国际经济学第五版第四章课后

第四章

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I. Give n the follow ing table, which country is relatively more labor abundant? Show how you

know. Which is relatively capital abundant?根据下表，那个国家是劳动相对丰富？为什么？

那个是资本相对丰富？

Uni ted States Canada

Capital 40 machi nes 10 machi nes

Labor 200 workers 60 workers

Answer: The capital -labor ratios are 1/5 and 1/6 for the United States and Canada. Since 1/5 is greater than 1/6, the United States is capital abundant. By the same reasoning, the labor-c apital ratio is higher in Canada, so it is labor abundant资本- 劳动比率的五分之一和六分之一的美国和加拿大。由于五分之一大于6,1美国是资金充裕。

同样的道理，劳动，资本充足率在加拿大较高，所以它是劳动力丰富。

2. Suppose that the United States and Canada have the factor endowments given in the

table in Question 1. Suppose further that the production requirements for a unit of steel is two machines and eight workers, and the requirement for a unit of bread is one machine and eight workers. 假设美国和加拿大在表中问题1 给出的要素禀赋进一步假设生产要求对钢铁的单位是两台机器和八名工人，和面包一个单位的要求是一台机器，八工人。

a. Which good, bread or steel, is relatively intensive in the use of capital? In labor? Show

how you know.

b. Which country would export bread? Why?

Answers:

a. The capital -abor ratio to make steel is 1/4; to make bread it is 1/8. Hence steel is

more capital intensive and bread is more labor intensive. 资本- 劳动比率，使钢的四分

之一; 做面包是八分之一。因此，钢铁是资本密集和面包是劳动密集型的。

b. Since the United States is capital abundant and steel is capital intensive, according to

the Heckscher-Ohlin trade model, the United States will export steel and Canada

will export bread. 由于美国是资本雄厚，钢铁是资本密集型的，根据赫克歇尔-

俄林贸易模式，美国将出口钢材和加拿大将出口面包。

3. Suppose that before trade takes place, the United States is at a point on its PPC where it

produces

20 bread and 20 steel. Once trade becomes possible, the price of a unit of steel is two units of

bread. In response, the United States moves along its PPC to a new point where it is

producing 30 steel and 10 bread. Is the country better off? How do you know? 假定在开放对外贸易前，美国在生产可能性曲线上表示20个单位面包和20 个单位钢铁的点上进行生产。一旦贸易进行，每单位的钢铁可以换 2 单位的面包。所以，美国将其生产点移至生产30单位钢铁和 1 0单位面包的地方。请问，美国的总生产情况有没有变得更好？为什么？

Answer: The United States is definitely better off because it can consume a greater quantity of both goods. If it traded five steel for 10 bread it would have 20

bread and 25 steel. This is the same amount of bread as before trade, and five

more units of steel. It can keep the extra five steel, or trade some or all of them

for additional bread. In either case, the consumption bundle is greater than it

was before trade. 美国无疑是更好，因为它可以消耗两种商品的数量更大。如果成

交 5 钢10 面包那就得20 面包和25 钢。这是面包如贸易前相同的量，及钢的五

个单位。它可以让多余的 5 钢或交易部分或全部的额外面包。在两种情况下，消费

束大于它交易之前。

4. Given the information in Questions 1 and 2, explain what happens to the returns to capital

and labor in each country after trade begins. 根据问题1 和问题2的信息，解释当贸易开始后资本和劳动力的投入回报率是怎样变化的。

An swer: The cha nges in the returns to capital are differe nt by country. In the

Un ited States, the dema nd for capital in creases because more steel will be produced; conv ersely, the dema nd for labor falls because of the drop in bread product ion. Owners of capital ben efit from the in crease in dema nd for their in puts, while owners of labor suffer a decline in their returns （wages）. In Canada, the effects are reversed. 在资本收益的变化由国家有所不同。在美国，对资金需求的增加，因为更多的钢会产生；相

反，对劳动力的需求下降，因为在面包生产的下降。从增加其投入资本的需求业主的利益，而劳动力的业主遭受的回报（工资）的下降。在加拿大，效果是相反的。

5. Suppose that there are three factors: capital, labor, and land. Bread requires in puts of land and labor, and steel requires capital and labor（假定只有3 种要素：资本、劳动力和土地。面包生产需要投入土地和劳动力，钢铁生产需要投入资本和劳动力。

（1）另一个是可转移要素，另一个是特定要素？

（2）假定加拿大的要素为10单位资本和100单位土地，美国的要素为50单位资本和100单位土地。它们各自会出口什么商品？

3）贸易是怎样影响在美国和加拿大的土地、劳动力及资本的投入回报率的？

a. Which factors are variable and which are specific?

b. Suppose Canada ' s endowments of land and capital are 10 capital and 100 land, and the

United States ' are 50 capital and 100 land. Which good does each country export?

c. How does trade affect the returns to land, labor, and capital in the United States and

in Canada?

