斯坦福哲学百科——伯格森(中英)
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Bertrand Russell (who publishes an article entitled “The Philosophy in Bergson”in The Monist in 1912) objected that Bergson wants to turn us into bees with the notion of intuition. Russell also noted that any attempt at classifying Bergson would fail, as his philosophy cuts across all divisions, whether empiricist, realist or idealist (Soulez et Worms 2002, p. 124).
罗素(他在1912年发表了《“伯格森哲学”中的一元论》为题的文章)反对伯格森,认为伯格森的直觉概念将人变成了蜜蜂。
罗素还指出,任何试图对伯格森哲学进行划分都是徒劳的,因为他的哲学跨越了所有领域,他既不是经验主义者,也不是唯识论者或理念论者。
(Soulez et Worms 2002, p. 124)
Bergson published his reflections on Einstein as Duration and Simultaneity
伯格森通过反思与爱因斯坦的辩论,出版了《共时性与历时性》
一、多样性的概念
The concept of multiplicity has two fates in the Twentieth Century: Bergsonism and phenomenology (Deleuze, 1991, pp. 115–118). In phenomenology, the multiplicity of phenomena is always related to a unified consciousness. In Bergsonism, “the immediate data of consciousness”(les données immédiates
de la conscience) are a multiplicity.
在20世纪多样性概念有两个主张:伯格森主义和现象学。
现象学,现象的多样性总是与统一意识相关联;在伯格森主看来,“意识的即时数据”就是一个多样性。
Time and Free Will has to be seen as an attack on Kant, for whom freedom belongs to a realm outside of space and time。
《时间和自由意志》被认为是对康德理论的攻击,康德认为自由属于外在的真实时间和空间中。
Bergson thinks that Kant has confused space and time in a mixture, with the result that we must conceive human action as determined by natural causality.
伯格森认为康德把时间和空间的概念混淆了,这就导致我们必须肯定人类的行为是由自然的因果关系确定的。
Bergson offers a twofold response. On the one hand, in order to define consciousness and therefore freedom, Bergson proposes to differentiate between time and space,“to un-mix”them, we might say. On the other hand, through the differentiation, he defines the immediate data of consciousness as being temporal, in other words, as the duration (la durée).
伯格森分为两部分进行阐述。
一方面,为了界定意识以及由此而来的自由,伯格森提出要区分时间和空间。
我们可以说是“不要混淆”。
另一方面,通过区分,他将即时的意识数
据定义为“一直处于暂时状态”,也就是“绵延”。
In the duration, there is no juxtaposition of events; therefore there is no mechanistic causality. It is in the duration that we can speak of the experience of freedom.
在持续时间或绵延中,没有毗连事件的发生;因而就不存在机械的因果关系。
这个持续的时间我们可以称之为自由体验。
For Bergson, we must understand the duration as a qualitative multiplicity —as opposed to a quantitative multiplicity.
对于柏格森,我们必须把持续时间理解为质的多样性,而不是数量上的多样性。
As the name suggests, a quantitative multiplicity enumerates things or states of consciousness by means of externalizing one from another in a homogeneous space. In contrast, a qualitative multiplicity consists in a temporal heterogeneity, in which “several conscious states are organized into a whole, permeate one another, [and] gradually gain a richer content”(Time and Free Will, p. 122).
顾名思义,量的多样性通过均匀空间中的一个或另一个来列举事物或意识状态。
相反,一个质的多样性包含一个时间异质性,其中“几个有意识的状态被组织成一个整体,相互渗透,并逐渐获得更丰富的内容”(时间和自由意志,第122
页)
Bergson even insists that the word ‘several’is inappropriate to qualitative multiplicity because it suggests numbering.
伯格森坚持认为“几个”无法描述质的多样性,因为它表明的是数量。
In Time and Free Will, Bergson provides examples of a quantitative multiplicity; the example of a flock of sheep is perhaps the easiest to grasp (Time and Free Will, pp. 76–77).When we look at a flock of sheep, what we notice is that they all look alike. We sense no qualitative change as we move from one to another. We also notice that we can enumerate the sheep. We are able to enumerate them because each sheep is spatially separated from or juxtaposed to the others; in other words, each occupies a discernable spatial location.
