare the meeting open.
I wish you a happy birthday. In the name of God, I pronounce you man and wife. I apologize for being late.
1.4 simple present referring to the future
3) newspaper headline
photographic captions
stage directions
President Resigns
2
simple past
2.1 past event, past habit, past state

denoting a single event or state that happened or existed at a definite point or period of time in the past denoting a habitual or recurrent action in the past
(not interchangeable with “will do”)
1.5 simple present referring to the past
1) “communication verbs” expressing the present effect of information received in the past tell say
denoting present or future time
2.2.1
attitudinal past
--associated with the present time in independent clauses expressing a question, request or suggestion --polite, tentative
restricted use: 1) radio or television commentaries of fast-moving sports
2) running commentary of conjurors and demonstrators 3) some formal declarations (the subject is usually first person)
mostly applying to stative verbs
What’s the matter with you?
Your shoes smell awful.
You look pale.
Fra Baidu bibliotek
1.3.2
instantaneous present
1) implying that the event takes place singly and once-for-all with the moment of speaking 2) the event has little or no duration

Tomorrow is Sunday.
Next Friday is by birthday. The election takes place in two weeks.
The train leaves at 9:00 pm.
restricted use Tomorrow morning I leave England. You will never see me again.
“I hope”, “I bet”… I hope you have a pleasant stay in China. (sometimes interchangeable with “will do”)
“see to it…”, “make sure…”, “make certain…”
See that the windows are closed before you leave.
It’s time that…
I wish that… I’d rather that…
It’s time that you began to review English grammar.
I wish that I got more presents.
I’d rather that you came tomorrow.

event: The war broke out in 1940.
Nobody came to meet me at the airport.
state:
He lived in London during his last years.
He studied linguistics at Oxford University.
He usually `is impatient.
1.3 momentary and instantaneous present
1.3.1
momentary present
denoting a momentary phenomenon or state that exists at the time of speaking

1.1 timeless present a) expressing eternal truth and proverbs b) statements with no time limits
mostly applying to stative verbs and durative verbs The earth moves around the sun.
The Changjiang River flows into the East China Sea. To be a man is to be responsible.
1.2 habitual present expressing a stable habit or recurrent action
hear
write
learn
gather
The doctor tells me that I’ll soon be all right again. I hear that he was murdered.
2) historic present
simple past used in story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description
“Tense” is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the distinction of time -- present or past.
English has two tense forms:


present tense