Answers:

a. Labor is the variable factor and capital and land are specific.

b. Canada is land abundant relative to the United States (100/10 is greater than 100/50), so Canada

'cosmparative advantage is in the export of bread, the good with the specific in put of land. The Un ited States ' comparative adVa拿大是is steel.

土地相对于美国( 100/10 比100/50 大)丰富，所以加拿大的比较优势是在面包的出口，好与土地的具体投入。

美国的比较优势是钢。

c. In the United States, owners of land are hurt by trade, owners of capital benefit, and

the effects on labor are indeterminate. The latter effect depends on labor ' s preference for bread and steel. In the United States, bread prices fall, but steel prices rise. In Canada,

owners of land benefit from trade, owners of capital are hurt, and the effects on labor are indeterminate.

The latter effect depends on labor ' s preference for bread and steel. In Canada, bread prices rise, but steel prices fall. 在美国，土地拥有者通过贸易，资本所有者的利益受到伤害，而对劳动力的影响是不确定的。后者的影响取决于劳动力的偏爱面包和钢铁。在美国，面包的价格下跌，但钢材价格大幅上涨。在加拿大，土地受益于行业的业主，资本所有者都不疼了，对劳动力的影响是不确定的。后者的影响取决于劳动力的偏爱面包和钢铁。在加拿大，面包价格上涨，但钢材价格下跌。

6. Describe the changes in production requirements and the location of production that take place over the three

phases of the product cycle. 描述在产品生命周期三阶段中企业的生产需求和生产区位的变化。

Answer: In the first phase, all production is in high-income countries. The input

requirements include relatively large amounts of scientific and engineering skills, marketing

expertise, and access to risk capital. Experimentation with new products depends on access to

high-income consumers, and competitive pressures require a quick feedback from consumers to

producers. The new products tend to be highly variable in their design and performance

characteristics, and experimentation is important to finding the right combination of prices,

options, and quality. 在第一阶段，所有的生产是在高收入国家。输入要求包括相当大量的科学和工程

技术，市场营销专业知识，并获得风险资本。实验用的新产品依赖于获得高收入的消费者和竞争压力需

要消费者快速反馈给生产商。这些新产品往往在设计和性能特征变化很大，和实验是很重要的发现价

格，期权和质量的完美结合。

In the sec ond phase, some sta ndardizati on is tak ing place, along with some sales of the product in develop ing coun tries. The early period of intense experime ntati on is over and firms are beg inning to settle on the lowest-cost product ion tech no logies. Production is migrating overseas, where labor costs are lower在第二阶段中，一些标准化正在发生，随着产品的发展中国家一些销售。强烈的实验初期已经结束，企业开始定居在

成本最低的生产技术。生产海外迁移，那里的劳动力成本比较低。

In the final phase, experimentation with design and manufacturing tech no logies is over, the

product is completely sta ndardized, and the in put requireme nts are more heavily biased

towards un skilled or semi-skilled labor. Much of the production can be accomplished in

assembly operations, which can be located in low-wage countries.在最后的阶段，实验设计和制造

技术已经结束，该产品是完全标准化，并且输入要求更多地偏向非熟练或半熟练劳动力。许多生产可以

实现在装配操作，这可位于低工资国家。

By the third phase, most of the product ion has left the high-i ncome coun tries except in the

cases where product differentiation can continue.到了第三阶段，大部分企业生产的已经离开了高收

入国家除了在情况下，产品的差异化可以继续。

7. Does in tra-firm trade con tradict the theory of comparative adva ntage? Why or why not? 公司内贸易与比较

优势理论是相互矛盾的吗？请说明原因。

Answer: No, in general it does not, but it may in some cases. Most intra-firm trade can

be un derstood as a firm that cuts up its product ion process into several disti net stages, and the

n relocates some or all of the stages to differe nt coun tries where the factor en dowme nts are

con siste nt with the product ion requireme nts of each stage. Labor- inten sive producti on

stages will be relocated to labor-ab undant coun tries, and so forth.没有，在一般情况不是这样，

但它可能在一些情况下。大多数企业内部贸易可以被理解为一个牢固的切断了它的生产过程分为几个不

同的阶段，然后再重定位的一些阶段，以不同的国家中的生产要素是与每个阶段的生产要求是一致的部

分或全部。劳动密集的生产阶段将迁往劳动力丰富的国家，等等。

In this case, firms are taking advantage of the comparative advantage of different nations in order to produce their goods at the lowest overall cost. 在这种情况下，企业正在利用不同国家的比较优势优势，才能