在《时间与自由意志》中,伯格森举了一个关于量的多样性的例子,一群羊的例子是最容易掌握的。
当我们在看一群羊的时候,我们注意到他们看起来是一样的。
我们从一只羊到另一只羊是无法察觉到质的变化;我们也注意到我们能够把羊的数量列举出来。
我们可以列举它们,因为每只绵羊在空间上与其他绵羊分开或并列的。
换句话说,每一只羊占据了可被辨识的空间位置。
Therefore, quantitative multiplicities, as Bergson says, are homogeneous and spatial. Moreover, because a quantitative multiplicity is homogeneous, we can represent it with a symbol, for instance, a sum:25 .
据此,量的多样性,伯格森认为,是齐一性和空间性。
而且,因为质的多样性是齐一性,我们能够用一个象征来表达,例如,一个数字:25。
The idea of qualitative multiplicities is difficult to understand, although it is the heart of Bergson's thinking. Normally, we would think that if there is heterogeneity, there has to be juxtaposition.
定性的多样性的想法是很难理解的,虽然它是柏格森思想的核心。
通常我们会认为,如果存在异质性,就必须两个存在反差事物的并列。
But, in qualitative multiplicities, there is heterogeneity and no juxtaposition.Qualitative multiplicities are temporal; qualitative multiplicity defines the duration
但是,在质的多样性中,存在异质性但不存在两个具有反差事物的并列。
定性的多重是时间性的;质的多样性定义着的持续时间。
As with quantitative multiplicities, Bergson gives us many
examples; but perhaps the easiest example to grasp is the feeling of sympathy, a moral feeling (Time and Free Will, pp. 18–19).
与量的多样性一样,柏格森也给了我们很多的例子;但也许最容易掌握的例子是关于同情的一种道德感觉(时间和自由意志,18页–19)。
Our experience of sympathy begins, according to Bergson, with our putting ourselves in the place of others, feeling their pain. But, if this were all, the feeling would inspire in us abhorrence of others, and we would want to avoid them, not help them.
柏格森说,我们同情的开始于我们把自己放在别人的位置上,感受他们的痛苦。
但是,如果这就是全部,感觉会激发我们憎恨别人,我们想避开他们,不帮助他们。
Bergson concedes that the feeling of horror may be at the root of sympathy. But then, we realize that if we do not help this poor wretch, it is going to turn out that, when we need help, no one will come to our aide. There is a “need”to help the suffering. For Bergson, these two phases are “inferior forms of pity.”
柏格森承认,恐惧的感觉可能是同情的根源。
于是,我们意识到,如果我们不帮助这个可怜的人,就会发现,当我们需要帮助时,没有人会给我们伸出援助之手。
我们帮助受难者的“需要”。
对柏格森来说,这两个阶段是“劣等形式的怜
悯”。
True pity, therefore, involves not so much fearing pain as desiring it. It is as if “nature”has committed a great injustice and what we want is to be seen as not complicit with it
真正的怜悯,不是像所期望的那样卷入那么多的恐惧的痛苦。
他就想“自然”犯了一个巨大的不公,而我们想要看到的是不要和它沆瀣一气。
As Bergson says, “The essence of pity is thus a need for self-abasement, an aspiration downward”into pain. But, this painful aspiration develops into a sense of being superior.
正如伯格森所说“同情的本质是在痛苦中的一种自卑和渴望向下的需要”。
但是,这种痛苦的渴望发展成为一种高尚的感觉。
We realize that we can do without certain sensuous goods; we are superior to them since we have managed to dissociate ourselves from them. In the end, one feels humility, humble since we are now stripped of these sensuous goods.Now, Bergson calls this feeling “a qualitative progress.”It consists in a “transition from repugnance to fear, from fear to sympathy, and from sympathy itself to humility.”