以最低的总成本生产自己的商品。

In some cases, however, there may be other motives for locati ng a producti on stage in ano ther

coun try. These motives in clude the desire to avoid trade barriers by produci ng all or part of a

good in side the country where sales are an ticipated, the desire to escape taxati on; the attempt

to deter market entry by a rival firm, and as in sura nee aga inst un foresee n eve nts (e.g.,

political in stability).在某些情况下，但是，可以有其他的动机在另一国家中定位的生产阶段。这些动机

包括：为规避贸易壁垒所产生的全部或良好

的国家中，其中预计销售，以逃避税收的欲望部分的欲望;尝试用竞争对手

公司，以防止市场准入，并作为对突发事件（如政治不稳定）保险。

8. General Motors is a U.S.-based multinational, but it is also one of the largest car manufacturers in Europe

and South America. How might Dunning ' s OLI theory explain the trade-offs GM faced as it decided whether to export to those two markets or to produce in them? 通用汽车公司是美国最大的跨国公司，也是欧洲以及南美最大的汽车制造商之一。运用邓宁的国际生产折衷理论来解释通用汽车公司如何在是出口到欧洲和南美还是对这两个市场进行海外直接投资之间进行权衡。

Answer: Transportation costs are significant in the auto sector, meaning that producing close to the final market can have cost advantages. The European market may have design preferences that are

different from the U.S. market (i.e., driving on the right side of the road, fuel economy given

higher gas tickets, higher speed limits, and need for power on highways . . . ). This would give

advantages to a production location with more direct access to the final market. Other auto

manufacturers that could handle production are GM ' s

direct competition, making GM unlikely to choose licensing and a sharing of its manufacturing,

design, and technology. 运输成本是汽车行业显著，这意味着生产接近最终市场能有成本优势。欧洲

市场可能会有的设计偏好是从美国市场不同的(即行驶在道路右侧的，燃油经济性给予较高的气体门

票，更高的车速限制，并需要对电力高速公路上。 ) 。这将给优势，生产地点更直接进入最后的市

场。其他汽车制造商能够处理生产是通用汽车公司的直接竞争，使得通用汽车不太可能选择许可和共享

它的制造，设计和技术。

9. Many domestically owned apparel manufacturers buy their garments overseas, sew their labels into them,

and then sell them abroad or back into the home market. What are some of the considerations that a clothing manufacturer might go through to choose this strategy instead of producing at home and exporting? 许多美国内的服装制造商从海外买来服装，再将自己的商标附在上面，然后出口到国外，或销往本国市场。解释这些服装制造商为何选择上述战略，而不选择直接在本国制造后出口的战略。

Answer: These firms perceive their asset to be their brand. This may involve some elements of design (ordering specific output from foreign suppliers) but also could involve quality. It can be based

strictly on marketing and advertising, creating an image from something that is in the end

relatively cheap and easy to create. Allowing foreign firms the ability to brand the clothes

through licensing makes them lose control of this asset. Sewing labels in allows some

element of quality control while reducing production costs. Garment assembly is relatively

labor intense and low skill, making it more likely to occur in less developed, labor-abundant

countries. Design, marketing, and access to high-spending consumers are more likely to be

assets of firms in developed countries. Owning an assembly operation directly is not

necessary for them to preserve this asset as long as they have ultimate control over what gets

their name on it and how that product is distributed and marketed. 这些公司认为他们的资产是自

己的品牌。这可能涉及到的设计(订货从外国供应商特定的输出)中的某些元素，但也可能涉及质

量。它可以根据严格的市场营销和广告，从创造的东西，到底是相对便宜和容易地创建一个图像。

允许外国公司以品牌服装通过授权使他们失去了这个资产的控制能力。在缝制标签允许质量控制的

一些元件，同时降低了生产成本。服装组合相对劳动密集和低技术，使得它更可能发生在欠发达，

劳动力丰富的国家。设计，市场营销，并获得高消费的消费者更有可能是公司资产的发达国家。拥

有一个组件的操作直接没有必要为它们，只要它们具有在什么上，以及如何使产品分发和销售得到

了他们的名字最终控制保持该资产。

10. Suppose Spain were to open its doors to a large number of unskilled Africans seeking to immigrate. In general, what effects would you expect to see in Sapin ' s trade patterns and its comparative adva ntage?假设西班牙向大批想要移民的非熟练非洲劳动力敞开国境。概括说明，这会对西班牙的贸易模式以及比较优势产生怎样的影响。

Answer: In theory, labor becomes more abundant and Spain 's comparative advantage could shift to more unskilled, labor-intense production. In practice, this labor inflow may go to

produce services that are not traded. They may free up citizens to work in the already existing

export sector and have little effect on comparative advantage. 从理论上讲，劳动力变得更加丰

富和西班牙的比较优势可能会转移到更多的非熟练劳动力密集的生产。在实践中，这种劳动流入可

能会产生未成交的服务。他们可以腾出公民在现有出口部门工作，对比较优势的影响不大。