我们意识到我们可以没有某些感性的东西;我们超越了感性,因为我们已经让自己从中分离出来了。
最终,一个人会
感到谦卑,当我们脱掉了感性的外衣的时候我们会感到谦卑。
伯格森将这种感觉称为“质的进步”。
它是由“将厌恶转化为恐惧,将恐惧转化为同情,将同情转化为谦卑”所构成的。
The genius of Bergson's description is that there is a heterogeneity of feelings here, and yet no one would be able to juxtapose them or say that one negates the other.
伯格森论述的天才之处在于存在一个异质性的感情,没有任何人能够与之并列或者说一个否定另一个。
There is no negation in the duration. We shall return to this important point concerning negation when discussing “Creative Evolution.”
在绵延中是没有反对面的。
我们在讨论“创造进化论”的时候应当回到关于反对面(否定)的这个概念。
In any case, the feelings are continuous with one another; they interpenetrate one another, and there is even an opposition between inferior needs and superior needs.
在任何情况下,感情是一个连续的;它们相互渗透彼此,甚至在低级需求和高级需要之间存在对立。
A qualitative multiplicity is therefore heterogeneous (or singularized), continuous (or interpenetrating), oppositional (or dualistic) at the extremes, and progressive (or temporal, an
irreversible flow, which is not given all at once).
因此一个质多样性在极端情况下是不均衡的(或者单一的),持续的(或互相渗透的),对立的(或者二元的),渐进的(或时间性的,不可逆的流动,不是一次性给出的)。
Because a qualitative multiplicity is heterogeneous and yet interpenetrating, it cannot be adequately represented by a symbol。
因为质的多样性是成分复杂的而不是互相渗透的,他不能够用符号充分表示。
indeed, for Bergson, a qualitative multiplicity is inexpressible. Bergson also calls the last characteristic of temporal progress mobility. For Bergson —and perhaps this is his greatest insight —freedom is mobility.
事实上,对于柏格森而言,质的多样性是难以形容的。
柏格森还指出了时间流动的最后一个特征。
对伯格森而言——有可能这是他最高洞察——自由就是流动。
因为伯格森将流动与绵延相结合,在二十世纪下半叶(尤其是到了福柯和德勒兹那)伯格森的质的多样性概念将与时间无关,而与空间有关。
在他的《形而上学导论》中,“柏格森给了我们三个图像来帮助我们思考的时间,也就是质的多样性(创造性思维,164页–65)第一个图是两个卷轴,在卷轴中间放了一个播放着
的磁带,一个卷轴不缠绕磁带,另一个将磁带缠绕起来。
(在对柏格森的讨论中,海德格尔在他的1928的《逻辑的形而上学基础》中聚焦了这个图。
)按照伯格森的说法,绵延和这幅图类似,因为当我们变老的时候,我们的过去变得越来越大未来变得越来越小。
这幅图像的好处在于它提供了一种无需并置的经验连续性。
然而有一个缺点,因为一个磁带在两个卷轴之间移动,这幅图呈现的时间是均匀的,仿佛一个人可以将一部分折叠到另一部分,好像这个磁带是超仿真的,这就意味着这两个时刻在意识中是一样的。
然而伯格森认为,“在一个有意识中两个时刻不是同一的”,对柏格森来说,绵延是进步和异质性的延续;此外,由于这个图片,我们也可以看到,绵延意味着对过去的保存。
事实上,对于柏格森来说,这是他真正新颖的记忆概念的核心,记忆保存了过去,而这种保存并不意味着一个人经历了同样的(重新认识)东西,而是不同的东西。
一个时刻被添加到旧的时刻中,因而,在另一个时刻出现的时候,它将添加到过去所有的旧时刻中,也包括刚刚加入的那个时刻。
相比之下,对于过去瞬间的集合,和刚刚加入的过去不一样,因为以当下为参照点,过去的比前一刻大。
虽然柏格森没有这样说,但有人可能会说星期二和星期一不一样,因为星期一只包括和星期日,星期二包括星期一和星期日。
因此,这第一个意象暗示了时间就是记忆:是过去到现在的延续。
我们将回到下面。